Radiografia Manual de Defectos Coinmet RT-02 Rev Ision 2

NUMBER COINMET RT.
002
RT EXAMINATION PROCEDURE Revision 2

Date May 18,2013
1,0 SCOPE
This procedure describes the technique for radiographic examination of butt welds in accordance
with ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Sections I, VIII Division 1 and 2, IX, XII, and ASME B31.1
2,0 REFERENCES
ASME BOILER AND PRESSURE VESSEL CODE SECTION I, PW-51
ASME BOILER AND PRESSURE VESSEL CODE SECTION V, ARTICLE 2
ASME BOILER AND PRESSURE VESSEL CODE SECTION VIII DIVISION 1, UW-51 and UW-52
ASME BOILER AND PRESSURE VESSEL CODE SECTION VIII DIVISION 2, 7.5.3
ASME BOILER AND PRESSURE VESSEL CODE SECTION XII, TE-230.1
ASME POWER PIPING B31.1, 136.4.5
WRITTEN PRACTICE No. P-COINMET-NDT-CP-01
RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY PROCEDURE
3,0 MATERIALS AND THICKNESS TO BE EXAMINED
This examination method is applicable for butt welds in Materials P No.1 through P No. 15F
with thickness range between 0.125" through 3.00".
4,0 TIME AND EXTENT OF EXAMINATION
The time and extent of the examination shall be in accordance with the construction Code.
5,0 EQUIPMENT
The following equipment shall be used for compliance with this procedure:
5.1 X-Ray machine ICM - SITEX D-2504 or SITEX C-3205

5.2 Densitometer ESECO Model
5.3 Step Wedge Calibration Film
5.4 Film Viewer
5.5 Radiation signals
5.6 Radiation Intensimeter, and dosimeters
6.0 DISTANCE SOURCE - OBJECT
The minimum source to object distance is indicated in the following Table, distances lesser than the
minimum distance are acceptable if the required IQI is perceptible and density differences are
acceptable
SINGLE VIEW FILM
Length between location marks Minimum Distance Max. Geom. Unsharpness
6" maximum 14" 0.017"
6 - 12" maximum 22" 0.011"
12" - 16" maximum 26" 0.009"
ASNT NDT RT LEVEL III -203135

APPROVED BY:____________________________ ACCEPTED BY:_____________________
5/18/2013
DATE:_______________________ DATE:_________________________
PAGE 1 OF 22
NUMBER COINMET RT.002

Date May 18,2013
For double view film the minimum source to object distance shall be 24"
8.0 SURFACE PREPARATION
As welded surfaces are permitted if the finished of the weld meets the Construction Code
requirements. Finished surface condition and reinforcement height shall not exceed the
of the following paragraphs:
2 Construction Code Finished Surface Condition Reinforcement Height

Section I PW-35 PW-35.1 (See Annex C)
Section VIII Div. 1 UW-35 UW-35 (d) (See Annex C)
Section VIII Div. 2 6.2.4 Table 6.6 (See Annex C)
Section XII TF-220.4 Table TF-220.4 (See Annex C)
ASME B31.1 127.4.2 and 127.4.3 Table 127.4.2 (See Annex C)
Welds with excessive reinfoprcement shall be corrected before to examine.
The finished surface of all butt weld joints may be flush with the base material
9.0 EXAMINATION MATERIALS
9.1 FILMS
Radiographic examination shall be performed using industrial radiographic films, selected

depending the required sensitivity and the thickness of the weld, some of the films used:
TRADE MARK FILM DESIGNATION ASTM-E1815

AGFA STRUCTURIX D4/D5 CLASS I
AGFA STRUCTURIX D7 CLASS II
KODAK INDUSTREX MX125 CLASS I
KODAK INDUSTREX AA400 CLASS II
9.2 SCREENS
9.2.1 Intensifying Screens
Intensifying lead screens of 0.005" thk. in close contact with the front of the
film shall be used.
9.2.2 Backscatter Prevention Screens
To prevent the excessive backscatter lead screens shall be used, the required
thickness depending of the ammount of backsactter, but the minimum
thickness shall be 0.005".
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Date May 18,2013
10.0 FILM PROCESSING

The following recommendations shall be used as guide, the film manufacturer shall be consulted
for detailed recommendations, and chemical solutions requirements.
10.1 DEVELOPMENT
Time of developing: 5 to 8 minutes
Developer temperature: 20 - 27°C
Process: Films shall be agitated vertically and horizontally for a few seconds each minute
during the developing
10.2 STOP BATH

Time of Stop Bath: 1 to 2 minutes
Temperature of Stop Bath: 20 - 27°C
Process: Keep the films into the stop bath during the required time
10.3 RINSING
Time of rinsing: 2 minutes

Process: Flush water continuously on the fims
10.4 FIXING
Fixing time: 10 minutes minimum, not less than twice clear time
Temperature of Fixer: 20 - 27°C
Process: Films shall be agitated vertically for 10 seconds each minute to ensure uniform
and rapid fixation.
10.5 WASHING
Time of washing: 20 - 30 minutes
11.0 SAFETY
All exposures with X-Ray machine shall be performed in an area without any personnel in a radius
of 10 meters for Sitex D-2504, and 15 mts for Sitex C3205
12.0 IMAGE QUALITY INDICATOR (IQI)
12.1 DESIGN
Two types of IQI may be used, the type shall be selected based on the geometry of
the piece to be radiographed, the following types of IQI's are allowed:
12.1.1 Hole type IQI's which shall be manufactured and identified in accordance with
the requirements or alternates allowecd in SE-1025.
12.1.2 Wire type IQI's which shall be manufactured and identified in accordance with
the requirements or alternates allowecd in SE-747.
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Date May 18,2013
12.2 STANDARD IQI
12.2.1 Hole type IQIs shall consist of those showed in the following Table.
12.2.2 Wire type IQIs shall consist of those showed in the following Table.
ASME B31.1 ACCEPTANCE STANDARDS:
The following relevant indications are unacceptable:
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Date May 18,2013
12.3 SELECTION
12.3.1 Material
IQIs shall be from Group 1
12.3.2 Size
12.3.2.1 Welds with reinforcements. The size of the IQI shall be selected based
on the thickness of the nominal single wall thickness plus the estimated weld
reinforcement but not exceding the maximum permitted reinforcement by the
construction code. Backing rings or strips shall not considered as part of the
thickness in the IQI selection. The following Table establishes the required IQI
based on the weld thickness calculated as described above.
12.3.2 Welds Without Reinforcements. The size of the IQI shall be selected
based on the thickness of the nominal single wall thickness. Backing rings or strips
strips shall not be considered as part of the thickness in the IQI selection. The
following Table establishes the required IQI based on the weld thickness
calculated as described above.
12.4 PLACEMENT
12.4.1 SIDE
12.4.1.1 Source Side. The IQI(s) shall be placed on the source side of the part
being examined, except for the condition described in 12.4.1.2 below
12.4.1.2 Fim Side. Where inaccesibility prevents hand placing the IQI(s) on the
source side, the IQI(s) shall be placed on the film side in contact with the part
being examined. A lead letter "F" shall be placed adjacent to or on the IQI(s),
but shall not mask the essential hole where hole IQI(s) are used
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Date May 18,2013
12.4.2 LOCATION
12.4.2.1 Hole IQIs. The IQI(s) may be placed adjacent to or on the weld. The
identification number(s) and, when used, the lead letter "F", shall not in the
area of interest, except when geometric configuration makes it impractical, see
sektch below
12.4.2.2 Wire IQIs. The IQI(s) shall be placed on the weld sothat the length of
the wires is perpendicular to the length of the weld. The IQI identification and,
when used, the leas letter "F", shall not be in the area of interest, except when
geometric makes it impractical. See sketch below
12.5 NUMBER
When one or more film holders are used for an exposure, at least one IQI image shall
appear on each film except as follows:
12.5.1 Multiple IQIs. If the density variation is excesive, more than one IQI need to be
used one shall represent the lighter area and another shall represent the darker area
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Date May 18,2013
12.5.2 Panoramic exposure. For panoramic exposure in cylindrical componentes to examine

the circumferential joints or for spherical components to examine any joint, at least three
IQIs shall be placed at approximately 120° apart , if only a section of a joint is radiographed
and more than three films are exposed, at least three IQIs shall be placed, two IQIs shall be
placed at the ends of the portion radiographed, the remaining IQI shall be placed approxi-
mately in the center, In order to maintain the continuity of records involving subsequent
exposures all radiographs exhibiting IQIs that qualify panoramic exposures shall be retained
12.6 SHIMS UNDER HOLE IQI(s)
A shim of material radiographically similar to the weld metal shall be placed between
the part and the IQI , if needed, so that the radiographic density throughout the area of
interest is no more than minus 15% from (lighter than) the radiographic density through the
IQI. The shim dimensions shall exceed the IQI dimensions such that the outline of at least
three sides of the IQI image shall visible in the film.
13.0 FILMS IDENTIFICATION
Each film shall be permenent identified with the following information:
13.1 Manufacturer name or Manufacturer abbreviated name

13.2 Job Number
13.3 Item identification (if applicable)
13.4 Joint identification
13.5 Date
This identification may appear as radiographic image or may be a tag attached permanently to the film.
In any case this information shall not obscure the area of interest.
If any film need to be repeated because the technique was not appropiate the next attemp shall be
marked with the letter "T" and the number of attemp starting in (1).
If any portion of the weld need to be repaired, the intervale repaired and reshooted shall be marked
with the letter "R" and the number of attemp starting in (1).
14.0 BACKSCATTER RADIATION
A lead letter "B" with a minimum size of 1/2" (13 mm) Height and 1/16" (1.5 mm) in thickness, shall be
attached to the back of each film holder during each exposure to determine if backscatter radiation is
affecting the radiograph quality.
15.0 TECHNIQUE
A single wall exposure technique shall be used for radiography whenever practical, if it is not practical,
a double wall exposure technique shall be used, in this case the number of exposures shall be enough to
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Date May 18,2013
demonstrate the complete coverage.
15.1 SINGLE WALL TECHNIQUE
In single wall technique, the radiation passes through only one wall of the part, and the
weld in this wall is examined. See sketch
15.2 DOUBLE WALL TECHNIQUE
When is not practical to use a single wall technique, one of the following double wall
techniques shall be used.
15.2.1 Single Wall Viewing
In this technique, the radiation passes through two walls and only the weld
on the film side is examined, if the complete coverage is required, a minimum of
three exposures separated 120° shall be made. See Sketch
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Date May 18,2013
15.2.2 Double Wall Viewing
For pipe welds of 3.5" (89 mm) OD and lesser, a technique which the radiation
passes through two walls and both walls are examined, may be used. For double
wall viewing only source side IQI shall be used. If a minimum distance of 16"
between the pipe to source shall be used for pipe of NPS 2, or 24" for pipe NPS 3
may not practical, then a single view shall be used. See sketch.
16.0 LOCATION MARKERS
Location markers shall be appear as radiographic images on the film, and shall be placed on the part, not
on the exposure holder. Their locations shall be permanently marked on the surface of the part or
on a map, in a manner permitting the traceability of the examination. Evidence also provided that
the complete coverage (if required) has been obtained. The location markers shall be located as follows:
16.1 SINGLE WALL VIEW
16.1.1 Source Side Markers. In the following cases the marker shall be located on source
side
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Date May 18,2013
16.1.2 Film Side Markers. In the following cases the marker shall be located on the film
side
16.1.3 Either Side Markers. Location markers may be placed on either side when
rdiographing curved or spherical components whose concave side is toward the
source and the distance between the source and the source side of the material
is equal to the inside radius of the component
16.2 DOUBLE WALL VIEWING
At least one location marker (arrow signal) shall be adjacent to the weld for each radiograph.
16.3 MAP
22 When any limitation prevents the placement of markers as described in 16.1 and 16.2, a
dimensional map of the actual marker placement shall accompany the radiographs to
demonstrate that full coverage has been obtained.
17.0 DIRECTION OF RADIATION
The direction of the central beam of radiation should be centered on the area of interest whenever
practical.
18.0 CALIBRATION
18.1 SOURCE SIZE
The source size is 0.100" (2.5 mm) X 0.100" (2.5 mm), for calculations which involve the
source size, the diagonal of 0.139" (3.5 mm) shall be used.
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Date May 18,2013
18.2 DENSITOMETER
Densitometer shall be calibrated at least every 90 days during use by using a national
standard step tablet or a step wedge calibration film traceable to a national standard
step tablet and having at least 5 steps with neutral densities from 1 through 4.
The step wedge calibration film shall be verified within the last year by comparision with
a national standard step tablet unless, prior to first use, it was maintained in the original
light-tight and waterproof sealed package as supplied by the manufacturer.
Step wedge calibration film may be used without verification for one year upon opening,
provided it is within the manufacturer's stated shelf life.
The densitometer calibration procedure shall be as follows:
18.2.1 Calibration Procedure
18.2.1.1 Follow the densitometer manufacturer instructions

18.2.1.2 Check the density in steps closet to 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 on the step
tablet or step wedge calibration film
18.2.1.3 The tolerance between densitometer reading and the density stated
on the national standard step tablet or step wedge calibration film is ± 0.05
18.2.2 Periodic Verification
Periodic calibration verification check shall be performed as described in 18.2.1 at

the begining of each shift, after 8 hr. Of continuous use, or after change of
apertures, whichever comes first.
18.2.3 Documentation
18.2.3.1 The step wedge calibration film verification shall be certified by the
film manufacturer, and the person that open the package shall record the
opening date and sign the record.
18.2.3.2 Densitometer calibration every 90 days shall be documented, periodic
densitometer verification checks do not have to be documented.
19.0 KILOVOLTAGE
The maximum kilovoltage shall be as follows
Thickness Maximum Kilovoltage

≥ 0.25" (6.3 mm) 180 KV for Class I film 160 KV for Class II film
0.25" (6.3 mm) > t ≥ 0.5" (12.7 mm) 220 KV for Class I film 200 KV for Class II film
0.5" (12.7 mm) > t ≥ 0.75" (19 mm) 280 KV for Class I film 250 KV for Class II film
0.75" (19 mm) > t ≥ 1.25" (32 mm) 320 KV for Class I film 300 KV for Class II film
1.25" (32 mm) > t ≥ 3.00" (76 mm) 320 KV for Class I film 320 KV for Class II film
PAGE 11 OF 22

Date May 18,2013
20.0 FILM VIEWER
The film viewer shall provide subdued background lighting that will not cause reflections, shadows
or glare on the radiograph that interfere with the interpretation process.
The film viewer shall provide variable light source sufficient to permitt that the essential hole or wire
to be visible for the specified density range.
The viewing conditions shall be such that light from around the outer edge of the film or coming through
low density portions of the film does not interfere with the interpretation.
21.0 EVALUATION
21.1 QUALITY
All radiographs shall be free from mechanical, chemical or other blemishes to the extent
that they cannot mask or be confused with the image of any discontinuity in the area of
interest of the object being radiographed. Such blemishes include, but are not limited to:
21.1.1 fogging
21.1.2 streaks
21.1.3 watermarks
21.1.4 chemical stains
21.1.5 scratches
21.1.6 finger marks
21.1.7 crimps
21.1.8 dirtiness
21.1.9 static marks
21.1.10 smudges
21.1.11 tears
21.1.12 false indications due to defective screens
21.2 DENSITY
21.2.1 Density Limitations
For single film the minimum density in the IQI and the area of interest is 1.8
For Multiple film the minimum density for each film is 1.3, and the maximum
density for sigle film or composite viewing films is 4.0
A tolerance of 0.05 in density is allowed for variations between densitometer
readings.
21.2.2 Density Variation
If the density in the area of interest varies by more than -15% or +30% from
the density in the IQI, within the limitations of the density specified in 21.2.1,
then an additional IQI shall be used for each exceptional area or areas and the
film shall be reshooted.
PAGE 12 OF 22

Date May 18,2013
When shims are used with hole type IQI, the +30% restriction may be exceeded
and the minimum density in the IQI of 21.2.1 is not applicable if the IQI sensitivity
is obtained.
21.3 IQI SENSITIVITY
The radiograph shall display the designated hole IQI image and the essential hole, or the
essential wire of a wire IQI, also display the IQI identifying numbers and letters.
In a composite film if any single film does not display the hole IQI image or essential hole, or
essential wire, the interpretation shall be done only by composite film viewing.
A thinner or ticker hole type IQI than the required IQI may be used , provided an equivalent
or better IQI sensitivity as listed in the following Table, is achieved and all other requirements
are met.
21.4 EXCESSIVE BACKSCATTER
If a light image of the "B" appears on a darker background of the radiograph, protection
from backscatter is insufficient and the radiograph shall be considered unacceptable.
A dark image of the "B" on a lighter background is not cause for rejection.
22.0 PERSONNEL QUALIFICATIONS
Personnel who execute, evaluate and interpret the radiographs shall be qualified and certified in
accordance with COIMET Witten Practice
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Date May 18,2013
23.0 INTERPRETATION
The interpretation of radiographs shall be done only by qualified and certified as Level II or Level II
examiners, the innterpretation of the indications and the evaluation of the acceptability of the
radiographs shall be in accordance with the following acceptance standards.
23.1 ACCEPTANCE STANDARDS FOR ASME SECTION I
The following indications are considered unacceptable and the weld shall be repaired and
reexamined:
- Any indication characterized as a crack, or zone with lack of fusion or
penetration
- Any slag inclusion with length greater than:
o ¼ in. (6 mm) for t ≤ ¾ in (19 mm)
o 1/3t for ¾ in. (19 mm) < t ≤ 2.25 in. (57 mm)
o ¾ in. (19 mm) for t > 2.25 in. (57 mm)
- Any group of slag inclusions aligned with an aggregate length more than t
in a length of 12t, except when the distance between successive
indications exceeds 6L, where L is the length of the largest indication.
- Any porosity in excess of those showed in the Appendix A-250
23.2 ACCEPTANCE STANDARDS FOR ASME SECTION VIII DIVISION 1 (FULL)
reexamined:
penetration
- Any other elongated inclusion with length greater than:
o ¼ in. (6 mm) for t ≤ ¾ in (19 mm)
o 1/3t for ¾ in. (19 mm) < t ≤ 2.25 in. (57 mm)
o ¾ in. (19 mm) for t > 2.25 in. (57 mm)
- Any group of aligned indications with an aggregate length more than t in a
length of 12t, except when the distance between successive indications
exceeds 6L, where L is the length of the largest indication.
- Any porosity in excess of those showed in the Appendix 4
23.3 ACCEPTANCE STANDARDS FOR ASME SECTION VIII DIVISION 1 (SPOT)
The acceptability of welds examined by spot radiography shall be judged by the following
standards:
penetration
o 2/3t
o All indications lesser than ¼ in. (6 mm) are acceptable. Indications
greater than ¾ in. (19 mm) are unacceptable
in a length of 6t, except when the distance between successive indications
PAGE 14 OF 22

Date May 18,2013
23.4 ACCEPTANCE STANDARDS FOR ASME SECTION VIII DIVISION 2
reexamined:
penetration
o ¼ in. (6 mm) for t ≤ ¾ in (19 mm)
o 1/3t for ¾ in. (19 mm) < t ≤ 2.25 in. (57 mm)
o ¾ in. (19 mm) for t > 2.25 in. (57 mm)
- Any porosity in excess of those showed in the Figures 7.4 through 7.10
23.5 ACCEPTANCE STANDARDS FOR ASME SECTION XII (FULL)
reexamined:
penetration
- Any other elongated inclusion with length greater than:
o ¼ in. (6 mm) for t ≤ ¾ in (19 mm)
o 1/3t for ¾ in. (19 mm) < t ≤ 2.25 in. (57 mm)
o ¾ in. (19 mm) for t > 2.25 in. (57 mm)
- Any group of aligned indications with an aggregate length more than t in a
length of 12t, except when the distance between successive indications
- Any porosity in excess of those showed in the Mandatory Appendix IV
23.6 ACCEPTANCE STANDARDS FOR ASME SECTION XII (SPOT)
The acceptability of welds examined by spot radiography shall be judged by the following
standards:
penetration
o 2/3t
o All indications lesser than ¼ in. (6 mm) are acceptable. Indications
greater than ¾ in. (19 mm) are unacceptable
in a length of 6t, except when the distance between successive indications
23.7 ACCEPTANCE STANDARDS FOR ASME B31.1
reexamined:
PAGE 15 OF 22

Date May 18,2013

penetration
o ¼ in. (6 mm) for t ≤ ¾ in (19 mm)
o 1/3t for ¾ in. (19 mm) < t ≤ 2.25 in. (57 mm)
o ¾ in. (19 mm) for t > 2.25 in. (57 mm)
- Any porosity in excess of those showed in the Appendix A-250 of Section I
- Root concavity when there is an abrupt change in density, as showed in
the radiograph.
24.0 RECORDS
The RT films accompained of the RT Report which describe the technique and the evaluation
and interpretation by the COINMET Level II or III shall be delivered to the Manufacturer who shall
present to the Authorized Inspector. See COINMET RT Report Form)
PAGE 16 OF 22

Date May 18,2013
PAGE 17 OF 22

Date May 18,2013
ANNEX A (D-2504 DATA SHEET)
PAGE 18 OF 22

Date May 18,2013
ANNEX A (C-3205 DATA SHEET)
PAGE 19 OF 22

Date May 18,2013
ANNEX B (D-2504 EXPOSURE CHART)
PAGE 20 OF 22

Date May 18,2013
ANNEX C (PW-35.1)
ANNEX C (UW-35)
PAGE 21 OF 22

Date May 18,2013
ANNEX C (TABLE 6.6)
ANNEX C (TABLE TF-220.4)
ANNEX C (TABLE 127.4.2)
PAGE 22 OF 22

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NUMBER COINMET RT.

RT EXAMINATION PROCEDURE Revision 2

3,0 MATERIALS AND THICKNESS TO BE EXAMINED

4,0 TIME AND EXTENT OF EXAMINATION

5.1 X-Ray machine ICM - SITEX D-2504 or SITEX C-3205

6.0 DISTANCE SOURCE - OBJECT

ASNT NDT RT LEVEL III -203135

RT EXAMINATION PROCEDURE Revision 2

8.0 SURFACE PREPARATION

2 Construction Code Finished Surface Condition Reinforcement Height

Welds with excessive reinfoprcement shall be corrected before to examine.

9.0 EXAMINATION MATERIALS

Radiographic examination shall be performed using industrial radiographic films, selected

TRADE MARK FILM DESIGNATION ASTM-E1815

9.2.1 Intensifying Screens

9.2.2 Backscatter Prevention Screens

RT EXAMINATION PROCEDURE Revision 2

10.0 FILM PROCESSING

10.2 STOP BATH

Time of rinsing: 2 minutes

12.0 IMAGE QUALITY INDICATOR (IQI)

RT EXAMINATION PROCEDURE Revision 2

12.2 STANDARD IQI

ASME B31.1 ACCEPTANCE STANDARDS:

The following relevant indications are unacceptable:

RT EXAMINATION PROCEDURE Revision 2

IQIs shall be from Group 1

RT EXAMINATION PROCEDURE Revision 2

RT EXAMINATION PROCEDURE Revision 2

12.5.2 Panoramic exposure. For panoramic exposure in cylindrical componentes to examine

12.6 SHIMS UNDER HOLE IQI(s)

13.0 FILMS IDENTIFICATION

Each film shall be permenent identified with the following information:

13.1 Manufacturer name or Manufacturer abbreviated name

14.0 BACKSCATTER RADIATION

RT EXAMINATION PROCEDURE Revision 2

demonstrate the complete coverage.

15.1 SINGLE WALL TECHNIQUE

15.2 DOUBLE WALL TECHNIQUE

15.2.1 Single Wall Viewing

RT EXAMINATION PROCEDURE Revision 2

15.2.2 Double Wall Viewing

16.0 LOCATION MARKERS

16.1 SINGLE WALL VIEW

RT EXAMINATION PROCEDURE Revision 2

16.2 DOUBLE WALL VIEWING

17.0 DIRECTION OF RADIATION

18.1 SOURCE SIZE

RT EXAMINATION PROCEDURE Revision 2

18.2.1 Calibration Procedure

18.2.1.1 Follow the densitometer manufacturer instructions

18.2.2 Periodic Verification

Periodic calibration verification check shall be performed as described in 18.2.1 at

The maximum kilovoltage shall be as follows

Thickness Maximum Kilovoltage

RT EXAMINATION PROCEDURE Revision 2

20.0 FILM VIEWER

21.2.1 Density Limitations

21.2.2 Density Variation

RT EXAMINATION PROCEDURE Revision 2

21.3 IQI SENSITIVITY

21.4 EXCESSIVE BACKSCATTER

22.0 PERSONNEL QUALIFICATIONS