CHAPTER 1

 The Fellow Servant Rule

 Employers were not liable workplace injuries that resulted from negligence of other
employees

  The Doctrine of Contributory Negligence

 If the actions of employees contributed to their own injuries, the employer was absolved of
any liability

  The Concept of Assumption of Risk

 Was based on the theory that people who accept a job assume the risks that go with it.

 Employee who work voluntarily should accept the consequences of their actions on the job
rather than blame the employer

 The Gauley Bridge Disaster

 Silicosis

 Asbestos Usage

 Training and Personal Protective Equipment

 Mercury Poisoning

 Minamata disease (eating polluted fish)

DEVELOPMENT OF ACCIDENT PREVENTION PROGRAM

The 3  E’s of Safety Improvement Method

 Engineering (Kejuruteraan)

 Education (Pendidikan )

 Enforcement (Penguatkuasaan )

SAFETY AND HEALTH MOVEMENT TODAY

 Comprehensive

- engineering

- chemical

- management etc.
  Development

- raw materials and equipment

- technological process

 Rapid growth in the profession

- roles & responsibilities

SAFETY AND HEALTH EVOLUTION IN MALAYSIA

Previously, there is no comprehensive system/act/regulation

 Boiler Enactment

1. Selangor 1896

2. Perak 1903

3. Johor 1937

 Factory and Machinery Act 1967

 Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 Act 514

 Department of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH)

 National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)

 Malaysian Society of Occupational Safety and Health (MSOSH)

 National Security Council (BKN)

CHAPTER 2

“An accident is an unplanned & uncontrolled event which causes OR is likely to cause an injury”

It is something which unexpected, unpredictable or intended or not desired

An acciden may cause a result of som unsafe activity, act, working condition etc.,
Insured Costs

a. Direct Payment To Social Security Organization (SOCSO @ PERKESO)

b. Medical Costs

c. Lost Work Hours – Injured Employee

d. Insurance Premiums ( Group Insurance )

e. Property Damage

uninsured costs

a. Wages For Non Productive Working Hours For Uninjured Employees.

b. Overtime

c. Wages For Accident Investigation

d. Low Output By Injured Employee – Return To Job

e. Training Cost – New Employees

f. Uninsured Medical Costs

g. Administrative Costs

h. Legal Costs

i. Other Costs
ACCIDENT RATES BY INDUSTRY

 Mining/quarrying

 Agriculture

 Farming

 Forestry

 Fishing

 Construction

 Transportation / public utilities

 Government

 Manufacturing

 Service/trade

 Indirect relationship

- productivity,

- product quality

 New Straits Times 19 May 1997,

 Increase in wages 3.97% and 0.9% drop in productivity in the year 1996 compared to
1995.

Contoh:

 Du Pont – proved the relationship between OSH and profitability.

CHAPTER 3

The Domino Theory

• Developed by Herbert Hinrich (Travelers Insurance Co) in 1920

• He evaluated over 75,000 industrial accidents

• His evaluation demonstrated:

 88% accidents causes by unsafe acts

 10% of accidents caused by unsafe conditions

 2% of accidents were just unavoidable

 • The system theory Proposes that the likelihood of an accident occurring is determined how
the workplace “system” works together

• Changes in patterns of system interaction can increase or decrease the probability of an

accident occurring

• Examples: Noise, time constraints, machine problems, schedule, management

When stressors are introduced between point 1 and 3 in the figure next slide, the likelihood
of an accident increases

• Firenzie recommends that 5 factors to be considered before beginning the process of

collecting information, weighing risks and making a decision

• Job requirements

• The worker’s abilities and limitations

• The gain if the task is successfully accomplished

• The loss if the task is attempted but fails

• The loss if the task is not attempted

The combination theory

• Incorporates the theory that components of all accident causation theories have value in
evaluating accident causation factors

• Use of one theory over another merely becomes an academic exercise that rarely applies to
real life situations

CHAPTER 4

Ergonomics Development

Focused on

 Adaptation of human body

 Lighting, temperature

 Work system

Ergonomics Scope

• Areas concerning

 Physiology

 Anatomy

 Psychology

 Physics

 Engineering
Basic function of ergonomics involves

• Body system

• Physical capabilities

• Work system

I.e. : Typist

a. Sitting position

b. Space and visibility

c. Environment

Worksite Analysis Program for Ergonomics

1. Information Sources

• Records Analysis and Tracking

• Incidence Rates

2. Screening Survey

• Checklist

• Ergonomic Risk Factors

• CTD Risk Factors

• Back Disorder Risk Factors

• Multiple Risk Factors

• Ergonomic Job Hazard Analyses

• Workstation Analysis

• Lifting Hazards

• Videotape Method

1. Periodic Ergonomic Surveys

• Feedback and Follow-up

• Trend Analysis

Common Indicators of Ergonomics Problems

a. Apparent Trends in Accidents and Injuries

b. Incidence of Cumulative Trauma Disorders

c. Absenteeism and High Turnover Rates

d. Employee Complaints
 e. Employee Generated Changes

f. Poor Quality

g. Manual Material Handling

Identifying Specific Ergonomic Problem

a. General Observation

b. Questionnaire and Interviews

c. Videotaping and Photography

d. Drawing or Sketching

e. Measuring the Work Environment

f. Understanding the Ergonomics of Aging

Hazard Prevention and Control

a. Workstation Design

b. Design of Work Methods

c. Tool Design and Handles

d. Training

e. Education

CHAPTER 5
THREE STAGES HUMAN STRESS
RESPONSE:

ALARM

RESISTANCE

EXHAUSTION
CHAPTER 6

Sources of Mechanical Hazards

• Overload

• Misjudgment

• Taking it to simple

• Environment

• Equipment life cycle

• Inadequate Information

• Inadequate Training

• Human weakness

Definition: Safeguarding

Machine safeguarding is intended to minimize the risk of accidents due to machine-operator contact

– Flywheel guarding

– Rotary saw blade guards, etc.

Requirements for All Safeguards

– 1) Prevent Contact
– 2) Be secure and durable

– 3) Protect against falling objects

– 4) Create no new hazards

– 5) Create no interference

– 6) Allow safe maintenance

•
HAZARD ANALYSIS

Hazard Analysis is a systematic process of identifying hazards and recommending corrective action.

2 approaches to hazard analysis : 1. Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA); and 2. Detailed Hazard
Analysis (DHA)

PRELIMINARY HAZARD ANALYSIS (PHA) • To identify potential hazards and prioritize them according
to: i. the likelihood of an accident or injury being caused by the hazard; ii. Severity of injury, illness or
property damage that could result if the hazard caused an accident. • May involve just observation
or pilot testing of new equipment and systems.

DETAILED HAZARD ANALYSIS (DHA) • Involves the application of analytical, inductive and deductive
methods. • For examples FMEA, FTA, HAZOP, HEA, Risk Analysis, TOR

PRELIMINARY HAZARD ANALYSIS (PHA)

TWO PURPOSES • It can expedite bringing the new system on line, but at a substantially reduced risk
of injuring workers • It can serve as a guide for a future detailed analysis

PHA amounts to forming an ad hoc team of experienced personnel who are familiar with the
equipment, material, substance, or process being analysed. • Experience and related expertise are
important factors in conducting a preliminary review

COST-BENEFIT FACTORS IN HAZARD ANALYSIS

Every hazard has several different remedies. Every remedy has a corresponding cost and
corresponding benefit. • It is important to factor in cost when recommending corrective action
regarding hazards. • This amount to listing all of the potential remedies along with their respective
costs and then estimating the extent to which each will reduce the hazard(its benefit)
OBJECTIVES OF OSHA 1994

• To ensure the safety, health and welfare of persons at work against risks to safety and health
arising from workplace activities.

• To protect non-employees at a workplace from risks to safety and health arising from
workplace
activities.

• To promote an occupational environment at the workplace that is adapted to their

physiological
and psychological needs.

• To provide means of developing regulative system and industry codes of practice to

maintain/improve OSH standards.

PHILOSOPHY AND GUIDING PRINCIPLES

• “Responsibilities to ensure safety and health at workplaces lies with those who create the
risk and with those who work with the risk.”

• Self regulation

• Tripartite approach government, employer and employees at workplace

• PART IV - GENERAL DUTIES OF EMPLOYERS AND SELF-EMPLOYED PERSONS

• Part IV provides for general duties of employers and self employed persons to their
employees and to persons other than the employees (Section 15, 16, 17, 18)

• Provide and maintain systems of work including machineries, equipment, tools, and storage
and transportation facilities that are safe and without health risk.
• Provide information, instruction, training and supervision to ensure that all activities,
including the operation of machineries and handling of toxic substances, are carried out
safely and without health risk - Section 15

• For employers with more than five employees, formulate a written policy on OSH matters
and inform all employees regarding the policy - Section 16

• Provide a safe workplace for non employees, with adequate means of access and exit and
welfare facilities – Section 17

• The duties of an occupier of a place of work to person other than his employees – Section 18

• Occupier is a person who has the management power or control of the work –
Section 3

• Section 19 – A person who contravenes the provisions of section 15, 16, 17 or 18 shall be
guilty of an offence and shall, on conviction, be liable to a fine not exceeding fifty thousand
ringgit or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding two years or to both.

• PART V - GENERAL DUTIES OF DESIGNERS, MANUFACTURERS AND SUPPLIERS

• Part V of this Act provides general duties of persons who design, manufacture import or
supply any plant (section 20) or any substance (section 21) for use at work.

• PART VI – GENERAL DUTIES OF EMPLOYEES

• To take care to ensure the safety of himself and other persons. - Section 24 (i) (a)

• To provide full cooperation to the employer and other persons in complying with the
requirements of OSHA 1994. - Section 24 (i) (b)

• To wear or use, at all times, any protective equipment or clothing provided by the employer.
- Section 24 (i) (c)

• Not to intentionally, recklessly or negligently interfere with or misuse any item provided or
activity carried out in the interest of OSH in pursuance of the OSHA 1994. - Section 25

• PART VII – SAFETY AND HEALTH ORGANISATIONS

• An employer with 40 or more employees must establish an OSH committee. The employer
may also be required to establish the safety and health committee if directed by the Director
General. - Section 30 (i)

• Both management and workers must have adequate and equal representation in the
committee. A safety and health committee must consist of a chairman, a secretary,
representatives of employer and representatives of employees. - Section 30 (ii)

• The committee provides a path for consultation and cooperation between management and
workers in identifying, assessing and controlling workplace hazards.

• Among the committees functions are:

• To carry out studies on the trends of accidents, near-miss accidents, dangerous occurrences,
occupational poisoning and diseases which occurs at the place of work.
• To review the safety and health policies at the place of work and make recommendations to
the employer for any revision of such policies.

• Inspect work place and report to the employer of any unsafe or unhealthy condition or
practices at the place of work with recommendations for remedial action. - Section 31

• SAFETY AND HEALTH OFFICERS

• Employers in certain high-risk industries, with greater than a given number of employees,
must appoint a qualified Safety and Health Officer. - Section 29

• The officer must have completed a training course in OSH and passed all required
examination, have experience in the area of OSH of at least 10 years, and be registered with
the Director General of OSH.

• Among the officers functions are:

• Prepare submit monthly reports on OSH matters

• Act as the secretary to the safety and health committee

• Advise on and assist in OSH measures to be taken

• Inspect the workplace to identify and correct potential hazards

• Investigate possible hazards, accidents, near-misses

• Collect and analyze OSH statistics.