POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION

LAB MANUAL
(A.Y:2017-18)

Dr. T Bharath Kumar, Assistant Professor

Lab Incharge
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
K. L E F (Deemed to be University)
Green Fields, Vaddeswaram
Guntur

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 Acknowledgements

We take this opportunity to thank faculty and staff of department in bringing out this Power

System Protection Lab manual.

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 PREFACE

Power System Protection is one of the core courses taught to EEE branch of electrical

engineering students of K L E F (Deemed to be University). Basic principles and concepts of behavior

of transmission lines with and without load, characteristics of various power system protection relays

and fault analysis are taught with live examples in the theory and practical classes. In practical classes

students are given hands on experience on what they have studied in lecture classes. This will enable

the students to get familiarized to use different apparatus in different experiments to meet the

objectives.

Learning objectives for each experiment is given in the beginning of the experiment in the

manual. For each experiment, lists of review questions are included. Answering to these questions

ensures learning of the process in terms of its application. Students are expected to answer all review

questions and to enter their observations in the manual itself. Students will be working on each facility

on rotation basis. At the end of semester students are expected to familiarize completely about.

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 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

1. Safety is of paramount importance in the Electrical Engineering Laboratories.

2. Ensure appropriate attires: no slippers, sandals or open- toe footwear is allowed.

3. Do not touch any terminal or switch when it is live.

4. Do not wear any metallic rings, bangles, bracelets, wristwatches and neck chains.( when

you move your hand/body, such conducting items may create a short circuit or may touch a

live point and thereby subject you to electric shocks.

5. Wear laboratory-coat and avoid loose clothing.

6. Be certain that your hands are dry and that you are not standing on a wet floor.

7. Make sure all power supplies are switched OFF before connecting with connections.

8. Avoid direct contact with any voltage source and power line voltages.

9. Ask Signal tutor or technician to check and verify your wire connections are connect.

10. Switch ON power supply and proceed with data collection for experiment.

11. Do not make any change in the connection without approval of the staff member.

12. In case of any abnormal condition in your circuit, switch OFF the power to your circuit

immediately and inform the staff member.

13. After completing the experiment show your readings to the staff member and switch OFF

the power to your circuit after getting approval from the staff member.

STUDENTS ARE STRICTLY WARNED THAT FULL COST OF THE METER OR

EQUIPMENT WILL BE RECOVERED FROM THE INDIVIDUAL WHO HAS
DAMAGED IT IN SUCH A MANNER.
I have read and understand these rules and procedures. I agree to abide by these

rules and procedures at all times while using these facilities. I understand that failure to follow

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these rules and procedures will result in my immediate dismissal from the laboratory and

additional disciplinary action may be taken.

Signature:

Date :

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 CONTENTS

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
S.No Name of the experiment Page no.
1 Characteristics of under voltage relay
2 Characteristics of Inverse Definite Minimum Time (IDMT) Current
Relay
3 Characteristics of Negative Sequence Relay

4 Characteristics of Percentage Biased Differential Relay

5 Generator Protection against over current and earth faults
6 Economic Dispatch of thermal generators using Lambda Iteration method
7 Economic Dispatch of thermal generators using Participation Factors

8 Optimal Unit Commitment of Thermal Generation

9
Load Frequency control of single area control
10
Load Frequency control of two area control without area control error
11
Characteristics of over voltage Relay (Open Lab)
12
Economic Dispatch of thermal generators with losses (Open lab)

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 CHARACTERISTICS OF UNDER VOLTAGE RELAY

Exp. No. :
Date :

AIM : To plot the characteristics of an under voltage relay.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Under voltage relay module
Probes

SETTINGS: The following settings are to be made before starting experiment.

Voltage setting:
Fault voltage can be set from 50 to 90% in steps of 10% by inserting the plug in front panel
of rated voltage of the Relay is set for 90% of Vn, then fault voltage = 99V.
Time settings:
TMS is set at 1.0
PROCEDURE:
1. Switch ON the power supply.
2. Switch ON MCB on the panel board.
3. Switch on the CB using ON push button.
4. Regulate the voltage with voltage regulator on the panel board to some fault voltage i.e.
below 90% of Vn.
5. Keep the regulator in same position, switch OFF the CB.
6. Test the time interval meter for its working condition by keeping rotary switch in test mode.
7. Reset the timer to zero.
8. Switch ON CB.
9. Note down the voltmeter & time interval meter readings after tripping of the relay.
10. Switch OFF the CB and timer and repeat the experiment for different fault voltages &
different voltage settings.
11. Plot the characteristics trip time versus voltage.

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OBSERVATIONS:

S.no V T(Sec)

MODEL GRAPH:

RESULT:

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 CHARACTERISTICS OF IDMT RELAY
Exp. No. :
Date :

AIM: To plot the characteristics of an IDMT relay.

APPARATUS:
IDMT relay module
Probes
SETTINGS:
1. Over Current setting:
Over current setting may be selected through jumper available on the PCB inside the relay.
Jumper selected Range
Jumper 1 10-40%
Jumper 2 20-80%
Jumper 3 50-200%
Jumpers 1 & 2 are used for earth faults. A jumper 3 is selected for phase faults.
Here jumper 3 is selected i.e. 50 - 200% is selected as over current range.

2. Selection of Trip time characteristic:

Dip switches on PCB provide the selection for trip time setting :
OFF OFF OFF OFF - 1.3 Sec.
OFF OFF ON OFF - 3 Sec.
Here Relay is set for 3 Sec. trip time characteristics.
3. Setting of fault current level : The fault current is set using.
Is= (0.1R+Ra)In
Where Is = set current or fault current level
R = constant depending on the setting range
a = weight of switch in ON position
In = CT rating (1A/5A)
Setting range R
10 - 40% 1
20 - 80% 2
50 - 200% 5
For example: With 50 - 200% setting range & with the position dip switches in front panel as
ON ON ON ON.
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 a = 0.16, 0.08, 0.04, 0.02
a = 0.3
R = 5 for 50 - 200%
In= 1

Therefore Is = (0.1*5 + 5*0.3)*1

= 2A is, fault current

4. Time Multiplier setting:
Trip time characteristics selected is normal inverse 3 Sec i.e. K=3 sec.
T = K(0.1 + )
Where T = trip time in sec.
K = constant depending on trip time characteristic selected
t = weight of switch in ON position
TMS = I = 0.1 +
= 0.1 + 0.8 + 0.1
= 1 sec
5. Plug Setting Multiplier :
Secondary Current Primary Current (fault Current)
PSM
Re lay Current Setting Re lay Setting Current * CT Ratio
2
For example: PSM 1
2 *1

Fault Current 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
PSM 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
PROCEDURE:
1. Switch ON the power supply and ensure all the meters and relay are energised with auxiliary
power supply.
2. Switch ON the MCB on the panel board.
3. Switch ON the CB using ON push button.
4. Regulate the current with current regulator on the panel board to a fault current level of 2A.

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 5. Now trip indicators start blinking as an indicator of fault command initiated on the relay to
trip.
6. Keeping the regulator in same position, switch off the CB.
7. Test the time interval meter for its working condition by keeping the rotary switch in test
mode.
8. Reset the timer to zero.
9. Switch ON CB.
10. Note down the ammeter and time interval meter readings after tripping of the relay.
11. Switch OFF the CB and time, repeat the experiment for different fault currents.
12. Plot the characteristics trip time versus fault current.

OBSERVATIONS :

S.No. If t(Sec)

MODEL GRAPH :

RESULT :

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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 CHARACTERISTICS OF NEGATIVE SEQUENCE RELAY

Exp. No. :
Date :

AIM : To observe the operation of negative sequence relay for

1. Unbalanced load
2. Phase loss
3. Phase reversal
APPARATUS :
Negative sequence Relay module
Probes
Loading Rheostat
SETTINGS :
1. Current rating of negative sequence relay: 5A
2. Rated frequency: 50 HZ
3. Negative sequence settings:
10%, 20%, & 30% settings are available. A fixed setting for negative phase sequence current
of 30% of rated current for different phase will be referred as unbalanced load.
30
x5 1.5A
100
If more than 1.5A flows through neutral in any unbalanced situation relay trips.
4. Time settings :
Trip times of 3, 6 & 9 sec. are available.
9 sec. of definite time is chosen for relay tripping
5. Rated Auxiliary voltage:
For negative sequence relay can be powered from either AC or DC auxiliary supply for
voltages 110/125V, Ac 50HZ.

PROCEDURE :
1. Switch ON the power supply.
2. Switch ON MCB & then CB using ON push button.
For Unbalanced load :
i. Create some unbalanced in loads and switch off CB.
ii. Change to test mode from set mode with the help of rotary switch.
iii. Reset timer and then switch on CB.

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 iv. Relay trips in 9 sec. if unbalanced current > 1.5A.
v. Reset timer & relay & remove unbalance.
For phase loss :
i. Remove fuse of one phase.
ii. Switch off CB.
iii. Change selector switch from set mode to test mode.
iv. Reset timer.
v. CB ON.
vi. Relay trips in 9 sec.
vii. Remove the unbalance, i.e. keep the fuse and switch OFF.
Phase reversal:
i. Switch OFF the power supply.
ii. Reverse any two phases.
ii. Switch ON the supply, MCB, and CB with relay in test mode.
iv. Observe relay trips in 9 sec. Reset timer & relay.
v. Switch OFF the supply and keep the phase in correct position.
OBSERVATIONS:

Type of
S.NO IN IR IY IB Trip Time
unbalance

RESULT:

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

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CHARACTERISTICS OF PERCENTAGE BIASED
DIFFERENTIAL RELAY

Exp. No. :
Date :

AIM : To observe the operation of a percentage bias differential relay for an internal fault.

APPARATUS :
Relay module
Probes
Loading Rheostat

SETTINGS:
1. Relay rated current : In = 5A

2. The relay operating current setting range is 40 - 100%

The front panel switches are adjusted to 40% to give the relay
current Is = 40% (In)
= 0.4 X 5
Is = 2A

For any current exceeding 2 Amps, check the relay operation.

3. 20%, 30% or 40% bias settings are available. The percentage bias is defined as
Differential Current
X100
Through Current

40% bias setting is selected

PROCEDURE :
1. Switch ON the power supply.
2. First close (ON) S1 and S3 rotary switches & S2 open (OFF)

3. Switch ON all the loads initially.

4. Switch ON CB using push button, i.e. normal condition.
5. Take the readings of load ammeter (A1) & fault Ammeter (A2).

6. Now close S2 and switch ON one load i.e. creating a fault (internal).

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 7. Note down the readings of A1 & A2 for different loads in fault rheostat.

8. When A2 > 2A relay trips.

9. Normalise the unbalance and switch OFF the supply.

10. Repeat the above steps for different loads.

OBSERVATIONS:

I1 I2
S.No A1 A2 (I1-I2) I1
2

MODEL GRAPH :

RESULT :

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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 GENERATOR PROTECTION AGAINST OVER CURRENT
AND EARTH FAULTS

Exp. No. :
Date :

AIM :

To find the fault currents of the given alternator for overloads and earth faults, the alternator
protected by two over current and one earth fault relays.
APPARATUS :
• Alternator with prime mover,
• Over current relays earth fault relays,
• Ammeters (3)
• Current transformer (3),
• Connecting wires,
• Single pole switch (3),
• Three phase load
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit diagram as given in figure 1.
2. Run the alternator at its synchronous speed by using its prime mover.
3. Switch on the DC supply to the field conductor.
4. Adjust the excitation of the alternator till the rated voltage is generated under open circuit (no-
load connections).
5. Close TPST switch S1 to connect to the resistive 3 phase load.
6. Close the knife switches on the 3 phase local to gradually load the generator.
7. Inverse the load current by closing more no. of switches till the alternator is overloaded.
8. When alternator reaches rated load current observe the tripping of contactor c by one over
current relay and note the respective ammeter currents. The alarm lamp will glow.
9. Reduce the load to normal values and close the contactor C, after resetting the alarm by
operating switch R.
10. Close any one of the switch EF1 to create an earth fault. Observe the tripping of the alternator
by contactor C and note the ammeter currents (A1, A2 and A3).

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 11. Step 10 can be repeated by closing EF2 and EF3,(to create earth faults on other phases).
12. Switch off DC supply to the field and switch off the prime movers.

OBSERVATIONS:

Current Operating
S.No Voltage Current (Y) Current(B) Earth Fault
(R) time

RESULT:

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