A9-Template A4

TUBIG SA BUKID:
Designing A Water Reservoir Complex Using Landscape Urbanism In

Response to Water Scarcity on Agricultural Drought
TUBIG SA BUKID:
Designing a Community-Based Water Reservoir Complex
Using Landscape Urbanism In Response to Water Scarcity on

Agricultural Drought
De La Salle – College of St. Benilde School of Design
and Arts Architecture Program
Mary Venice B. Indorte
11515607
A Research Submitted to
DLS-CSB Faculty of the Architecture Program
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Bachelor of Science in Architecture
ARCH. ARIANNE DULLAS
ARCDES MENTOR
1st Term Academic Year 2019-2020
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Response To Agricultural Drought in Philippine Provinces
Contents
1. Chapter 1: Introduction...............................................................................9
1.1. Background of the Study.....................................................................9
1.2. Statement of the Problem..................................................................10
1.3. Research Questions..........................................................................11
1.4. Research Goals.................................................................................11
1.5. Research Objectives.........................................................................11
1.6. Significance of the study....................................................................12
1.7. Rationale............................................................................................12
1.8. Scope and Limitations.......................................................................12
1.9. Assumptions......................................................................................12
2. Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature..................................................14
2.1. Water Scarcity on Agriculture............................................................14
2.2. Drought in the Philippines..................................................................15
2.3. Provinces...........................................................................................16
2.3.1. Los Banos......................................................................................17
2.3.2. Nueva Ecija....................................................................................20
2.4. Irrigation.............................................................................................20
2.5. Agricultural Location Theory..............................................................22
2.6. Landscape Urbanism.........................................................................25
2.7. Biophilic Design.................................................................................29
2.8. Local Case Studies............................................................................34
2.8.1. Casecnan Irrigation & Power Generation Project..........................34
2.8.2. Llaner, Nueva Ecija’s Solar-Powered Irrigation Project.................35
2.8.3. Abra River Irrigation Project...........................................................37
2.9. International Case Studies................................................................38
2.9.1. Burbank Water & Power Eco Campus (South California).............38
2.9.2. Solrødgård Water Treatment Plant / Henning Larsen (Denmark). 40
2.9.3. Marina Barrage (Singapore)..........................................................42
3. Chapter 3: Development of Dialectics, Frameworks and Methodology. . .45
3.1. Development of Dialectics.................................................................45
3.1.1. Thesis.............................................................................................45
3.1.2. Antithesis........................................................................................45
3.1.3. Synthesis........................................................................................45
3.2. Theoretical Framework......................................................................46
3.3. Conceptual Framework.....................................................................47
3.4. Analytical Framework........................................................................48
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4. Chapter 4: Study Proper...........................................................................50
4.1. Site Considerations...........................................................................50
4.2. Quezon Province...............................................................................50
4.3. Lopez, Quezon..................................................................................51
4.4. Barangay Hondagua..........................................................................52
4.4.1. Access Roads................................................................................53
4.4.2. Land Use........................................................................................54
4.4.3. Landmarks.....................................................................................55
4.4.4. Vegetation & Topography..............................................................56
4.4.5. Body of water.................................................................................57
4.4.6. Community Features......................................................................58
4.4.7. Activities & Livelihood....................................................................58
4.4.8. Agrometeorological Prognosis and Climate Analysis....................59
4.4.9. S.W.O.T. ANALYSIS......................................................................59
4.4.9.1. Strength......................................................................................59
4.4.9.2. Weakness...................................................................................59
4.4.9.3. Opportunities..............................................................................59
4.4.9.4. Threats.......................................................................................59
4.5. Target Users......................................................................................59
4.6. Concept.............................................................................................60
4.7. 3 Major Space Programs...................................................................61
4.8. Schematics Plan................................................................................62
4.9. Final schematics................................................................................63
4.10. Space Matrix..................................................................................64
4.11. Bubble Diagram.............................................................................65
4.12. Site Development Plan..................................................................66
4.13. Form Finding..................................................................................67
Bibliography......................................................................................................68
Appendix..........................................................................................................71
List of Figures
Figure 1.1…………………………………………………………………………..9
Figure 2.1…………………………………………………………………………..23
Figure 2.2…………………………………………………………………………..24
Figure 2.3…………………………………………………………………………..24
Figure 2.4…………………………………………………………………………..27
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Figure 2.5…………………………………………………………………………..28
Figure 2.6…………………………………………………………………………..28
Figure 2.7…………………………………………………………………………..32
Figure 2.8…………………………………………………………………………..33
Figure 2.9…………………………………………………………………………..33
Figure
2.10…………………………………………………………………………..34
Figure
2.11…………………………………………………………………………..36
Figure
2.12…………………………………………………………………………..37
Figure
2.13…………………………………………………………………………..39
Figure
2.14…………………………………………………………………………..39
Figure
2.15…………………………………………………………………………..40
Figure
2.16…………………………………………………………………………..41
Figure
2.17…………………………………………………………………………..41
Figure
2.18…………………………………………………………………………..42
Figure
2.19…………………………………………………………………………..43
Figure
2.20…………………………………………………………………………..43
Figure 4.1…………………………………………………………………………..50
Figure 4.2…………………………………………………………………………..51
Figure 4.3 …………………………………………………………………………..52
Figure 4.4…………………………………………………………………………..53
Figure 4.5…………………………………………………………………………..54
Figure 4.6…………………………………………………………………………..55
Figure 4.7…………………………………………………………………………..56
Figure 4.8…………………………………………………………………………..57
Figure 4.9…………………………………………………………………………..57
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Figure
4.10…………………………………………………………………………..57
Figure
4.11…………………………………………………………………………..60
Figure
4.12…………………………………………………………………………..61
Figure
4.13…………………………………………………………………………..62
Figure
4.14…………………………………………………………………………..63
Figure
4.15…………………………………………………………………………..64
Figure
4.16…………………………………………………………………………..65
Figure
4.17…………………………………………………………………………..66
Figure
4.18…………………………………………………………………………..67 .
Abstract
The study takes action to the problem of water drought that greatly affects the
agricultural crops among the provinces in the Philippines by designing a water
bank development plan. The new design shall use concepts like hydroponics,
horticulture, and biophilic architecture. The master development plan shall
cater to the needs of various provinces in the Philippines, especially those in
the rural areas.
The province picked for the application of the design is Quezon, specifically
Barangay Hondagua, Lopez City, Quezon. The city has been one of the most
affected provinces of the agricultural drought because of the lack of water
supply to help aid their rice crops and even their daily supply of water.
With the proposed water reservoir development complex, it shall act a source
of supply for the municipality of Lopez, Quezon, aiding them in their water
supply and agricultural economy.
Keywords: water scarcity, reservoir, agriculture, master plan, urban planning,

quezon province
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Acknowledgements
Firstly, I would like to thank my mentor, Ms. Arianne Dullas, for guiding
me throughout this semester in completing my research paper.
Secondly, I would also like to thank my family and friends who were
nothing but supportive of my journey to this experience. I am truly grateful to
them for pushing me to work and grow.
Lastly, I would like to thank God for blessing me and watching over me
throughout this whole time. Thank you.
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I woul
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
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1. Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1. Background of the Study
Water scarcity has always been a global problem among many countries,
specifically in Asia. According to a report by the World Economic forum, water
crisis ranks as #4 in terms of impact to society. More than one in every six
people in the world is water stressed. Water stressed make up 1.1 billion
people in the world are living in developing countries. In 2006, 700 million
people in 43 countries were living below the 1,700 cubic meters per person
threshold. On a 2017 study conducted by World Health Organization (WHO)
and UNICEF, there are 844 million people living without proper access to
water, while there are 159 million people depend on surface water to meet
their basic needs.
Many predict by the year 2030 to 2050, between 3.8 billion to 5.7 billion
people will live in areas that are water-scarce for at least one month for each
year, up from 3.6 billion today, while the number of people at risk of floods
with increase to 1.6 billion, from 1.2 billion. More than 5 billion people could
suffer water shortages due to climate change, increased demand and polluted
supplies, according to a UN report on the state of the world’s water. ⅓ of the
world’s biggest ground-water systems are already in distress.
Nearly ½ of the population are living in potential water scarce areas at least 1
month per year, with 73% being in Asia. In Asia, 3.4 billion people could be
living in water stressed areas by 2050, according to a 2016 Asia Development
Bank report.
Figure 1.1 Water Stress chart per continent
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According to UNICEF, in the Philippines, water is used into three sectors:

agriculture, industrial, and domestic. Industrial and domestic both take up to
10% of the water usage, while agriculture takes up 80%, being the biggest
user of water in the country. 1/3 of the water harvested from rivers or bays is
used for agricultural crops. The water project (2016) claims that agriculture is
one of the main causes of water scarcity, however, it also one of the most
affected. (World Economic Forum, 2016) reports that most crops aren’t able to
survive if there isn’t enough clean water supply. They also claim that
agriculture is one of the biggest receiving ends when it comes to water
scarcity despite being one of the major causes of it. Without sustainable
agriculture water, agricultural livelihoods are threatened to collapse because
of how water dependent they are.
Based on a research by USDA, the highest use for agricultural water in the
Philippines is irrigation with 80% usage, followed by livestock with 11%, and
lastly, for aquaculture with 9%.
Most of Philippine crops, especially rice (PHILRICE,2019), are water-

dependent, and cannot be planted and harvested without water. It at least
needs about 4,000 - 5,000 litres of water per kg of grain produced. Irrigation is
one of the main applications used when producing rice because of its process
of controlling the amount of water used. By 2015, irrigated lands in the
Philippines reached up to 1.73 million hectares. The total area has
significantly increased by an average of 2.46% from 2011-2015. Over these
years, several regions have expanded their irrigated lands, especially in the
areas of Central, Visayas, with an average growth of 8.71%, followed by
Western Visayas with 5.47%, and lastly, in Zamboanga Peninsula, with
5.17%. the biggest expansion in irrigated lands among regions was noted in
Central Visayas with an average growth rate of 8.71 percent per year.
Meanwhile, minimal increase of less than one percent was recorded each in
Cagayan Valley, CALABARZON and Northern Mindanao. (Philippine Statistics
Authority, 2015)
A study in 2016 said: demand has surpassed supply because of the increase
population. From 3 million residences to 7 million in a span of 20 years. By
April 2019, 10 provinces in the PH has also declared a state of calamity
because of dying crops caused by dry season and low reservoir level.
1.2. Statement of the Problem
Water scarcity has been affected different sectors in the Philippines,

especially in the agriculture sectors, which are their highest consumer of
water.
 There is a lack of water treatment facilities especially in rural areas
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 Their current water storage systems have no proper wastewater
treatment facility, especially in rural areas
 Because of this, there is a lack of water supply to use for irrigation
systems that plays a big part in agricultural farming
1.3. Research Questions
Upon identifying with the problem statement, the research questions below
regarding sustainable urbanism; what type of design scheme will help the
water shortage for rural areas that are experiencing drought because of it?
1. What are the current conditions and challenges regarding the water
scarcity in the Philippines, specifically the rural areas?
2. What are the causes of water shortage that leaves parts of the rural
provinces in the Philippines in drought?
3. What are the effects of water shortage and how can this research help
solve such problems?
4. What are innovative and sustainable solutions that can help with the
current situation of water scarcity in the Philippines?
1.4. Research Goals
The goal of this project is study and learn the proper way of water
management, including water treatment and proper way of storage, as a way
for preserving and recycling water that would enable communities to use, re-
use, and recycle water for a long-term availability of resources.
A master-development plan for a water bank shall include sustainable

development schemes and methods that could be applied in both urban and
rural context, and shall help (small or big) scaled communities preserve water
in the long run.
1.5. Research Objectives
The main objective of this research is to study sustainable solutions for water
management, treatment, and proper way of storing. Sub-objectives shall be
considered in specifications such as:
 To study and analyze water solutions applicable for a long-term

availability in communities
 To provide sustainable design development to help preserve water
 To provide strategies to aid people/families who have no access to
drinking water
 To help aid seasonal dried crops, and other agricultural concerns that is
greatly affected by water shortage
 To incorporate a biophilic design to water treatment plant facility that
shall provide clean water for irrigation, farming and horticulture
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 To apply landscape urbanism in designing a water bank master
development plan for agricultural community development
 To apply agricultural planning to help ensure the growth of rural areas
that are a big contributor to the economical and agricultural sector in
the country
1.6. Significance of the study
The proposed design study shall help with the water drought experienced by
the rural communities. This would provide clean and drinkable water that can
be used for agricultural dried up crops, aquaponics system for fish farming,
while also be the source of clean drinkable water, while treating and recycling
(used) waste water that circulates in the community. This design will make
sure no water is wasted, with its sustainable system that would hopefully end
the water drought.
The users to benefit this study are the locals living in provinces affected by the
drought, the entire Philippine population, farmers, engineers, agricultural
scientists, and future researchers that wish to partake the same field of
research as this paper.
1.7. Rationale
The purpose of this study is to provide the municipality of Lopez, Quezon, a

water reservoir complex that will act as a source of water supply for their
community and irrigation system. The purpose of this paper is to help solve
with the drought, which is caused by the scarcity of water in agricultural lands
and provinces. The economy had taken a large downturn because of the
collapse of the agricultural sector of the country, caused by the dry season, or
El Nino, which was worsen because of the lack of water resources. This
research aims to solve this problem by applying urban concepts into rural
setting with landscape as its medium without disrupting its surrounding
environment in the rural areas.
1.8. Scope and Limitations
The research shall only focus on the agricultural community aspect of rural
provinces in the Philippines. The master development plan’s capacity shall be
only be limited to a city, making it a large-scaled project for a broader reach of
sustainable development. This study will be focusing on landscape urbanism,
meaning some parts of the rural areas shall be urbanized in order to merge a
water bank facility with the rural environment surrounding it. It shall be limited
based on the site design requirements that should be applicable to various
rural sites/areas, that also is in need of this facility.
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1.9. Assumptions
Upon conducting this study, the following assumptions were made by the
researchers: The quality of water storage and maintenance will be improved,
and will last longer because of the new preservation process. Agricultural
farming will no longer be rainy season dependent in collecting water, and will
be able to sustain itself during dry season. The agricultural sector of the
country shall improve and will no longer suffer under loss of resources and
finance.
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CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
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2. Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature
2.1. Water Scarcity on Agriculture
The use of water in agriculture is at the heart of any water and food security
discussion. Agriculture accounts for an average of 70% of all water
withdrawals worldwide and an even higher share of "consumptive water use"
due to crop requirements for evapotranspiration. More than 330 million
hectares of irrigation are built worldwide. Irrigated agriculture accounts for
20% of the total agricultural land, but contributes 40% of the total worldwide
food production.
Competition for water resources, with particular pressure on agriculture, is

expected to increase in the future. In order to support continued economic
growth, significant shifts in intersectoral water allocations will be required.
Because of population growth, urbanization, industrialization, and climate

change, increased water quality will need to be balanced by reallocating as
much as 25-40% of water in water-stressed areas, from lower to higher
productivity and employment.
In most situations, due to its high proportion of water use, this reallocation is
expected to come from agriculture. Physical water movement can occur
through changes in the initial allocation of surface and groundwater resources,
as well as the transfer of water sales, primarily from agricultural to residential,
environmental and industrial uses. Water can also move virtually as water-
intensive food, goods and services production is concentrated in water-
abundant locations and traded to water-scarce locations.
At the same time, water will continue to play a critical role in global food
security in agriculture. By 2050, population is projected to increase to over 10
billion, and whether urban or rural, this population will need food and fiber to
meet their basic needs. Combined with higher calorie intake and more
complex foods that follow income growth in many developing countries, it is
projected that agricultural production will need to increase by 70% by 2050.
Farming will have to escalate if this growth does not come at the expense of
massive land changes and the consequent effect on carbon emissions.
Considering that irrigated agriculture is at least twice as productive per unit of
land on average, offers a significant buffer against growing climate change
and allows for more stable crop diversification, irrigation will certainly continue
to play a key role in ensuring global food and nutrition security.
On the one hand, there is a need to use less water in agriculture, but on the
other hand, a key element in the sustainable intensification of food production
is more intensive use of water in agriculture. Resolving this obvious problem
involves a thorough review of how water is handled in the agricultural sector
and how it can be repositioned in the broader context of overall management
of water resources and water safety.
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Perverse policies, poor organizational results, and funding limitations restrict
the ability to enhance water management in agriculture.
Basin authorities, for instance, often have limited capacity to execute

allocations and hence to convene stakeholders. Institutions tasked with the
production of irrigation are often limited to capital-intensive, larger-scale
projects and tend to rely on solutions from the public sector rather than
creating incentives for private funding and management. Farmers and their
organizations, in terms of water pricing and agricultural support policies, often
respond to highly distorted incentive frameworks.
Many governments and water users are not investing enough in irrigation and
drainage (I&D) systems maintenance. Although inadequate management and
operation can play a role in the poor performance of I&D systems, the failure
to maintain systems adequately results in their deteriorating performance and
the resulting need for rehabilitation in general. This inability to provide
adequate funding to support the I&D program has contributed to the all too
familiar process of "build-neglect-rehabilitate-neglect."
Improving water efficiency in agriculture will also rely on balancing off-farm

developments with opportunities and technology transfer for on-farm
investment in enhanced soil and water management and improved seeds.
There are options such as enhanced crops, low lamination, alternative wetting
and drying, sustainable rice intensification, and others, but they require
matching changes in water delivery systems to provide on-demand service,
using information technology such as soil moisture sensors and measuring
satellite evapotranspiration to increase water efficiency and productivity in
agriculture.
2.2. Drought in the Philippines
Despite being in a normally tropical country, the Philippines has always been
the affected by El Nino, the weather phenomenon with increasing temperature
and rainfall patterns around the world. According to the (UN World
Meteorological Organization, 2019), this year’s El Nino is as bad to the
extremity from the years 1982-83 and 1997-98.
In the Philippines, El Nino has always prolonged its unusually dry weather.
PAGASA predicts that at least 85% of the figure will rise by 4 months. The dry
season has always been destructive, especially at the southern islands of
Mindanao, where 40% of the nation’s food comes from. (Food and Agriculture
Organization, 2019.)
By January 2019, at least 27,300 farmers have been affected by the drought
and a rat infestation, based from the finding of UN’s emergency aid
coordination body, OCHA.
Regional secretary of Department of Agriculture (2019), Alexander Alonto,

claims that a cloud seeding program is organized by the national government
to help supply water.
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(PAGASA, 2019) defines the dry spell as three consecutive months of 21 –
60% of rainfall reduced, while drought is described as a small chance of
rainfall for 3 whole months or a dry spell that lasts for at least 5 months.
Various Luzon provinces has experienced drought, and is predicted to suffer

under the dry spell as well. Examples are: Metro Manila, Pangasinan, Bataan,
Pampanga, Tarlac, Zambales, Batangas, Cavite, Laguna, Occidental Mindoro,
Oriental Mindoro, Palawan, Masbate, and Rizal. In Visayas, Antique, Iloilo,
Bataan, Northern and Western Samar are also to experience drought. Lastly
in Mindanao, Dinagat Islands are expected to suffer as well.
It is reported that Department of Agriculture (DOA) is planning and preparing

to counter the current devastation brought by the climate pattern. Agricultural
Secretary Emmanuel Pinol reassured farmers about emergency strategies for
their farming supplies.
He included emergency rice supplies, alongside loan programs and insurance

payments that have been conveyed for the farmers, especially for those who
weren’t able to receive earlier interventions like water pumps.
El Nino phenomenon is a cause of delay of water collection, especially

agriculture which is a water dependent industry, greatly affecting the planting
calendar, and causing the farms turn into arid lands.
“The immediate release of crop insurance and loan grants will be undertaken
by the DA to support farmers … Crop insurance will cover up to 100 percent of
the damage while loans will grant up to P25,000 in a no-interest, no-collateral
loan payable in three years,” Piñol said.
During the late 2015 until the first semester of 2016, the country experience
one of the most severe El Nino episodes, where billions of pesos worth of
crops was damaged that affected at least 400,000 farmers. The drought was
so intense that the farmers who had suffered under hunger held protest in
demand of the government’s calamity funds to be released.
2.3. Provinces
Most of the rice-producing provinces are still reliant on traditional farming that
is more taxing, expensive and most of all, less productive. According to
National Irrigation Administration, 30% of the country’s farm lands benefit from
the communal irrigation while the rest depend on rainwater.
Crisscrossing through various provinces, you can see how government

support plays a huge significance in sustaining agriculture.
One example is Pangasinan—which, although resides in the same region as

Nueva Ecija, only receives a subpar amount of government support for its
irrigation systems. Their lands have become arid and dry, their crop crying for
water.
Farmers can’t shift to planting drought-resistant crops to endure the dry spell,
especially in provinces like Bulacan, Dagupan, and certain parts of Cotabato.
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This requires a constant water resource so even though they want to, they
have no resource and technology for it.
According to Jhun Pascua, farm eader from the National Movement for Food
Sovereignty, claims that some farmers in Mindanao were already forced to sell
their livestock animals with no grass for them to feed on.
The wrath of El Nino and other natural disasters could be avoided if there
were enough infrastructure in place, and if machinery were utilized to equip
them specific needs, said former DA chief and former director of the
International Crops Research Institute for Semi-Arid Tropics, William Dar.
(2019)
What’s holding back the adaptation of modern technology is partly because of

the government’s lack of spending for infrastructure and technology, geared
for agriculture, (Philippine Institute for Development Studies, 2019)
2.3.1.Los Banos
Los Banos is home to notable agricultural research centers such as: the
International Rice Research Institute, the ASEAN Center for Biodiversity, the
Philippine Rice Research Institute, Philippine Carabao Center at UPLB, and
SEAMEO-SEARCA, that makes them house tens of thousands of local and
foreign undergraduate and graduate students, researchers and staff. Such
organizations are known for their advance research and technology in
agricultural farming, specifically rice crops. Los Baños was proclaimed as the
Special Science and Nature City of the Philippines through Presidential
Proclamation No. 349 because of this.
 Known institutions:
o International Rice Research Institute – is an international
organization that specializes in agricultural research and
training. It has 17 office worldwide with 1,300 staff. It is known
for variation of rice research and development that made an
impact during the Green Revolution in the 1960s which
obstructed the famine in Asia.
The institute was established in 1960s to help reduce poverty

and hunger, and the improve the health of rice farmers and
consumers alike, while guaranteeing the sustainability of the
environment for rice farming. Its mission is undertaking
collaborative research and partnerships while strengthening the
national agricultural research and extension systems in the
existing facilities around the world.
IRRI is well known for being a big contributor during the “Green
Revolution” movement in Asia, from the late 1060s to the 1970s
that involved “semidwarf” breeding of varieties of rice that were
less likely to fall over. IRRI’s semi-dwarf varieties that includes
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the famous IR8 saved India from famine in the 1960s. The
varieties developed in IRRI—“IR varieties”—are accepted in
many Asian countries. Around 2005, it was revealed that 60% of
the world’s rice lands was planted to the IRRI-bred rice varieties
or their progenies. (Australian Center For International
Agricultural Research, 2011) reported that the impact of IRRI’s
breeding worked in three countries in South East Asia between
1985 to 2009, delivering an yearly benefit of US$1.46 billion and
upped the rice yields to 13%.
One of IRRI’s ongoing projects is the development of the “golden
rice.” It’s where geneticists insert a gene into the rice that lets it
excrete beta carotene, making the grain yellow.
IRRI’s websites consists of their major themes that as follows:

 THEME 1: Harnessing genetic diversity to chart new
productivity, quality, and health horizons
 THEME 2: Accelerating the development, delivery, and

adoption of improved rice varieties
 THEME 3: Ecological and sustainable management of

rice-based production systems
 THEME 4: Extracting more value from rice harvests

through improved quality, processing, market systems,
and new products
 THEME 5: Technology evaluations, targeting, and policy

options for enhanced impact
 THEME 6: Supporting the growth of the global rice sector
On top of that, the institute designates their expertise as

including:
“conserving, understanding, sharing, and using rice genetic

diversity; breeding and delivering new varieties; developing and
sharing improved crop and environmental management
practices; adding to the economic and nutritional value of rice;
broadening our impact by supporting strategic policy and market
development; and facilitating large-scale adoption of
technologies.”
o Philippine Rice Research Institute – is a government-run

corporation involved with the Department of Agriculture,
established through Executive Order 1061 on November 5, 1985
to help with the development of high-yielding and cost-reducing
technologies for the farmers.
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The Institute carries out this mission through research and

development work in our central and six branch stations, working
with a nationwide network of 57 agencies and 70 seed centers.
The Philippine Rice Research Institute has numerous

interdisciplinary programs that establish and promote
ecosystem-based, location- and problem-specific technologies
that are beneficial to farmers in the Philippines.
The interdisciplinary programs were as follows:
 Direct-seeded irrigated lowland rice,

 Transplanted irrigated lowland rice,
 Hybrid rice,
 Rice for adverse environments, R
 ice-based farming systems,
 Rice and rice-based products,
 Policy research and advocacy,
 and Technology promotion.
The research organization also executed the seven R&D

program structure during 1987 up to 1998.
These were the:
 Rice Varietal Improvement

 Planting and Fertilizer Management
 Integrated Pest Management
 Rice-based Farming Systems
 Rice Engineering and mechanization
 Rice Chemistry and Food Science
 Social Science and Policy Research
The various organizational divisions carried out each

multidisciplinary R&D plan and each division participated in each
R&D program, as follows:
 Policy Research and Advocacy

 Technology Promotion
 Rice and Rice-based Products
 Rice-Based Farming systems for Fragile Environment
 Hybrid Rice
 Transplanted Irrigated Lowland Rice
 Direct Seeded Irrigated Lowland Rice
 Environmental Sustainability & Management
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2.3.2.Nueva Ecija
Despite the current drought experienced by the country this year that has
affected over 48 provinces, Nueva Ecija remains in business, unaffected by
the dry spell known as El Nino phenomenon. The rice granary of the
Philippines was still able to harvest and store palay.
The secret to this is, aside from its rich lands, the Nueva Ecija’s availability of
efficient irrigation systems and technology, separating them from other
agriculture provinces in the Philippines.
“It’s not because there is no El Niño here, it is that we have the best irrigation
system in the country,” said Roger Barroga, Future Rice Program head of the
Philippine Rice Research Institute (PhilRice). “We are used to the arrival of dry
season, even when it is hot as this, we’ve always been prepared.”
Nueve Ecija houses one of the first and biggest solar-powered irrigation
system in the country that benefits from other projects, including the Upper
Pampanga River Integrated Irrigation system.
In the “science city” Munoz in Nueva Ecija, farmers are introduced and
educated on affordable innovations. It’s common for farmers to man the
tractors and combine harvesters instead of carabaos. As modernity strikes,
some even check on their farms through apps. High-yield hybrid seeds are
used to withstand the drought or flooding.
It makes Nueva Ecija as the largest producer of the stale in the country
without the unnecessary expenses, also making them an exception rather
than the rule.
2.4. Irrigation
As an agricultural country, irrigation plays a big part in the Philippines’

economy, especially for many Filipinos who has agriculture as their livelihood.
More than one-third of the country’s nearly 90mn inhabitants rely on farming
and fishing for a living, that also depends on water resources.
According to (National Irrigation Administration, 2014), the country has at least

10.3 million hectares of agricultural land. 3.1 million hectares are considered
irrigable with a 3% slope, and primarily focused into growing rice and corn.
On a recent study by the World Bank, it is discovered about the 6.1 million
hectares as irrigable, including areas with an 8% slope that is a more difficult
irrigate.
According to NIA, Philippines have three types of irrigation systems: (1)

national irrigation systems (NIS), (2) communal irrigation systems (CIS), and
lastly (3) private irrigation systems (PIS). The NIS are large and medium-
scaled irrigation schemes basically operated and maintained by NIA where
benefiters are charged with service fees.
Meanwhile, CIS are small-schemed and built with the farmer-beneficiaries’

participation. Operations and maintenance of the system is taken over by the
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IAs upon the project completion to a cost recovery arrangement. PIS are
those constructed, operated, and maintained by private individuals or groups
with assistance from NIA and other government agencies.
There are three categories of irrigation development schemes from NIA:
 Run-of-the-river diversion
o Involves drawing water directly from body of water like rivers or
streams under controlled conditions.
 Storage or reservoir
o Entails the construction of dams and storage reservoirs to
impound water and have it released as much as its needed to
act as a diversion dam downstream. Projects like this are most
of the time multi-purpose that also functions as a power
generator, flood control, fishery, and recreation.
 Pump irrigation
o For pump systems, water is pumped from under ground that
comes from rivers and streams. They are common in some
storage or diversion schemes to supply irrigated areas on high
land, with water supplied by the river. Do note that
environmental protection and conservation is a big factor in
designing various schemes.
Although some provinces are lauded with irrigation systems, the government’s
efforts through the NIA remain lacking in irrigating farmlands and providing
water, particularly in remote countries.
Regional work lead facilitator in Asia Pacific of the Agribusiness Action

Initiatives conducted a study and discovered that unfortunately, NIA’s irrigation
development has barely improved and has not reached 50% of growth.
One of Philippines’ major sponsors in irrigation facilities, Asian Development

Bank, named some factors:
 The overoptimistic system development assumption where service

areas are designed larger than the available water resources. ADB
says “limited hydrological records do not allow data-based hydrological
analysis on water availability such as farmers much as want to convert
lands, shortage of resources and value of existing crops have halted
the development of these lands.”
 Inadequate operation and maintenance because of the limited farmer
participation. Poor O&M causes deteriorating canals and structures as
well as silted and defection of diversion works. ADB claims that
irrigation service fees is what funds the O&M csts, however, collection
efficiency is very low, and most funding’s go to NIA personnel, leaving
small amounts for O&M.
 Deterioration of existing systems. A lot of the irrigation facilities built
after 1963, the year of NIA’s establishment, are rapidly aging, with
several damages acquired during natural calamities, preventing them
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from fulfilling their functions. ADB also says that most systems are
required with a systematic upgrading to make them fully operate again.
Cainglet’s observation from his research shows that in the regions during
cropping seasons, actual areas of irrigation are much less then reported
service areas. Cainglet says that “the service areas of irrigation systems as
calculated during project design and preparation stage were overestimated.”
He adds that service areas of irrigated facilities that are served only reach up
to 68% during wet season while for dry season it reaches up to 54%.
“The partiality will mean building more large scale rather than small scale
systems and will just focus on design and construction rather than operation
and maintenance, as has been pointed out in other studies,” observes
Cainglet.
Aside from additional financial support, Cainglet recommends modifying policy

options to improve the country’s irrigation system. He says the following may
help accelerate the local irrigation facilities:
a) A substantial increase in public sector investment is needed whether is

its CIS or NIS which will help proper and inclusive consultations to
make proper decisions;
b) Developing the institutional and incentive structure would lead to
correct decisions on the level and nature of public investments;
c) Institutionalize reforms and other efforts to minimize biases in the
system which usually leads to misallocation or misdirected priorities;
d) Generate reliable estimates of the potential economic benefits of
irrigable areas for various types of irrigation technologies;
e) Produce updated benchmark information to provide panning and
forecasting as well as develop design criteria and systems of
operations and maintenance and monitoring and evaluation;
f) Improving O&M will be more cost effective than rehabilitating aging
facilities;
g) Considering the prohibitive cost of new CIS and NIS development as
studies show that large-scale irrigation systems perform poorly than the
small-scale, thus intensive studies should be considered; and
h) Focus on small-scale facilities such as shallow tube wells, low-lift
pumps and village irrigation systems as studies show that these are
easier to manage, cheaper to construct and have shorter gestation
periods.
2.5. Agricultural Location Theory
Agricultural Location Theory is an essential part of economic geography,

regional science, and special economics. The theory raises questions of
economic activities’ location and why were they placed there. The theory of
place and microeconomic theory typically assumes actors are behaving in
their own interests. Thus, companies select locations that maximize their
profits, and individuals select locations that maximize their usefulness.
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Agricultural location theory contracts with both the location – allocation
process of land use by farmers, and the spatial organization of these lands
and their purpose.
In its classical versions, the main term is economic rent associated with some
form of surplus. As major determinants in rent production, Ricardo's theory
emphasized the physical qualities of land and urban demand.
Meanwhile Von Thünen's theory focuses on the distance from farm to market,
as well as considering transportation costs, yield, marking prices, and the
production that costs the rent determinants.
 Von Thunen’s Location Theory - The study of patterns of land use

has long been one of the basic issues of geography. At first, it may
seem as if the relative position of agricultural land use is little affected
once the element of an acceptable demand has been identified. In
reality, the farmer adapts his land use to conditions of location,
weather, types of property, and soil.
This model is based on an econometric analysis of his Mecklenburg

properties near Rostock, Germany. He collected most of the
information he used to describe his theory from practical experience. In
a situation faced in Mecklenburg, he tried to build a theoretical model of
land use pattern, offering a specific arrangement of towns and villages.
The main purpose of von Thunen's study was to demonstrate how and
why agricultural-tural land use differs from a market distance.
He had two basic models:
1) A specific crop's production frequency decreases with the

distance from the market. Production intensity is a function of
the quantity of inputs per unit land area.
2) The land use type can vary depending on the distance from
the market.
The location principle or model of von Thunen notes that if

environmental variables are kept stable, then the farm product with the
highest profit will outstrip all other products in the location market.
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Figure 2.1 Diagram of Agricultural Location Theory
Figure 2.2 diagram of agriculture land use
Figure 2.3 Diagram of Von Thunen’s model
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2.6. Landscape Urbanism
Landscape urbanism is an urban planning theory which argues that the best
way to organize cities is by designing the landscape of the city, rather than by
designing its buildings.
The term ' landscape urbanism ' has taken on many different uses since then,
but is most often used as a postmodernist and post-postmodernist response
to New Urbanism's "failures" and the shift away from concrete expectations
and demands of modern architecture and urban planning.
First used in the work of Peter Connolly, a graduate of urban design at RMIT
Melbourne, the phrase ' landscape urbanism. ' Connolly used the term in the
name in 1994 at RMIT Melbourne for his Masters of Urban Design proposal.
He suggested here that' a language of ' landscape urbanism ' hardly exists
and needs to be articulated, ' and that ' existing urbanisms ... The exploration
of the landscape is limited. In his 1994 essay, ' 101 Ideas About Big Parks, '
he also used the term ' landscape as urbanism. '
Turner (1996) wrote that, “The city of the future will be an infinite series of
landscapes: psychological and physical, urban and rural, flowing apart and
together. They will be mapped and planned for special purposes, with the
results recorded in geographical information systems (GIS), which have the
power to construct and retrieve innumerable plans, images and other records.
Christopher Alexander was right: a city is not a tree. It is a landscape.”
Landscape architects in the United States have used the term ' landscape
urbanism ' since the late 1990s to refer to the reorganization of developing
post-industrial cities like Detroit.
It has been used by architects in Europe since the 2000s as a highly flexible
way of combining large-scale infrastructure, housing and open space. The
term was synonymous with increasingly commercialized, multi-phase urban
parks by the late 2000s, such as the development of Olympic parks.
Before this era of experimentation of design, urban planning had never been
clearly developed as an actual practice of design. Today, the AA Landscape
Urbanism program has introduced and established much of the design culture
that has come to be synonymous with landscape urbanism during its early
formative era, and its presence continues in many educational institutions.
Many of these design approaches have also been embraced by a variety of

organizations that have chosen to adopt the layout and theoretical approach
to urbanism.
James Corner is the author of an essay called "Terra Fluxus." He identified

four general ideas that are important for Landscape use. As follows:
1. Process over time - Knowing the environment's dynamic and evolving

existence and processes that cause change over time. A respect for
natural processes (ecology)-the belief that our lives are interlinked with
the world around us, and therefore we should consider this when
constructing an urban environment. Landscape Urbanism is concerned
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over time with a working surface – a form of urbanism which anticipates
transition, open ending, and negotiation.
2. Horizontality - The use in landscaping of horizontal alignment, rather
than relying on vertical structuring.
3. Working Methods/Techniques - Those who pursue the concept of
urban landscaping should be able to adapt their strategies to their
environment.
4. The imaginary - That the failure of planning for the twentieth century
can be attributed in many ways to the absolute impoverishment of the
imagination to extend new relationships and sets of possibilities.
Turner (2016) summarized landscape urbanism’s ten characteristics, found

in the book Landscape design history and theory: landscape architecture
and garden design origins:
1. Broad scale context: the concept of landscape urbanism isn’t limited

to a specific scale. It can be applied to small or large-scale projects.
2. Landscape includes both architecture and engineering context.
3. Landscape is a third machinery arm that acts as a connection
between its components.
4. Landscape urbanism gives the opportunity of engaging and
communicating in society.
5. Function is the most important thing to consider in landscape
urbanism. It focuses less on the appearance of a project but
stresses on its purpose.
6. Landscape urbanism gives the landscape sceneries potentials and
opportunities for development.
7. Infrastructures are the highlight in landscape urbanism.
8. LU helps with the integration of interrelationship between natural
and engineered concept
9. LU has no boundaries between landscape and the urban city,
merging them as one, and co-existing in a project.
10. Landscape urbanism is the solution to projects that are complex or
have environmental concentrations.
Landscape urbanism through the use of landscape is the philosophy of urban

planning. This supports the general idea that cities are better designed and
structured through landscape design, not through building and infrastructure
design.
Landscape urbanism has taken on several different forms and interpretations

since its emergence in the mid-1990s. American landscape architects
popularized it, using the term to refer to the reorganization and planning of
declining post-industrial cities like Detroit and others. The term had come to
be used by the late 2000s in reference to high-profile urban renewal projects,
often with commercial investment, such as Olympic Park in London.
Other projects considered to be influenced by urban landscapes include: New

York's High Line, Chicago's Millennium Park, Seattle's Olympic Sculpture
Park, and Paris ' Parc de la Villette.
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As a philosophy, landscape urbanism emerged in the late 1980s, when
landscape architects and urbanists such as Peter Connolly, Richard Weller
and Charles Waldheim began to explore the perceived boundaries and limits
of their respective fields in the context of complex urban projects.
In 1997, the first Landscape Urbanism Conference was held in Chicago, after
which academic programs in America and Europe started formalizing new
practice in institutions such as the University of Toronto, Harvard Graduate
School of Design, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Oslo School of
Architecture.
These theorists sought to 'claim landscape as urbanism' and viewed the

concept as a reaction to 'the inability of architecture and urban design to offer
coherent and persuasive accounts of contemporary urban conditions.'
Essentially, the theory suggests that landscape must replace architecture as

the basis of urban form from its traditional role. This can be accomplished in
terms of a city by balancing infrastructure, energy, ecosystems and human
activity, and by exploring the environmental and ecological consequences of
urban development.
In terms of a common approach or even a simple description, opponents of

landscape urbanism point to its persistent resistance to clarification. It is
argued that it remains an abstract academic theory that uses post-modern
obscurantist language to draw with few real constructed examples.
Figure 2.4 Diagram of interconnection of urban and agriculture
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Figure 2.5 Diagram of Monocentric settlement pattern and Polycentric

pattern
Figure 2.6 Diagram of urban and peri-urban interconnection spaces
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2.7. Biophilic Design
Biophilic architecture is a term used in the construction industry to improve the

connection of the inhabitants to the natural environment by using direct
nature, indirect nature, and conditions of space and location. Used at the
building and community level, it is argued that this concept has medical,
ecological, and economic advantages for building occupants and urban
environments with little disadvantage. While its name has been coined in
recent history, architecture has seen indicators of biophilic design from as far
back as Babylon's Hanging Gardens.
The biophilia hypothesis, defined by Edward O. Wilson as "the innate

tendency to focus on life and life-like processes," is the idea that humans have
an inherited need to connect with nature and other biotic forms because of our
evolutionary dependence on it for survival and personal fulfillment.
This idea is true in everyday life – people travel and spend money on
sightseeing in national parks and preserves of nature, relaxing on beaches,
climbing mountains, and exploring jungles.
In addition, there are many activities around nature, such as hiking, mountain
biking and surfing.
From a home viewpoint, people are more likely to spend on homes with views
of nature; buyers are willing to spend 7% more on homes with excellent
landscaping, 58% more on water-looking properties, and 127% more on
waterfront properties. Human beings also value animal companionship. 60.2
million people own dogs in America and 47.1 million own cats in America.
Considered one of the founders of biophilic architecture, Stephen Kellert has

developed a system in which nature is used in the built environment in a way
that meets human needs – his ideas are intended to promote and display
respect for nature and provide a multisensory enriching urban environment.
Below are the dimensions and attributes which define the biophilic framework
of Kellert:
 Direct experience of nature - refers to observable natural

characteristics contact:
o Light - Requires day and season time alignment and is due to
walking and comfort; light can also trigger natural patterns and
forms, motions and shadows. This can be applied in design by
means of clerestories, reflective materials, skylights, glass and
atriums. This provides the occupants with well-being and
interest.
o Air - Ventilation is experienced by air, temperature and humidity.
These conditions can be implemented by the use of doors and
other passive strategies, but the variance of these elements will
most notably encourage comfort and efficiency for the occupant.
o Water – is multisensory and used to design buildings to provide
movement, sounds, touch, and sight. It can be incorporated in
design through water bodies, fountains, wetlands, and
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aquariums; people have a strong connection with water, and
when used, it can reduce stress and increase health,
performance, and overall satisfaction.
o Plants - Bringing plants to the building's exterior and interior
spaces establishes a reciprocal relationship with nature. This
should be plentiful (i.e. using green walls or plenty of potted
plants) and some vegetation should flourish; plants have been
shown to increase physical health, efficiency, and productivity
and reduce stress.
o Animal - It can be done through aquariums, gardens, animal
feeders, and green roofs, although it is difficult to achieve. These
animal interaction fosters interest, mental stimulation, and
enjoyment.
o Weather - Climate can be experienced directly through windows
and transition spaces, but it can also be replicated by
manipulating air in space; climate awareness has meant human
health and survival in ancient times and is now encouraging
knowledge and mental stimulation.
o Natural Landscape - This is done by creating habitats that are
self-supporting in the built environment. In the face of human
evolution and history, people tend to enjoy savannah-like
landscapes as they represent the space and abundance of
natural life. Connection can be made through views and or direct
connections such as gardens with these types of environments.
These environments are known to increase the happiness of the
inhabitants.
o Fire - This natural aspect is difficult to incorporate, but it offers
light, heat, and movement when properly implemented in the
house, all of which are appealing and pleasing to the inhabitants.
 Indirect experience of nature – pertains to the connection of images
that represents the nature and environment surrounding it:
o Images of Nature - It has been shown to be emotionally and
intellectually rewarding for the occupants; representations of
nature can be realized by drawings, portraits, sculptures, murals,
photos, etc.
o Natural Materials - People prefer natural materials as mentally
stimulating they may be. Natural materials are sensitive to patina
of time; this change invokes people's responses. Such materials
can be applied onto buildings, with the use of wood and stone.
Natural fabrics, furnishings, and leather can also be used when
designing the interior.
o Natural Colors - Natural colors or "earth-tones" are usually found
in nature and are often muted brown, red, and blue tones. Such
natural tones should be reflected when using colors in buildings.
Sparingly, brighter colors should only be used – one study found
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that the occupants found red flowers on plants to be tiring and
distracting.
o Simulation of Natural Light and Air - For places where it is
impossible to achieve natural forms of ventilation and
illumination, innovative use of interior lighting and mechanical
ventilation can be used to imitate these natural characteristics.
Designers can do this by lighting variations through different
types of lighting, reflective mediums, and natural geometries
through which the fixture can shine; natural air flow can be
imitated through mild changes in temperature, humidity, and air
velocity.
o Naturalistic Shapes - In architectural design, natural shapes and
forms can be achieved through columns and façade-based
patterns based on nature-including these various elements in
spaces can transform a static space into an intriguing and
attractive complex area.
o Evoking Nature - It uses nature-finding features to affect the
project's structural design. These may be objects that may not
occur in nature, but rather elements that reflect natural
landscapes such as imitating different plant heights found in
habitats or imitating particular features of animals, air, or plants.
o Information Richness - This can be achieved by providing
complex, but not noisy environments that invoke curiosity and
thought among the occupants. Many ecosystems are complex
and filled with various abiotic and biotic elements-the aim of this
attribute is to incorporate these elements into the building's
environment.
o Change and the Patina of Time - People are fascinated by
nature and how, like ourselves, it evolves, adapts and ages over
time. This can be accomplished in buildings through the use of
organic materials resistant to weathering and color change – it
helps us to detect slight changes to our built environment over
time.
 Natural fractal
o Natural Geometries - Façade design or structural components
may include the use of repetitive, varied patterns seen in nature
(fractals). Those geometries may also have hierarchically
organized scales and twisting flow rather than with rough angles
being flat. For example, the honeycomb pattern and ripples
found in water are widely used natural geometries.
o Biomimicry - This is a development technique that mimics uses
found in nature to solve human and technical issues. Using
these natural functions in building will stimulate human creativity
and nature thought.
 Experience of space and place – concept that use spatial relationship
to improve well-being of target users:
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o Prospect and Refuge - Refuge refers to the ability of buildings to
provide cozy and soothing interiors (alcoves, dimmer lighting),
while perspective emphasizes horizons, motion, and dangerous
sources. Theses include examples such as: balconies, alcoves,
lighting changes, and areas spaciousness. (savannah
environment.)
o Organized Complexity - This theory is meant to reflect the need
for managed variability; this is achieved in layout by repeating,
modifying, and describing the structure of the building.
o Integration of Parts - It provides satisfaction for occupants when
different parts comprise a whole: design elements include
interior spaces using clear boundaries and or central focal point
integration.
o Transitional spaces – Acts as a link in between interior spaces,
connecting them with the outside world by providing openings
from one space to another through the use of porches, decks,
atriums, doors, bridges, fenestrations, and foyers.
o Mobility - People's ability to travel freely between spaces, even
when complex; this provides occupants with a sense of security
and can be achieved by making clear entry and egress points.
o Cultural and Ecological attachment to place - Throughout the
built environment, creating a social sense of place creates
human connection and continuity. This is achieved by
incorporating the geography and history of the area into the
project. By developing habitats that encourage the use of native
flora and fauna, ecological identity is achieved.
When using biophilia in projects, each of these experiences is meant to be

considerate of individuals, as there is no right answer for one type of building.
The architect(s) and project owner(s) of each building should work together to
integrate the biophilic values that they believe fit into their context and meet
their occupants in the most effective way.
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Figure 2.7 Biophilic Design elements
Figure 2.8 Biophilic design floor plan example
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Figure 2.9 Biophilic design section example
2.8. Local Case Studies
2.8.1. Casecnan Irrigation & Power Generation Project
The Casecnan Irrigation and Hydroelectrical Plant is a project dam that diverts
water from the Casecnan and Taan Rivers to the Pantabangan Reservoir. The
water passes through a 25-kilometer-long tunnel located near Pantabangan
and Munoz in Nueva Ecija province of the Philippines. The project dam is
multi-purpose. It provides water for irrigation and their hydroelectric power
generator while the reservoir is responsible for flood control. Second to San
Roque dam, it is one of the most expensive hydroelectric plants built in the
country. Approximately P6.57 billion pesos was spent for the construction of
this 26, 920-hectare project.
The location of the irrigation powerplant is located in Rizal, Nueva Ecija and
provides irrigation to new farms of Science City of Munoz, Talugtog, Guimba,
Cuyapo, and Nampicuan, all of Nueve Ecija vicinity. It supplies cheap
electricity to the population of Luzon, including Metro Manila, with the
production of 140 megawatts of power. When Ramos’ administration
approved of the construction of the Casecnan project, it was expected to
produce 150 megawatts of power, though the project could only give out 140
megawatts
The original plan of production for Casecnan project’s for irrigation lands was
50,000 (120,000 acres) of farmland. Currently, it provides 26, 920 hectares
(66.500 acres) in Nueva Ecija and 55,000 hectares (140,000 acres) in
Pampanga.
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Figure 2.10 Casecnan Dam
2.8.2. Llaner, Nueva Ecija’s Solar-Powered Irrigation Project
Department of Agriculture implemented the Caridad Norte and Sur Solar

Irrigation System in Llanera, Nueva Ecija, which is one of the first and biggest
of its kind in Luzon.
The Solar-Powered irrigation system (SPIS) is a project of the DA Regional

office to improve and stabilize rice production in highland rainfed areas of the
municipality.
Its beneficiaries are the 125 marginalized rice farmers in the province, who are
the members of the Caridad Norte and Sur Irrigators Association or CNSIA.
In the project, they proved that access to sufficient irrigation water is key for
the small-scale farmers’ sustainability of their livelihood and to secure their
food storage in the future.
The facility is self-sustaining because of the 140 Lorentz solar panels, with a
40-horsepower Lorentz submersible pump that generates power for the site.
There is also a state-of-the-art electronic controlling device, with a highly-
reliable flow meter gauge. For its water facilities, there is a concrete storage
tank for the water, and in irrigation distribution pipeline that is connected.
The solar panels is made of photovoltaic material, and is installed on a precise

engineered aluminum frame to help endure the extreme weather conditions,
which are supported by the dependable concrete posts.
The facility’s water source is withdrawn from the nearby river, before it is
pumped to the storage tank for later distribution in the irrigation pipelines.
The solar-powered irrigation facility is expected to act as a water source for

irrigation purposes to 50-70 hectares worth of rice lands. It is sufficient to
places like Caridad Norte and Caridad Sur that highly depend on rainwater.
With the increasing and unstoppable supply and demand, solar powered
irrigation facilities are one of the cost-effective solutions that are used in areas
who suffer under water scarcity. It is a practical solution to help skyrocket the
agricultural production in different provinces who are in need for a sufficient
and sustainable water supply. According to Department of Agriculture, the key
for small-scaled farmers’ problem to sustain their livelihoods and food security
is access to irrigation water system to help with their farmlands.
As part of its advocacy to encourage agricultural development, RUFMSC,

under its board chairman Ramon Uy, Sr., provided additional enhancements
to the project to enhance the performance of the solar facility at no additional
cost to the government.
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The availability of irrigation water mostly depends on monsoon rains or power
needed to operate water pumps in most of the country's agricultural areas,
particularly those in the countryside. In general, diesel-operated water pumps
are used to pump water for irrigation purposes due to a lack of electricity.
The use of diesel-powered engines, however, has several drawbacks, such as

the ever-increasing fuel prices that will directly affect farmers ' economic
success and, of course, their environmental impact. Therefore, it can be noted
that renewable energy options, particularly solar power, are a very promising
solution to help achieve sustainable farming in rural areas.
After all, supplying water to areas with no existing infrastructure literally

increases food security and helps rural farmers produce substantial income for
their families and their communities. In order to promote rural development, it
is therefore appropriate to consider the advantages and practicality of solar-
powered irrigation systems.
Solar-powered irrigation systems are designed to help farmers in remote

areas irrigate their fields, which in the dry months will eventually increase their
yield. This will lead to an increase in the income of the farmers and allow them
to save on fuel costs. They can also allow farmers to switch from costly and
pollution-causing diesel-powered pumps to a safe and effective source of
water.
While providing water for irrigation purposes, the device can also be used to
supply water that is too difficult to reach villages, which can be used by
farmers to venture into animal husbandry and vegetable gardening.
Environmentally friendly facilities can make farmers a better place to live while
helping farmers become more competitive and self-reliant.
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Figure 2.11 Solar Power Plant in Llaner, Nueva Ecija
2.8.3. Abra River Irrigation Project
A church venture in Abra and the National Irrigation Administration in the

municipalities of Tayum, Bangued, Pidigan and Penarrubia to irrigate around
3,900 hectares of farmland. This plan allows to harvest crops twice a year for
the citizens of the said municipalities and to prevent the further deterioration of
the Abra River and the potential water-supply shortage in the future.
The master plan developed guidelines which prioritize economic value in all its
uses — promoting integrated water, land and related resource development
and management within the Abra River Basin — without sacrificing the
conservation of critical ecosystems.
Major projects include increasing the overall irrigated area to cover 10,000
possible irrigable areas, establishing 200 Small Water Impounding Initiatives
and Small Farm Reservoir units, and improving hydropower, mapping and
feasibility studies of the use of groundwater for domestic and industrial use,
agricultural intensification, diversification and expansion.
The master plan also recommended to follow traditional and nontraditional

forest-rehabilitation strategies, including reforestation, assisted natural
regeneration, agroforestry, forest plantation and, if feasible, industrial tree
plantations anchored on the National Greening Program (NGP).
The proposed watershed and environment programs and projects include

NGP, Protection of Remaining Forest Stands, Private Sector Participation in
Industrial Tree Plantations, Piloting the Philippine National Reducing
Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation plus Strategy,
Introduction of Renewable Energy Systems, Rewarding the Upland Poor for
Environmental Services and various livelihood projects for upland
communities.
The planners also recommended the conduct of research and feasibility

studies on soil and water management, biodiversity and water quality
monitoring of Basin Sediment Transport Modeling, Soil Erosion Modeling,
Research and Development.
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Figure 2.12 Abra River Irrigation Project
2.9. International Case Studies
2.9.1.Burbank Water & Power Eco Campus (South California)
Burbank Water & Power Eco Campus is a master plan designed by AHBE
Landscape Architects to focus on transforming an aging industrial site into a
regenerative green space.
The campus has features such as rooftop gardens, water reclamation and
filtration systems, solar power, reclaimed substation, and of course, green
space:
 Rooftop Gardens – the administrative buildings feature three rooftop

gardens that help with the heat island effect. It helps in collecting and
filtering storm water, and reduce air conditioning requirements in the
buildings.
 Water Reclamation + Filtration – the campus has five different types of
filtration technologies:
1. Infiltration
2. Flow-through
3. Detention
4. Tree root cells
5. Rainwater capture
It also includes the green streets which acts as a filter for the storm
water systems.
 Solar Power – the campus is self-sufficient in terms of energy. The

architectural social arrays pay homage to the art deco heritage
exteriors, and the city’s history to it. It powers the LEED Platinum
service center and warehouse building, channeling rainwater to a
filtration system.
 Reclaimed substation – one of the most prominent features in the
campus. The skeletal remains of the substation are covered in living
vines, creating a poignant collaboration of industry and environment.
 Green space – the landscape design f the campus is multipurpose. The
green space is mostly for the employees and public, giving them an
aesthetic view of the site. For function, a water filtration system is built
below the ground, hidden behind the landscape, utilizing the entire
campus as a water filtration system.
“Landscape has a key role to play in the regeneration of our cities,” said
Calvin Abe, FASLA, President, of AHBE. “Beyond the aesthetics, it can
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proactively counteract many of the problems that we face in urban
environments. BWP’s EcoCampus stands as an exciting and restorative
example of what can be accomplished when there is a long-term vision.”
Figure 2.13 Power Eco Campus Industrial Park
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Figure 2.14 Power Eco Campus Reclaimed substation
2.9.2.Solrødgård Water Treatment Plant / Henning Larsen

(Denmark)
The Solrodgard Water Treatment Plant is a 50-hectare master plan park that
provides resources for the community while also creating a public appeal with
a municipal infrastructure. Architect Larsen designed the park exterior with
landscaping, implanting a public facility with an accessible earthen framework.
The park features a recycling center, a wastewater treatment plant, an

administrative facility, and walkways surrounding the site. The park forms a
unique space with intertwined recreational spaces into public utilities, while
also giving firsthand exposure to the cycle of natural resources within the
community.
The design expands a conversation on resource scarcity, which greatly affects

the communities and developments around it.
Solrodgard Water Treatment Plant is design to camouflage with its

surrounding landscape. Its interiors are mostly hidden under a landscaped turf
roof while also providing a web of pedestrian paths across it’s green roof. A
landscape corridor creates a channel that passes through the center of the
plant, lined with the glass facades. This gives the visitors a view of the
processing wing and filtration facilities. The design concept connects the
community in awareness of their own resources while minimizing the visual
and olfactory presence associated with water treatment plants.
A small creek lies beside the central channel, passing through a narrow
garden that exhibits the natural vegetation cleans and filters groundwater. For
visitors, the installation is a contrast to the industrial presence of the treatment
plant, encouraging reflection of two different functions, with the environmental
footprint of the public utility.
The Solrødgård Water Treatment Plant still has potential to expand its
capacity to aid the future growth in the community. It’s capability to recycle
phosphorus and production of biomass heat from the wastewater. In the
future, communities would be able to explore the landscape that features
recreation, connects them with nature, and is able to be educated by climate
awareness per visit.
Figure 2.15 Solrødgård Water Treatment Plant money shot
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Figure 2.16 Solrødgård Water Treatment Plant SDP & section
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Figure 2.17 Solrødgård Water Treatment Plant side view
2.9.3.Marina Barrage (Singapore)
Marina Barrage is Singapore’s 15th reservoir that is built across the mouth of
Marina channel, and is the first in the heart of the city. The reservoir is built at
the junction of five rivers, across the Marina Channel between Marina East
and South. (Khoo, 2009).
Marina’s catchment is the island’s largest and most urbanized catchment,

summing up to 10,000 hectares of area. With two other reservoirs, the Marina
Barrage has increased Singapore’s catchment from half to two-thirds of the
country’s land area. By November 2010, the reservoir was commissioned as a
freshwater reservoir, acting as an expanded water supply for Singapore in the
future generations to come. (Singapore National Water Agency, 2010)
According to (Moh, W. H.; Su, P. L., 2009). Marina Barrage comes with three
main benefits: first is as main source of water supply, then a flood control, and
lastly, it’s a venue for lifestyle attraction. Its recreational activities include
boating, kayaking, and dragon boating. The barrage is a dam built across the
350-meter-wide Marcina channel to keep out saltwater. It is also a part of
comprehensive flood control scheme to help with the flooding in the low-lying
areas such as Chinatown, Boat Quay, Jalan Besar, and Geylang. There are
nine crest gates at the dam activated to release excess stormwater into the
sea during heavy rain. In the case of high tides, giant pumps are provided in
order to drain excess water into the sea.
One of its key features is the central courtyard located in the middle of the
Barrage. The location shows off a view of Singapore’s city skyline with a water
feature. The area provides a space for outdoor events like parties, functions
and other performances.
The barrage spans up to the Marina channel so that visitors could walk across
the reservoir to enjoy its view at once.
The pump house’s external is designed with glass and louvers to provide
natural lighting in its interior. The purpose of this is so that air-conditioning and
the use of electricity is reduced. There is also a water playground feature, also
giving one of the best views of the Singapore city skyline. It gives a space for
the children to play at the water area.
Figure 2.18 Marna Barrage aerial view
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2.19 Marina Barrage Map Scope
2.20 Marina Barrage top view
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CHAPTER 3
FRAMEWORKS, DEVELOPMENT OF
DIALECTICS, THESIS STATEMENT,
AND METHODOLOGY
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3. Chapter 3: Development of Dialectics,

Frameworks and Methodology
3.1. Development of Dialectics
3.1.1. Thesis
Water plays a big part in our daily livelihood, especially in the agricultural
sector. Most of the crops, especially rice, cannot be grown without clean
irrigable water.
3.1.2.Antithesis
In Lopez, Quezon, farmers barely make a living with their rice crops because
of the lack of supply and access of water that prevents them from using
irrigation system to grow their crops.
3.1.3.Synthesis
The community-based design approach will help provide sufficient water for
the community that will act as a source of water for both agricultural and
community use.
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3.2. Theoretical Framework
The theoretical framework below shows the theories used in designing the
community-based water reservoir design proposal. It show cases different
theories that will help with the agricultural, industrial, and community typology
of the proposed design.
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3.3. Conceptual Framework
Below is the conceptual framework used while conducting the study, showing
the final output of the overall process of the research. It is the combination of
topics, theories and methods conducted by the researcher, helping them
reach an output that shall be the final design proposal translated later into the
PARTI.
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3.4. Analytical Framework
Shown below is the analytical method used by the research in conducting their
research about the water scarcity on agriculture study. It shows the step by
step process of collecting data, identifying the current problems, and analyzing
the information and using that to strategize and design a design response to
the problem at hand.
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CHAPTER 4
STUDY PROPER
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4. Chapter 4: Study Proper

4.1. Site Considerations
 The site’s nature must be surrounded by agriculture lands and

vegetation
 Must be accessible to the community of locals and farmers
 Near commercial areas for easy distribution of resources
 Poor irrigation or non-existent irrigation systems for the proposal to be
applicable
 Near a body of water
4.2. Quezon Province
 Quezon shared the highest number of farms with 112.2 thousand,

covering 341.4 thousand hectares of agricultural land
 Covers 39.7 percent of the region’s farm lands.
 Has a 42% share of rice production in the entire region
 Lost P994M worth of crops because of El Nino season that affected at
least: 18,300 farmers and 233, 007 hectares of land
Figure 4.1 Map of Quezon Province
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4.3. Lopez, Quezon
 Has a 57% of labor force mainly for farming and fishing, with 44,849
farmers living in the city
 One of the largest municipalities in the province and has a total land
area of 395.1 square kilometers representing 4.53% of the total land
area of the province of Quezon.
 50% of land is dedicated to agriculture
Figure 4.2 Map of Lopez, Quezon
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4.4. Barangay Hondagua
Hondagua is a barangay of the Philippine municipality Lopez situated in

Quezon, Region 4, Philippines. The municipality Lopez with a population of
about 86,660 and its 95 barangays belong to the partly urban areas in the
Philippines. While some of the barangays developed modern urban structures,
some others, especially those which are seated in the outlying areas,
remained rural. By the end of 2014 Hondagua had 5,401 residents.
Figure 4.3 Map of Barangay Hondagua, Lopez, Quezon
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4.4.1. Access Roads
The site is accessible through two main roads. One is mahahaguin road that is
directly connected to the barangay’s neighborhoods and other commercial
areas. While the main access road that connects the municipality to the
national high way is called Roma Road.
Figure 4.4 Access Road Map
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4.4.2. Land Use
The figure below is a comprehensive land use of the entirety of Baarangay

Hondagua. Evidently, the municipality is dominated by agricultural lands, with
mostly consists of rice fields. There is an obvious lack of commercial and
industrial spaces that is one of the reasons why the site lacks in opportunities
of livelihood.
Figure 4.5 Barangay Hondagua
Land Use
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4.4.3. Landmarks
The figure below shows the different and notable landmarks surrounding the
site. Some of the significant landmarks to point out are the hondagua ublic
market, Philippine flour mills, and hondagua port. These three are the man
source of income and livelihood within the barangay.
Figure 4.6 Landmark map
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4.4.4. Vegetation & Topography
The figure below shows the amount of vegetation the site has. The land is
covered by at least 80% rice fields. The site is also near the mountains that
makes them rich in groundwater that is their main water source.
Figure 4.7 Topographic Map
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4.4.5. Body of water
The nearest body of water near Hondagua is Hondagua bay, or on a macro

scale, Lopez bay. The bay provides one of the municipalities’ main livelihood
which is fishing. It also hosts its only port, the Hondagua port, where the
barangay usually gets their import resources and export their goods.
Figure 4.8 Figure 4.9
Figure 4.10 Hondagua Bay
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4.4.6. Community Features
 Agricultural
o Rice fields
 Industrial
o Philippine flour mills
o Hondagua Port
 Institutional
o National High School of Hondagua
o Laguna State Polytechnic University
o Hondagua Port high school
o St. Isidro Farmer Parish
o Health Center
 Commercial & Resources
o HONDAGUA MARKET
o BALAY HONDAGUA
o WATER STATION
o Creek
 Residential
o Neighborhood
 Transportation
o PNR station
o Skates
o Tricycle
o Jeep
4.4.7.Activities & Livelihood
Just like in any other barangays in the municipality, Barangay Hondagua is

rich in agricultural lands, making one of their major labors there, farming. Their
location near the sea – Hondagua Bay – also adds fishing in their daily
livelihoods. Other than that, they live by with the flour industry, generating 1
million pesos per day. The Philippine Flour Mills in the barangay is one of the
major money-making businesses in the site. There is also a port built at the
hondagua bay, where goods and resources are imported and exported to
various provinces or countries. It is one of most important facilities in the small
rural town because it’s one of the easiest access when it comes to receiving
and sending resources that contribute to the town’s income.
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4.4.8. Agrometeorological Prognosis and Climate Analysis
4.4.9.S.W.O.T. ANALYSIS
Below is the SWOT analysis conducted by the researcher upon visiting the
site that is Barangay Hondagua, Lopez, Quezon. This is based on
observations, surveys, interviews, and overall existing conditions in the
chosen location.
4.4.9.1. Strength
 The site is near a harbor port, making it easier for goods to be imported
and exported
 It’s accessible to the main road
 Near residential areas where most of the target users are living
 Near a body of water
4.4.9.2. Weakness
 Not much livelihood opportunities for people

 Lack of water district and access to clean water
 Lack of recreational activities and spaces
4.4.9.3. Opportunities
 The development of agricultural and water sector can help with the
economy and resources of the Quezon province
 Livelihood opportunities for the locals
 Rich in underground water
4.4.9.4. Threats
 General hot climate of the area (drought)

 Transportation services are limited, especially for exporting goods
4.5. Target Users
 Private Sectors
o National Irrigation Administration
o International Rice Research Institute
o Philippine Rice Research Institute
o Department of Agriculture
 Public Sectors
o Municipality of Lopez, Quezon
o Locals
o Rice farmers
o Land owners
o Students
o Researchers
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4.6. Concept
Below is a diagram of the concept and theories used in designing the

proposed water reservoir complex. It starts with the agricultural location theory
that identifies the geography of the site and its use. Using that, there are
resources surrounding the individual, and by providing their basic needs, the
community develops and is utilized. However, with the agricultural lands
representing the rural aspects, and the community being the urban, landscape
urbanism is applied in order to act as a buffer in between the two different
concepts.
Figure 4.11 Concept Diagram
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4.7. 3 Major Space Programs
The three major space programs are derived from three typologies with a
different purpose. The three spaces are for the water, agriculture, and the
community. For the water area, its purpose is to collect water, treat them, and
store for farm and community use. With that, the agricultural area is able to be
productive, making them provide for the community. Meanwhile the
community is also supplied by both water and agriculture that makes them
productive and ensures a livelihood within it. Overall the three typologies won’t
function without each other, and this concept makes a ongoing network of
livelihood with combined urban and rural typologies.
Figure 4.12 Program Development Diagram
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4.8. Schematics Plan
Below are the schematic designs formulate in planning the chosen site. It is a
combination of the three typologies that is used for a network of community
development and livelihood.
Figure 4.13 Schematic Designs 1, 2 & 3
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4.9. Final schematics
The figure below is the final schematic design for the water reservoir
complex. It shows the given spaces for each typology and how they are
placed and connected with each other.
Figure 4.14 Final schematic design
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4.10. Space Matrix
The figure below is the space matrix of three different typologies. It shows
which spaces are interconnected and should be adjacent with each other.
Figure 4.15 Space Matrix
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4.11. Bubble Diagram
The figure below is the designed bubble diagram of the proposed site
development plan. It is the translation of the space matrix and show cases
which would interact upon application. It also shows the private, semi-public
and public spaces and which ones are accessed.
Figure 4.16 Bubble Diagram
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4.12. Site Development Plan
The figure below is a schematic design of the proposed site development. It

shows a clearer version and translation of the bubble diagram design, with
legends to follow upon identifying the spaces.
Figure 4.17 Site Development Plan
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4.13. Form Finding
Below are the schematic and initial form finding of each building proposal. It
shall cater the main spaces, circulation, interconnection of structures, and
over all environmental aspect of the site.
Figure 4.18 Form Finding
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Tomorrow". Water Resources Development and Management,
Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 237–250.
Page 71 of 72
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TUBIG SA BUKID:
Appendix
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AY 2019-2020

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TUBIG SA BUKID:

Designing A Water Reservoir Complex Using Landscape Urbanism In

Using Landscape Urbanism In Response to Water Scarcity on

De La Salle – College of St. Benilde School of Design

and Arts Architecture Program

Mary Venice B. Indorte

DLS-CSB Faculty of the Architecture Program

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of

Bachelor of Science in Architecture

ARCH. ARIANNE DULLAS

1st Term Academic Year 2019-2020

1.1. Background of the Study.....................................................................9

1.2. Statement of the Problem..................................................................10

1.3. Research Questions..........................................................................11

1.4. Research Goals.................................................................................11

1.5. Research Objectives.........................................................................11

1.6. Significance of the study....................................................................12

1.8. Scope and Limitations.......................................................................12

2. Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature..................................................14

2.1. Water Scarcity on Agriculture............................................................14

2.2. Drought in the Philippines..................................................................15

2.3.1. Los Banos......................................................................................17

2.3.2. Nueva Ecija....................................................................................20

2.5. Agricultural Location Theory..............................................................22

2.6. Landscape Urbanism.........................................................................25

2.7. Biophilic Design.................................................................................29

2.8. Local Case Studies............................................................................34

2.8.1. Casecnan Irrigation & Power Generation Project..........................34

2.8.2. Llaner, Nueva Ecija’s Solar-Powered Irrigation Project.................35

2.8.3. Abra River Irrigation Project...........................................................37

2.9. International Case Studies................................................................38

2.9.1. Burbank Water & Power Eco Campus (South California).............38

2.9.2. Solrødgård Water Treatment Plant / Henning Larsen (Denmark). 40

2.9.3. Marina Barrage (Singapore)..........................................................42

3. Chapter 3: Development of Dialectics, Frameworks and Methodology. . .45

3.1. Development of Dialectics.................................................................45

3.2. Theoretical Framework......................................................................46

3.3. Conceptual Framework.....................................................................47

3.4. Analytical Framework........................................................................48

4.1. Site Considerations...........................................................................50

4.2. Quezon Province...............................................................................50

4.3. Lopez, Quezon..................................................................................51

4.4. Barangay Hondagua..........................................................................52

4.4.1. Access Roads................................................................................53

4.4.2. Land Use........................................................................................54

4.4.4. Vegetation & Topography..............................................................56

4.4.5. Body of water.................................................................................57

4.4.6. Community Features......................................................................58

4.4.7. Activities & Livelihood....................................................................58

4.4.8. Agrometeorological Prognosis and Climate Analysis....................59

4.4.9. S.W.O.T. ANALYSIS......................................................................59

4.5. Target Users......................................................................................59

4.7. 3 Major Space Programs...................................................................61

4.8. Schematics Plan................................................................................62

4.9. Final schematics................................................................................63

4.10. Space Matrix..................................................................................64

4.11. Bubble Diagram.............................................................................65

4.12. Site Development Plan..................................................................66

4.13. Form Finding..................................................................................67

Figure 4.3 …………………………………………………………………………..52

Keywords: water scarcity, reservoir, agriculture, master plan, urban planning,

Figure 1.1 Water Stress chart per continent

According to UNICEF, in the Philippines, water is used into three sectors: