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Employers were not liable workplace injuries that resulted from negligence of other
employees
If the actions of employees contributed to their own injuries, the employer was absolved of
any liability
Was based on the theory that people who accept a job assume the risks that go with it.
Employee who work voluntarily should accept the consequences of their actions on the job
rather than blame the employer
Silicosis
Asbestos Usage
Mercury Poisoning
Engineering (Kejuruteraan)
Education (Pendidikan )
Enforcement (Penguatkuasaan )
Comprehensive
- engineering
- chemical
- management etc.
Development
- technological process
Boiler Enactment
1. Selangor 1896
2. Perak 1903
3. Johor 1937
CHAPTER 2
“An accident is an unplanned & uncontrolled event which causes OR is likely to cause an injury”
An acciden may cause a result of som unsafe activity, act, working condition etc.,
Insured Costs
b. Medical Costs
e. Property Damage
uninsured costs
b. Overtime
g. Administrative Costs
h. Legal Costs
i. Other Costs
ACCIDENT RATES BY INDUSTRY
Mining/quarrying
Agriculture
Farming
Forestry
Fishing
Construction
Government
Manufacturing
Service/trade
Indirect relationship
- productivity,
- product quality
Increase in wages 3.97% and 0.9% drop in productivity in the year 1996 compared to
1995.
Contoh:
When stressors are introduced between point 1 and 3 in the figure next slide, the likelihood
of an accident increases
• Job requirements
• Incorporates the theory that components of all accident causation theories have value in
evaluating accident causation factors
• Use of one theory over another merely becomes an academic exercise that rarely applies to
real life situations
CHAPTER 4
Ergonomics Development
Focused on
Lighting, temperature
Work system
Ergonomics Scope
• Areas concerning
Physiology
Anatomy
Psychology
Physics
Engineering
Basic function of ergonomics involves
• Body system
• Physical capabilities
• Work system
I.e. : Typist
a. Sitting position
c. Environment
1. Information Sources
• Incidence Rates
2. Screening Survey
• Checklist
• Workstation Analysis
• Lifting Hazards
• Videotape Method
• Trend Analysis
d. Employee Complaints
e. Employee Generated Changes
f. Poor Quality
a. General Observation
d. Drawing or Sketching
a. Workstation Design
d. Training
e. Education
CHAPTER 5
THREE STAGES HUMAN STRESS
RESPONSE:
ALARM
RESISTANCE
EXHAUSTION
CHAPTER 6
• Overload
• Misjudgment
• Taking it to simple
• Environment
• Inadequate Information
• Inadequate Training
• Human weakness
Definition: Safeguarding
Machine safeguarding is intended to minimize the risk of accidents due to machine-operator contact
– Flywheel guarding
– 1) Prevent Contact
– 2) Be secure and durable
– 5) Create no interference
•
HAZARD ANALYSIS
Hazard Analysis is a systematic process of identifying hazards and recommending corrective action.
2 approaches to hazard analysis : 1. Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA); and 2. Detailed Hazard
Analysis (DHA)
PRELIMINARY HAZARD ANALYSIS (PHA) • To identify potential hazards and prioritize them according
to: i. the likelihood of an accident or injury being caused by the hazard; ii. Severity of injury, illness or
property damage that could result if the hazard caused an accident. • May involve just observation
or pilot testing of new equipment and systems.
DETAILED HAZARD ANALYSIS (DHA) • Involves the application of analytical, inductive and deductive
methods. • For examples FMEA, FTA, HAZOP, HEA, Risk Analysis, TOR
TWO PURPOSES • It can expedite bringing the new system on line, but at a substantially reduced risk
of injuring workers • It can serve as a guide for a future detailed analysis
PHA amounts to forming an ad hoc team of experienced personnel who are familiar with the
equipment, material, substance, or process being analysed. • Experience and related expertise are
important factors in conducting a preliminary review
Every hazard has several different remedies. Every remedy has a corresponding cost and
corresponding benefit. • It is important to factor in cost when recommending corrective action
regarding hazards. • This amount to listing all of the potential remedies along with their respective
costs and then estimating the extent to which each will reduce the hazard(its benefit)
OBJECTIVES OF OSHA 1994
• To ensure the safety, health and welfare of persons at work against risks to safety and health
arising from workplace activities.
• To protect non-employees at a workplace from risks to safety and health arising from
workplace
activities.
• “Responsibilities to ensure safety and health at workplaces lies with those who create the
risk and with those who work with the risk.”
• Self regulation
• Part IV provides for general duties of employers and self employed persons to their
employees and to persons other than the employees (Section 15, 16, 17, 18)
• Provide and maintain systems of work including machineries, equipment, tools, and storage
and transportation facilities that are safe and without health risk.
• Provide information, instruction, training and supervision to ensure that all activities,
including the operation of machineries and handling of toxic substances, are carried out
safely and without health risk - Section 15
• For employers with more than five employees, formulate a written policy on OSH matters
and inform all employees regarding the policy - Section 16
• Provide a safe workplace for non employees, with adequate means of access and exit and
welfare facilities – Section 17
• The duties of an occupier of a place of work to person other than his employees – Section 18
• Occupier is a person who has the management power or control of the work –
Section 3
• Section 19 – A person who contravenes the provisions of section 15, 16, 17 or 18 shall be
guilty of an offence and shall, on conviction, be liable to a fine not exceeding fifty thousand
ringgit or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding two years or to both.
• Part V of this Act provides general duties of persons who design, manufacture import or
supply any plant (section 20) or any substance (section 21) for use at work.
• To take care to ensure the safety of himself and other persons. - Section 24 (i) (a)
• To provide full cooperation to the employer and other persons in complying with the
requirements of OSHA 1994. - Section 24 (i) (b)
• To wear or use, at all times, any protective equipment or clothing provided by the employer.
- Section 24 (i) (c)
• Not to intentionally, recklessly or negligently interfere with or misuse any item provided or
activity carried out in the interest of OSH in pursuance of the OSHA 1994. - Section 25
• An employer with 40 or more employees must establish an OSH committee. The employer
may also be required to establish the safety and health committee if directed by the Director
General. - Section 30 (i)
• Both management and workers must have adequate and equal representation in the
committee. A safety and health committee must consist of a chairman, a secretary,
representatives of employer and representatives of employees. - Section 30 (ii)
• The committee provides a path for consultation and cooperation between management and
workers in identifying, assessing and controlling workplace hazards.
• To carry out studies on the trends of accidents, near-miss accidents, dangerous occurrences,
occupational poisoning and diseases which occurs at the place of work.
• To review the safety and health policies at the place of work and make recommendations to
the employer for any revision of such policies.
• Inspect work place and report to the employer of any unsafe or unhealthy condition or
practices at the place of work with recommendations for remedial action. - Section 31
• Employers in certain high-risk industries, with greater than a given number of employees,
must appoint a qualified Safety and Health Officer. - Section 29
• The officer must have completed a training course in OSH and passed all required
examination, have experience in the area of OSH of at least 10 years, and be registered with
the Director General of OSH.