DPC - 2 Report

Unbalanced
Magnetic
Pull

Presented by : Payal Suthar

Ph D enrolment no. : 169999914008
Date : 25th June 2018
Supervisor : Dr. Ketan Badgujar
Research Proposal

Introduction

Induction motor, similar to other rotating electrical machines, is subjected to both

electromagnetic and mechanical forces. Under normal condition interaction between these
forces leads to a stable operation with minimum noise and vibrations. When the fault takes
place, the equilibrium between these forces is lost, leading to further development of the
fault. The motor faults can be classified into two types: mechanical and electrical.
Mechanical faults in the rotor are known as eccentricity (static or dynamic) and
misalignment, while stator eccentricity and core slacking are the main types of mechanical
faults in the stator. Moreover, bearing fault, which may also cause rotor eccentricity, is the
common mechanical fault in the induction motors. Other mechanical faults, such as rotor
rubbing, stator and rotor fatigue etc., are the consequence of the previously mentioned
faults[1]. There are various causes of rotor failure, such as vibration, broken bars, stall
conditions, etc. The relationship between the various stresses and elements and how they
affect the life of the rotor and contribute to premature failure[2].

In an electrical rotating machine, both radial and tangential electromagnetic forces are
generated. However if the motor is concentric with a completely centred rotor, the radial
electromagnetic forces are cancelled out and the tangential forces are produce a rotating
torque. In practice due to manufacturing tolerances, wear of bearings, rotor shaft bending and
many other factors, the rotor and stator axis hardly ever coincide and thus most of the
electrical motors operate with some degree of rotor eccentricity[3]. In rotating electrical
machines with eccentric rotor, an imbalance of the electromagnetic forces acting upon rotor
and stator surfaces occurs, so that a net radial force is produced [4]. Depending on the rotor
axis displacement from the stator bore axis and the angular velocity of the eccentric rotor
movement, the net electromagnetic force can be significant. This net radial force acting in
the direction of the shortest air gap is called ‘Unbalanced Magnetic Pull’ (UMP), which
tries to further increase the eccentricity magnitude and cause serious damage to the electrical
machine like vibrations and noise emission, speeds up the bearing wear and can even produce
a rub between rotor and stator with a resultant damage of the windings[4]. There are many
different types of eccentric rotor motion (rotor whirling). One of these is eccentricity form is
cylindrical circular rotor whirling. It means that the rotor axis, when displaced from the stator
bore axis, remains always parallel to the latter and travels around it in a circular orbit with a
certain radius (whirling radius) and a certain angular velocity (whirling angular velocity)[5].
The common cases of cylindrical circular whirling are static, dynamic and mixed eccentricity.
As shown in figure ³a´, in static eccentricity ³SE´ rotor axis is coincide with its rotation axis
but is shifted with stator axis. The minimum air gap length is constant and whirling angular
velocity is zero (ωecc = 0). In dynamic eccentricity ³DE´, figure ³b´ the axis of the stator
coincides with rotation axis of rotor but both are shifted with respect to rotor axis and the
minimum air gap length varies as a function of rotor position and the whirling angular

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velocity is the same as the mechanical angular velocity of the rotor (ωecc =  Ω).In case of
mixed eccentricity ³ME´ both static and dynamic eccentricities exist simultaneously[6].
These three types of eccentricities are clearly understand by below figures.

Literature Review

Vibrations , noise emission, speeds up the bearing wear and can produce a rub between rotor
and stator are the results of UMP [7]. The amplitude of the eccentricity has significant
influences on the UMP than position of eccentricity. It is verified by applying the stator fixed
reference frame for a static eccentricity and a rotor fixed reference frame for dynamic
eccentricity, both types of eccentricity give the same characteristics[8]. The UMP is increase
with decrease in bar number and UMP is also reduce by variable frequency operation but not
significant reduction. The UMP in cage inductions motors with the effect of saturation and
axial variation of eccentricity with either static or dynamic eccentricity. This algorithm
represents a practical solution to UMP calculation and is therefore very applicable to design-
office use[9].The dynamic response of the rotor, excited by the unbalanced magnetic pull, is
calculated by 2-D finite element time-stepping analysis in Ansys software considering
saturation and slot harmonics[10]..The slot harmonics are also important source of the UMP.
The different methods ³closing stator slot, closing rotor slot and increasing number of rotor
slot´ are used to reduce the slot harmonics and best result is obtained by increasing the
number of rotor bar.[11]. The saturation limits the maximum electromagnetic forces and
influences on the direction of the force. The forces and harmonics of flux density and rotor
currents are calculated by impulse method in finite element analysis[12].The UMP analyze
for wound rotor motor with different operating conditions namely transient, motoring and
doubly-fed induction generator modes by Finite element analysis with 10 % rotor
eccentricity[13].The UMP during starting has also important influence of higher winding
harmonics and rotor differential leakage. It can be decreased by 20% when the 26 rotor bar
machine was rearranged with an equivalent 40 rotor bar and simulation results are obtained
by using time stepping finite elements method [14]. The dynamic response of the rotor,
excited by the unbalanced magnetic pull was calculated by finite element time-stepping

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analysis in Ansys software.It can be seen that if an eccentricity is small, the rotor centre's
orbit has pure oval shape. As the value of eccentricity increases, the effect of saturation of the
stator and rotor winding core affects the magnitude of UMP and thus the dynamic behaviour
of the rotor becomes more complicated[15].Maxwell stress tensor, Coenergie derivation,
Coulomb's virtual work, Arkkio's method and the Magnetizing current method are used to
calculate the torque. The results from various methods are nearly close .The magnetizing
current method requires large mesh densities. [16]. Maxwell stress tensor method is the most
widely used for calculation of torque. A method of torque computation, based on the power
balance of the electrical machine is used as a reference to assess the accuracy of other torque
computation methods[17]. A simple analytical model suggested by [18] is able to take in
account of the damping effects for a cage rotor on the unbalanced magnetic pull when the
rotor is dynamically eccentric and skew. It is observed that skewing of the rotor cage
increases the UMP when the motor is loaded. Effect on deflection due to static and dynamic
eccentricities are damp out by using parallel winding. So several parallel winding designs for
the two stator windings are compared with series wound stator and UMP is effectively
reduce with parallel windings[19][20]. The effect of equalising currents on unbalanced
magnetic pull (UMP) for the static and dynamic eccentricity ³uniform, one end eccentricity,
opposite directions at each end ´ are studied. The mode of an eccentricity and type of the
connection of the stator winding have a strong influence on the unbalanced magnetic pull
[20] The result of 3D analysis for effect of rotor skew, rotor end ring current and distribution
of electromagnetic field in axial direction are compared 2D analysis. The torque, rotor axial
force and axial force on rotor end rings with skew rotor is calculated using electromagnetic
field derived from 3D analysis[21].The closed rotor slots may break the spatial linearity of
the forces with rotor displacement at some operating points of the motor. The time stepping
finite element approach is used[22]. A more comprehensive mathematical model has been
obtained when considering not only inherent eccentricity but also the slot harmonics in an
induction motor with bearing fault and verify experimentally[23].The recent developments of
semi-analytical sub domains modelling techniques to compute the flux density distribution in
electrical machines by solving of Maxwell equations[24]. The rotor eccentricity ³static and
dynamic´ and the consequence of parallel windings in an induction motor are investigated by
means of a transient finite element model with different combinations of parallel and series
stator winding connections .The circulating current between various combinations of parallel
windings reduce the unbalanced magnetic pull significantly[25].

The most popular Motor Current Signature Analysis (MCSA) can easily detect the
common machine fault. MCSA technology can be used in conjunction with other
technologies, in order to provide a complete overview of the motor circuit[26]. The current
spectrum analysis is used for the monitoring and detection of air gap eccentricity in induction
machines[27].Rotor eccentricity can result in large forces to the rotor cause noise and
vibrations. The line current spectrum is changed with the number of rotor slots, machine pole
numbers and load conditions. FEM and MWFA are used[28]..The complex apparent power
technique is also use to diagnose air gap mixed eccentricity with WFA for three phase

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Induction Motor[29]. An electromagnetic force spectrum variation is analyze different
eccentricities and under different rotating speeds by finite element model based on Ansoft
Maxwell in this paper[30]. An external magnetic field is also utilise to detect pure dynamic
eccentricity and mixed eccentricity by considering the saturation effect. the advantage of this
method easily distinguish dynamic eccentricity from mixed eccentricity[31]. By sensing
outside magnetic field with sensor can detect static eccentricity and rotor broken bar. The
2D FEM simulation results are verified by experimental[32]. The dynamic eccentricity is
detect through the pattern in air gap force distribution and vibration. It also gives an idea
about the dependency of load on vibration component , there is a non linearity between
loading, stress waves and vibration[33]. The whirling power is used to detect dynamic
eccentricity by using the whirling power. As eccentricity level increase, it also increases
whirling power[34]. An induction machine model based on coupled magnetic circuit for
studying static rotor eccentricity under transient as well as steady state condition. It is based
directly on the geometry of the induction machine and the physical layout of all windings. By
proper modelling of eccentricity we can know the effect of eccentricity on the machine
inductance and on motor start up[35]. A 3-dimensional unsaturated and a 2- dimensional
saturated modelling of cage induction motor under air gap asymmetry and rotor misalignment
present. Transient and steady state unbalanced magnetic force at the two ends of the rotor
including teeth saturation and slot leakage permeance[36]. An important research about
MCSA effectiveness to detect small degree of purely SE. As static eccentricity produces low
frequency air gap flux components, however they can be observed in stator current spectrum
only under mixed eccentricity, and for high degrees of rotor shifting. So MCSA cannot detect
clearly small degree of pure static eccentricity, this disadvantage is overcome by using air
gap magnetic flux signature analysis ³FSA´ which detect low degrees of purely static
eccentricity[37]. A static eccentric rotor for cage induction motors also model by using an
air gap permanence approach including stator and rotor MMF harmonics. The model
identified sinusoidal and homopolar air gap field components and the total air gap field
distribution is used to determine the radial forces on the rotor. It also examines the principal
harmonic interactions that influence the unbalanced magnetic pull. The unsymmetrical flux
distribution because of the eccentricity generates circulating currents in the rotor cage and
parallel branches of the stator winding. These currents equalise the flux distribution and
reduce the unbalanced magnetic pull[38].Modelling of induction machines under eccentricity
conditions involves a significant number of self and mutual inductances. This paper present
computationally efficient closed-form solutions for self- and mutual-inductance expressions
using step variations of turn functions. The experimental results validate the proposed model
and significantly faster than those implemented via lookup tables and more accurate than
those established using limited Fourier series terms[39]. Stray flux is used as diagnosis
parameter for static, dynamic and mixed eccentricity faults in induction motor [40]. For
measuring rotor eccentricity in an wound rotor induction machines using pole-specific search
windings because standard sideband current measurement techniques are only valid for cage
induction machines. [41]. The rotor slot harmonics in stator current of a three phase squirrel
induction machine was analysed by an analytical expression which is based on the linkage

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inductance expression and derived using the winding function approach (WFA) and its
decomposition into Fourier series[42] The effect of magnetic saturation upon the diagnosis of
SE fault is carried out by index signatures of static eccentricity fault around fundamental and
PSHs which detected successfully for saturated motor using highly precise modelling time
stepping finite element ³TSFE´ method[43].

Eccentricity causes a non-uniform temperature distribution in the motor, hence leading to

additional thermal stresses, which contribute to the appearance of other motor faults. as
eccentricity cause a non-uniform distribution of temperature in the motor, as well as an
increase in the highest stator temperature[44]The efficiency of machine is reduce due to
eccentricity because it increase the losses mainly iron losses. As the iron losses is increase,
the machine will be overheated[45]. the effect of eccentricity ³static & dynamic´ on the
resistive losses and iron losses of electrical machine by using The time-stepping two-
dimensional finite element method. The torque modulation and additional brearing friction
losses are the result of rotor eccentricity[46].This paper presents the analysis of the motor
parameters such as currents, torques and slip using equivalent circuit for both types of
harmonics namely space harmonic and time harmonic. The resultant torque characteristic
considering the space harmonics has several large dips during motor starting and acceleration
stage, while torque characteristic of induction motors shows smooth resultant torque during
the motor starting period for the time harmonics[47].The calculation of electromagnetic field,
and the current density and magnetic flux density is analyzed using 3D Finite Element.
Three-dimensional motor model can accurately understand the whole or part of the
electromagnetic field distribution and improve the accuracy of the motor optimization
design[48].The torque of an eccentric motor is increasing with eccentricity. The torque is
calculated by two method namely Coulomb's method and Energy Balance method. The
harmonic component of frequency close to the PSH is significantly increase with the
increasing eccentricity. The vertical component is measured by peizo electric transducer and
then measured with simulation result[49]. Fundamental air gap flux density, Stator winding
harmonics, Rotor winding harmonics Stator slots harmonics, Rotor slots harmonics,
Saturation harmonics, and Eccentricity harmonics flux density waves are the most significant
for noise analysis. This model covering the most important causes of magnetic noise such as
saturation, eccentricity, slots and winding distribution. If the manufacturing and assembly
process is not performed properly to minimise eccentricity, the motor could be noisy[50].
Parallel winding is used for noise reduction .The parallel path without equalisers gives no
reduction in noise in compare with the use of series connected winding[51].The harmonics in
the air-gap field ,due to the distribution of the current carrying conductors in slots, slotting of
the stator and rotor surfaces and magnetic saturation of the iron .The radial forces that act on
the stator and the rotor are associated with the magnetic fluxes entering or leaving the iron
surfaces. The noise producing electromagnetic forces are produced at the slot-harmonic
frequencies and their side-bands the magnitudes of the slot-harmonic forces [52].To consider
the effects of rotor and stator slots with winding harmonics an advance approach has been
adopted ³3D model´. The result of 3D analysis shows large ripples in torque wave

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form[53].The modelling of eddy currents in steel laminations within a 2-D finite element
field computation using a 1-D penetration equation was analyzed. Two different techniques
for representing the 1-D eddy-current solution within the 2-D field equations are shown[54].

Research Gap

• The literature survey shows the different methods for investigate UMP with different
types of eccentricity considering various factors and also shows relation of various
parameter of induction motor with eccentricity and UMP using 2-D FEM method not
present 3-D modelling of UMP.
• There is no information of eddy current losses variation with UMP which is generated
due to produced eccentricity.
• Comparison of FEM results of UMP with the result of MATLAB for the same

Abstract

Most of the literatures model is based on reduction of the 3D problem to a 2D problem to

make the analysis fast and simple but 2D models are not given an accurate result. There are
several techniques as well as information regarding eccentricities and Unbalance Magnetic
Pull provided through literature. The magnetic losses are also most important parameter
which affect the efficiency of the machine. So we can add a new knowledge that is the effect
of eccentricities which produce unbalance magnetic pull on the eddy current losses. The
analysis of air gap flux density by using 3D FEM software and verified by MMF-Permeance
method. Then calculate the Unbalance Magnetic Pull by using this flux density with static
eccentricity. Calculate iron losses for the cage induction motor. The equation developed that
shows the effect of UMP with static eccentricity on iron losses.

Tentative Work Plan

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