The Perfect Fit For All Your Different Needs

Your APL Equipment Guide

APL, with more than 150 years’ experience in
transportation services, is one of the largest
container transportation companies in the world.
Each year, our customers entrust us to move two
million containers around the world. With a large
and comprehensive container fleet ranging from
standard dry cargo containers to refrigerated and
special containers, our customers can be assured
that they will find the best solution to their cargo
transportation needs.

From equipment design to maintenance and repair,

we take great care in ensuring that our equipment
gives our customers the best possible cargo
protection across their entire supply chain.

While equipment design and equipment

serviceability are important factors in ensuring
cargo protection, there are other factors that are
equally critical. This Equipment Guide aims to help
our valued customers maximize cargo protection
and minimize cargo damages and losses, all by
ensuring the perfect fit for their cargoes.
CONTENTS

The APL Advantage 03

The APL Equipment Fleet 04

Features of APL Containers 06

Standard Containers 08
20’ Standard Steel Container 10
40’ Standard Steel Container 10
40’ High Cube Steel Container 12
45’ High Cube Steel Container 12
48’ High Cube Steel Container 14

Special Containers 16
20’ Open Top Container 18
40’ Open Top Container 18
20’ Collapsible Flat Rack Container 20
40’ Collapsible Flat Rack Container 20
20’ Tank Container 22

Refrigerated Containers 24
20’ Muffler Grade Stainless Steel Reefer 26
40’ High Cube Muffler Grade Stainless Steel Reefer 26
40’ High Cube Aluminum Reefer 28

Chassis & Generator Set 30

20’ Chassis 32
40’ Chassis 32
40’/45’/48’ Extendable 32
45’/48’/53’ Extendable 32
Reefer Generator Set – Nose Mount 34
Reefer Generator Set – Chassis Side-Mount 34

APL Containers Decoded 35

Selecting The Container For A Perfect Fit 38

Packing, Stowing And Securing For Maximum Protection 40

Packing Of Goods 42
Stowing Loads In The Container 44
Securing Loads In The Container 45

Glossary 46

The APL Advantage
APL – your global shipping expert
APL is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Neptune Orient
Lines Limited (NOL) Group, a public listed global
transportation company engaged in shipping and other
related business. APL is a world leader in transportation
services with more than 150 years of experience in
ocean transportation. With over 4,000 employees in
more than 200 locations in over 80 countries, and
moving more than two million containers annually,
APL is the global shipping expert that you can rely
on to move your business forward. Reputed for our
high service standards, we work closely with you to
determine your needs and tailor the services to meet
your transportation requirements.
Comprehensive global coverage and network
APL ensures that your transportation needs are
always met globally. Covering over 10,000 locations
in 140 countries across six continents, APL provides
worldwide container transportation and logistics services
through an integrated network combining high quality
intermodal services with cutting-edge technology.
Wide range of state-of-the-art equipment
APL has a comprehensive range of equipment to meet
your specific needs. Our fleet consists of different sizes
of dry cargo steel containers up to 48-foot, aluminum
and stainless steel refrigerated containers, open top
containers, flat rack containers, containers specially
designed for garment shipments, tank containers and
more. At APL, you will always find the equipment that
fits perfectly with your transportation needs.
Apart from the excellent customer service and support
that are synonymous with APL, you will also benefit
from our large yet young container fleet comprising
The APL Advantage 03
the industry’s most technologically advanced refrigerated
containers and the industry’s highest quality standard
dry steel containers. As a matter of fact, APL is a leader
in the research and development of temperature-
controlled containers. APL’s equipment fleet includes
the latest muffler grade stainless steel refrigerated
container in both 20-foot and 40-foot sizes with
dehumidification and cold treatment capabilities.
Fast, efficient and reliable
APL quickly and reliably moves your shipments on its
intermodal system – a combination of vessel, stacktrain
and truck transportation. With APL’s excellent schedule
integrity, frequent arrivals and departures and highly
competitive transit times, we can help you respond faster
to the changes in your business needs and environment.
Best-of-class IT tools
APL’s global network is well-supported by the industry’s
most advanced technology systems and a comprehensive
suite of online services. With our award-winning
Web portal, HomePort®, you can easily prepare, review,
submit and print your Bills of Lading online. So with
APL’s entire logistics and transportation resources
at one single location, you can enjoy quick and easy
access to the information you need.
If you don’t have Web access, you can still track the
status of all your active shipments from origin to
destination, and obtain real-time details via email.
We also offer EDI solutions for customers who want
better integration with their systems. Available 24 hours
a day, our e-commerce suite puts you in better control
of your shipments, from planning to tracking and
payment with just the click of the mouse.
The APL Equipment Fleet
APL offers a comprehensive fleet of high
quality equipment. This section provides you
with a detailed description of the various
types of equipment in APL’s fleet and a guide
to help you select the best solution for your
specific needs.

Whichever equipment you select, you can be

assured that your cargoes are in safe hands.
That’s because we attend to the smallest detail
even at the equipment design stage, to bring
you equipment of the highest standards in
the industry.
06

Features Of APL Containers

Left Door Lock Forklift Pockets

There are no seal holes on the locking Available on 20’ containers, these
handle catches of all left doors to enable handling of empty containers
eliminate the security risk of putting the by forklift trucks.
seal on the wrong locking handle catch.

Left Door Lock Right Door Lock Forklift Pockets

No seal holes Seal holes present
 Features Of APL Containers 07

Gooseneck Tunnel Door Overlap Plate Garment Hanger Bars

A regular feature with container This serves to safeguard against the Each bar has a safe cargo capacity
sizes 40’ and above, this centers the door from being prised open by force. of 350kg when evenly distributed.
container to the gooseneck chassis These allow textiles to be transported
for a more secured transportation. unfolded on clothes hangers.

Gooseneck Tunnel Door Overlap Plate Garment Hanger Bar

Please note that in certain exceptional cases, the containers operated by APL may have specifications that differ from the descriptions above.
If assistance is required, please contact your local APL customer service representative.
 The APL Equipment Fleet

Standard Containers
Standard containers are also known as general
purpose containers. These can fit most of your
common needs. A majority of the standard
containers in APL’s fleet are made of steel.
Standard containers are designed and constructed
for transportation of general cargo on sea, rail
and land. They are able to withstand extreme
temperatures ranging from -40°C (-40°F) to 70°C
(158°F) without affecting their strength and
water-tightness.

APL provides standard containers in the following

sizes: 20’, 40’, 45’ and 48’. Among APL’s fleet,
20’ and 40’ ISO standard containers have a height
of 8’6”. Apart from that, APL also operates a large
number of high cube containers with expanded
cubic capacity for transporting voluminous and
lightweight cargo. High cube containers are
available in 40’ and 45’ with a height of 9’6”, and
48’ in 9’61/2”. It’s worth noting that APL‘s 48’
containers are specially designed to be 6” wider
than the standard containers to give you a higher
cubic capacity.
10

20’ Standard Steel Container Description Metric U.S.

Cubic Capacity 33.200 cubic meters 1,170 cubic feet
Payload (Weight) 21,850 kg or 28,160 kg 48,171 lb or 62,082 lb
Tare Weight 2,150 kg or 2,220 kg 4,740 lb or 4,894 lb
Max Gross Weight 24,000 kg or 30,480 kg 52,911 lb or 67,197 lb

40’ Standard Steel Container Description Metric U.S.

Cubic Capacity 67.700 cubic meters 2,391 cubic feet
Payload (Weight) 26,760 kg or 28,760 kg 58,996 lb or 63,405 lb
Tare Weight 3,720 kg or 3,740 kg 8,201 lb or 8,245 lb
Max Gross Weight 30,480 kg or 32,500 kg 67,197 lb or 71,650 lb
 Standard Containers 11

Dimensions 20’ standard steel containers are closed weather-tight containers that
Description Metric U.S. are suitable for any general cargo. 20’ standard steel containers operated
Internal Length 5.898 m 19’4” by APL have a payload capacity of up to 28,160 kg, close to the payload
capacity of most 40’ standard steel containers. This makes 20’ standard
Internal Width 2.352 m 7’9”
steel containers especially suitable for high-density, heavyweight cargo.
Internal Height 2.392 m 7’10”
In addition, 11 or more APL standard garment hanger bars* can be installed
External Length 6.058 m 19’10 1/2”
on most APL-owned 20’ containers. Forklift pockets* are also available
External Width 2.438 m 8’0” on almost all 20’ containers.
External Height 2.591 m 8’6”
Door Opening Width 2.340 m 7’8”
Door Opening Height 2.280 m 7’6”
Lashing Rings Five on each top and bottom rails,
capacity 2,000 kg;
Three on each corner post,
capacity 1,500 kg

Dimensions 40’ standard steel containers are closed weather-tight containers that
can be used to transport any general cargo. Most of APL’s 40’ containers
Description Metric U.S.
have a payload capacity of 28,760 kg with a gross weight of 32,500 kg.
Internal Length 12.032 m 39’6”
This exceeds the payload capacity of 26,760 kg (gross weight of 30,480 kg)
Internal Width 2.352 m 7’9” required by ISO standards. Almost all 40’ containers have a recess at the
Internal Height 2.392 m 7’10” bottom called the gooseneck tunnel*. 22 or more APL standard garment
External Length 12.192 m 40’0” hanger bars* can be installed on most APL-owned 40’ containers.
External Width 2.438 m 8’0”
External Height 2.591 m 8’6”
Door Opening Width 2.340 m 7’8”
Door Opening Height 2.280 m 7’6”
Lashing Rings Ten on each top and bottom rails,
capacity 2,000 kg;
Three on each corner post,
capacity 1,500 kg

*Please refer to Features of APL Containers on pages 06 and 07.

Please note that in certain exceptional cases, the containers operated by APL may have specifications that differ from the descriptions above. Also, cargo in container
must conform to the dimensional regulations and laws stipulated by the host country, thus payload capacity may be affected. For more information or assistance,
please contact your local APL customer service representative.
12

40’ High Cube Steel Container Description Metric U.S.

Cubic Capacity 76.400 cubic meters 2,700 cubic feet
Payload (Weight) 26,750 kg or 28,550 kg 58,974 lb or 62,942 lb
Tare Weight 3,730 kg or 3,950 kg 8,223 lb or 8,708 lb
Max Gross Weight 30,480 kg or 32,500 kg 67,197 lb or 71,650 lb

45’ High Cube Steel Container Description Metric U.S.

Cubic Capacity 86.500 cubic meters 3,055 cubic feet
Payload (Weight) 28,280 kg 62,350 lb
Tare Weight 4,740 kg 10,450 lb
Max Gross Weight 33,020 kg 72,800 lb
 Standard Containers 13

Dimensions 40’ high cube containers are suitable for all general cargo transportation.
Description Metric U.S. 40’ high cube containers are almost identical to the 40’ standard containers,
except that they have more cubic capacity as they are one foot taller. Thus,
Internal Length 12.033 m 39’6”
40’ high cube containers are especially suitable for voluminous cargo. The
Internal Width 2.352 m 7’9”
ISO standard payload capacity is 26,760 kg with a gross weight of 30,480 kg.
Internal Height 2.698 m 8’10” Most of APL’s 40’ high cube containers have a payload capacity of 28,550
External Length 12.192 m 40’0” kg with a gross weight of 32,500 kg, which surpasses the ISO requirement.
External Width 2.438 m 8’0” Almost all 40’ containers have a recess at the bottom called the gooseneck
External Height 2.896 m 9’6” tunnel*. 22 or more APL standard garment hanger bars* can be installed
Door Opening Width 2.340 m 7’8” on most APL-owned 40’ high cube containers.

Door Opening Height 2.585 m 8’6”

Lashing Rings 10 on each top and bottom rails,
capacity 2,000 kg;
Three on each corner post,
capacity 1,500 kg

Dimensions Being 9’6” tall (high cube) and 45’ long, 45’ high cube containers
have a capacity of 86.5 cubic meters, 18.8 cubic meters more than the
Description Metric U.S.
standard 40’ container. They are especially suitable for voluminous
Internal Length 13.556 m 44’6”
lightweight cargo. Almost all 45’ containers have a recess at the bottom
Internal Width 2.352 m 7’9” called the gooseneck tunnel*. 24 or more APL standard garment hanger
Internal Height 2.701 m 8’10” bars* can be installed on most APL-owned 40’ high cube containers.
External Length 13.716 m 45’0”
External Width 2.438 m 8’0”
External Height 2.896 m 9’6”
Door Opening Width 2.340 m 7’8”
Door Opening Height 2.588 m 8’6”
Lashing Rings 12 on each top and bottom rails,
capacity 2,000 kg;
Three on each corner post, capacity
1,500 kg

*Please refer to Features of APL Containers on pages 06 and 07.

Please note that in certain exceptional cases, the containers operated by APL may have specifications that differ from the descriptions above. Also, cargo in container
must conform to the dimensional regulations and laws stipulated by the host country, thus payload capacity may be affected. For more information or assistance,
please contact your local APL customer service representative.
14

48’ High Cube Steel Container Description Metric U.S.

Cubic Capacity 98.800 cubic meters 3,489 cubic feet
Payload (Weight) 25,340 kg 56,350 lb
Tare Weight 5,140 kg 10,865 lb
Max Gross Weight 30,480 kg^ 67,197 lb^
^ Tested to 31,000 kg / 68,340 lb
 Standard Containers 15

Dimensions The 48’ high cube steel container has the highest cubic capacity of all -
Description Metric U.S. 98.8 cubic meters. They are especially suitable for voluminous lightweight
Internal Length 14.470 m 47’6” cargo. Almost all 48’ containers have a recess at the bottom called the
gooseneck tunnel*. 48’ high cube containers are mostly confined to usage
Internal Width 2.505 m 8’3”
in North America for land transportation. However, APL is the only ocean
Internal Height 2.726 m 8’11”
carrier to offer 48’ containers for international shipments. Currently these
External Length 14.630 m 48’0” containers are offered for services from Yantian, South China to all destinations
External Width 2.591 m 8’6” in the U.S. This is accomplished via APL’s extensive intermodal network.
External Height 2.908 m 9’61/2”
Door Opening Width 2.493 m 8’2”
Door Opening Height 2.691 m 8’10”
Lashing Rings 12 on each top and bottom rails,
capacity 2,000 kg;
Three on each corner post,
capacity 1,500 kg

*Please refer to Features of APL Containers on pages 06 and 07.

Please note that in certain exceptional cases, the containers operated by APL may have specifications that differ from the descriptions above. Also, cargo in container
must conform to the dimensional regulations and laws stipulated by the host country, thus payload capacity may be affected. For more information or assistance,
please contact your local APL customer service representative.
 The APL Equipment Fleet

Special Containers
In APL’s container fleet, there are a number of
special containers including open top containers,
flat rack containers and tank containers. These
containers enable your customers to select the
best fit solution for your special needs.
18

Open Top Containers

20’ Open Top Container Description Metric U.S.

Cubic Capacity 32.200 cubic meters 1,130 cubic feet
Payload (Weight) 28,230 kg 62,240 lb
Tare Weight 2,250 kg 4,960 lb
Max Gross Weight 30,480 kg 67,200 lb

40’ Open Top Container Description Metric U.S.

Cubic Capacity 65.5 cubic meters 2,306 cubic feet
Payload (Weight) 26,580 kg 58,602 lb
Tare Weight 3,900 kg 8,598 lb
Max Gross Weight 30,480 kg 67,200 lb
 Special Containers 19

Cargo being loaded by crane from

top-side of an open top container

Dimensions Open top containers are especially suitable for transporting overheight
Description Metric U.S. cargo, i.e. cargo taller than 2.54m (8’5”). They are available in two sizes:
20’ and 40’. Cargo can be loaded by crane from the top-side. Overheight
Internal Length 5.900 m 19’4”
cargo can also be loaded from the door-side since the door header can be
Internal Width 2.350 m 7’8”
swung open.
Internal Height 2.310 m 7’7”
Numerous lashing rings are available on the four corner posts, top-side rails
Door Opening Width 2.340 m 7’8”
and bottom-side rails for securing the cargo. If the cargo needs to be
Door Opening Height 2.260 m 7’5” protected from rain, tarpaulin sheets can be provided to cover the top of
Roof Opening Length 5.500 m 18’1” the container. Forklift pockets* are available on many 20’ open top containers.
Roof Opening Width 2.220 m 7’3” Gooseneck tunnels* are available on most 40’ open top containers.
Commodities commonly shipped in the open top container include machinery,
industrial boilers, tractors, steel pipes, steel bars and cables.

Dimensions
Description Metric U.S.
Internal Length 12.040 m 39’6”
Internal Width 2.350 m 7’8”
Internal Height 2.310 m 7’7”
Door Opening Width 2.340 m 7’8”
Door Opening Height 2.260 m 7’5”
Roof Opening Length 11.600 m 38’1”
Roof Opening Width 2.140 m 7’0”
Cargo being hauled in an open-top container

*Please refer to Features of APL Containers on pages 06 and 07.

Please note that in certain exceptional cases, the containers operated by APL may have specifications that differ from the descriptions above. Also, cargo in container
must conform to the dimensional regulations and laws stipulated by the host country, thus payload capacity may be affected. For more information or assistance,
please contact your local APL customer service representative.
20

Collapsible Flat Rack Containers

20’ Flat Rack Container Description Metric U.S.

Payload (Weight) 31,260 kg 68,917 lb
Tare Weight 2,740 kg 6,041 lb
Max Gross Weight 34,000 kg 74,957 lb

40’ Flat Rack Container Description Metric U.S.

Payload (Weight) 31,260 kg 68,917 lb
Tare Weight 2,740 kg 6,041 lb
Max Gross Weight 34,000 kg 74,957 lb
 Special Containers 21

Dimensions Although flat rack containers are primarily meant for overwidth (width
Description Metric U.S. greater than 2.35m or 7’8”) and heavyweight cargo, both overwidth and
Internal Length 6.040 m 19’10” overheight cargo can be loaded on flat rack containers due to its open
construction. The specially reinforced bottom construction can sustain the
Internal Width 2.230 m 7’4”
high pressure of heavyweight cargo. Numerous high load capacity lashing
Internal Height 2.230 m 7’4”
rings are installed on the corner posts, top-side rails and bottom-side rails
External Length 6.058 m 19’11” for lashing and bracing of the cargo.
External Width 2.438 m 8’0” Commodities commonly shipped in the flat rack container include machinery,
External Height 2.591 m 8’6” industrial boilers, tractors, parts packed in cases, steel tubes, steel pipes,
steel bars and cables.

Dimensions
Description Metric U.S.
Internal Length 12.054 m 39’7”
Internal Width 2.230 m 7’4”
Internal Height 2.230 m 7’4”
External Length 12.192 m 40’0”
External Width 2.438 m 8’0”
External Height 2.591 m 8’6”
A flat rack container carrying cargo that is too tall and too wide for a standard container

Please note that in certain exceptional cases, the containers operated by APL may have specifications that differ from the descriptions above. Also, cargo in container
must conform to the dimensional regulations and laws stipulated by the host country, thus payload capacity may be affected. For more information or assistance,
please contact your local APL customer service representative.
22

Tank Container

20’ Tank Container Description Metric U.S.

Cubic Capacity 24,000 liter 6,340 gallon
Tare Weight 3,650 kg 8,047 lb
Max Gross Weight 34,000 kg 74,957 lb
Working Pressure 4 bar 58.0 psi
Test Pressure 6 bar 87.0 psi
Vacuum Pressure 0.42 bar 6.1 psi
Barrel/Head Thickness 4.6/4.5 mm 0.181” / 0.177”
 Special Containers 23

Dimensions APL operates a 24,000-litre ISO tank container fleet. Our tank container
Description Metric U.S. fleet is separated for two transportation purposes: tank containers
for liquid chemical products and tank containers exclusively for liquid
External Length 6.058 m 19’11”
foodstuff. All APL tanks are of the highest quality design and construction,
External Width 2.438 m 8’0”
and conform strictly to the latest international approvals.
External Height 2.591 m 8’6”
Commodities commonly shipped in the tank container include harmful
and/or hazardous chemicals and liquid foodstuff.

Tank containers being hauled

Please note that in certain exceptional cases, the containers operated by APL may have specifications that differ from the descriptions above. Also, cargo in container
must conform to the dimensional regulations and laws stipulated by the host country, thus payload capacity may be affected. For more information or assistance,
please contact your local APL customer service representative.
 The APL Equipment Fleet

Refrigerated Containers
Refrigerated containers are used to transport
cargo that requires protection from heat or cold,
temperature control or ventilation. A wide variety
of the commodities can be shipped in refrigerated
containers, including fresh fruits and vegetables,
fresh and frozen meats, poultry and seafood juices,
dairy products and eggs, frozen prepared foods,
fresh juices and concentrates, confectionery products,
live plants and flowers, chemical and biological
products.
APL’s fleet of reefer containers are amongst the most
advanced in the industry – all to ensure that your
cargo arrives at its destination in optimum condition.
While APL has been a pioneer in the research and
development of reefer containers since its advent,
it still maintains one of the youngest and most
technologically advanced reefer fleets in the industry.
Almost all APL reefers are equipped with
dehumidification systems, where relative humidity
can be set between 65% and 95% and can be
controlled according to cargo requirements.
In addition, most of our reefers are equipped with
Cold Treatment capability, which preserves your
fruits better and eliminates the need for fumigation
and the use of certain insecticides. APL has been
known to successfully complete certain landmark
shipments with this capability.
Commodities shipped using Cold Treatment are
typically fruits from fruit flies infested areas. They
include lychee, longan, starfruit, grapes, kiwi fruit,
apple and pear.
APL also has some of the most technologically
advanced reefer containers in the industry that are
equipped with modified atmosphere technology and
controlled atmosphere technology.
Modified atmosphere technology purges most
gases out of a container before a new mixture of
gases – at the optimum levels and amounts for the
commodity being shipped – is injected into the
container after it has been sealed. It is effective
in slowing respiration and retarding the production
of ethylene in horticultural commodities, thus
lengthening the shelf life of these commodities.
Controlled atmosphere technology uses computer
systems to monitor and control the atmosphere in
the container and make adjustments during the trip.
These systems also record changes in the atmospheric
composition during a container’s journey and provide
printouts for quality-control purposes.
Commodities commonly shipped in containers using
modified atmosphere technology and controlled
atmosphere technology include stone fruit, avocado,
cherry, asparagus and brussels sprouts.
All APL refrigerated containers are approved by ATO
(Agrotechnology & Food Innovations B.V.).
26

Refrigerated Containers
20’ Muffler Grade Description Metric U.S.
Stainless Steel Reefer Cubic Capacity 28.300 cubic meters 999 cubic feet
Payload (Weight) 27,450 kg 60,517 lb
Tare Weight 3,030 kg 6,680 lb
Max Gross Weight 30,480 kg 67,197 lb

40’ High Cube Muffler Grade Description Metric U.S.

Stainless Steel Reefer Cubic Capacity 67.700 cubic meters 2,391 cubic feet
Payload (Weight) 29,190 kg 64,353 lb
Tare Weight 4,810 kg 10,604 lb
Max Gross Weight 34,000 kg 74,957 lb
 Refrigerated Containers 27

Dimensions APL’s muffler grade stainless steel reefer containers provide high cubic
Description Metric U.S. capacity and high resistance to damage and contamination.

Internal Length 5.446 m 17’10” 20’ reefer containers are suitable for high density, heavyweight cargo
and are equipped with forklift pockets* for handling of empty containers
Internal Width 2.294 m 7’6”
by forklift trucks.
Internal Height 2.263 m 7’5”
40’ reefer containers are equipped with the gooseneck tunnel* to center
External Length 6.058 m 19’11”
the container on the gooseneck chassis for more secured land transportation.
External Width 2.438 m 8’0” They are especially suitable for voluminous lightweight cargo.
External Height 2.591 m 8’6”
Door Opening Width 2.290 m 7’6”
Door Opening Height 2.260 m 7’5”
Cooling Unit 8,820 kcal/h at 35F
Controlled Atmosphere Yes
Modified Atmosphere Yes
Dehumidification Yes

Dimensions
Description Metric U.S.
Internal Length 11.583 m 38’0”
Internal Width 2.294 m 7’6”
Internal Height 2.548 m 8’4”
External Length 12.192 m 40’0”
External Width 2.438 m 8’0”
External Height 2.896 m 9’6”
Door Opening Width 2.290 m 7’6”
Door Opening Height 2.572 m 8’5”
Cooling Unit 8,820 kcal/h at 35F
Controlled Atmosphere Yes
Modified Atmosphere Yes
Dehumidification Yes

*Please refer to Features of APL Containers on pages 06 and 07.

Please note that in certain exceptional cases, the containers operated by APL may have specifications that differ from the descriptions above. Also, cargo in container
must conform to the dimensional regulations and laws stipulated by the host country, thus payload capacity may be affected. For more information or assistance,
please contact your local APL customer service representative. For more detailed information on APL’s reefer capabilities, “The APL Reefer Guide - Fresh Connections”
is available upon request.
28

40’ High Cube Aluminum Reefer Description Metric U.S.

Cubic Capacity 67.500 cubic meters 2,384 cubic feet
Payload (Weight) 28,760 kg 63,405 lb
Tare Weight 4,260 kg 9,392 lb
Max Gross Weight 33,020 kg 72,797 lb
 Refrigerated Containers 29

APL’s aluminium reefer containers provide high payload for customers.

Dimensions
Description Metric U.S. These 40’ refrigerated containers are equipped with the gooseneck tunnel*
to center the container on the gooseneck chassis for more secured land
Internal Length 11.583 m 38’0”
transportation. They are especially suitable for voluminous lightweight cargo.
Internal Width 2.294 m 7’6”
Internal Height 2.548 m 8’4”
External Length 12.192 m 40’0”
External Width 2.438 m 8’0”
External Height 2.896 m 9’6”
Door Opening Width 2.290 m 7’6”
Door Opening Height 2.500 m 8’3”
Cooling Unit 8,820 kcal/h at 35F
Controlled Atmosphere Yes
Modified Atmosphere Yes
Dehumidification Yes

*Please refer to Features of APL Containers on pages 06 and 07.

Please note that in certain exceptional cases, the containers operated by APL may have specifications that differ from the descriptions above. Also, cargo in container
must conform to the dimensional regulations and laws stipulated by the host country, thus payload capacity may be affected. For more information or assistance,
please contact your local APL customer service representative. For more detailed information on APL’s reefer capabilities, “The APL Reefer Guide - Fresh Connections”
is available upon request.
 The APL Equipment Fleet

Chassis And Generator Set

As an established container transportation company,
APL has a range of equipment to complement the
main container sets by ensuring the perfect fit and
maximising security of your cargoes.

Different chassis are constructed to haul containers

of different sizes. Generator sets can be equipped

with the chassis to provide power to the reefer

containers they carry. There are four types of chassis
in APL’s equipment fleet: 20’ chassis, 40’ chassis,
40’/45’/48’ extendable chassis, and 45’/48’/53’
extendable chassis.
32

Chassis

20’ Chassis Description Metric U.S.

Kingpin Location 0.460 m 18”
Tandem Setting 1.370 m 54”
Tare Weight 3,040 kg 6,702 lb

40’ Chassis Description Metric U.S.

Kingpin Location 0.760 m 30”
Tandem Setting 1.370 m 54”
Tare Weight 3,110 kg 6,856 lb

40’/45’/48’ Extendable Description Metric U.S.

Kingpin Location 0.910 m 36”
Tandem Setting 1.370 m – 2.760 m 54” – 108”
Tare Weight 3,280 kg 7,231 lb

45’/48’/53’ Extendable Description Metric U.S.

Kingpin Location 0.910 m 36”
Tandem Setting 1.37 m – 3.670 m 54” – 144”
Tare Weight 3,811 kg 8,400 lb
 Chassis & Generator Set 33

Dimensions
Description Metric U.S.
Length 7.010 m 23’0”
Width 2.440 m 8’0”
Height 1.320 m 4’7”
Landing Gear Location 2.130 m 84”

Dimensions
Description Metric U.S.
Length 12.500 m 41’0”
Width 2.440 m 8’0”
Height 1.220 m 4’0”
Landing Gear Location 2.540 m 100”

Dimensions
Description Metric U.S.
40’ Length 12.400 m 40’9”
45’ Length 13.920 m 45’9”
48’ Length 14.850 m 48’9”
Width 2.440 m 8’0”
Height 1.220 m 4’0”
Landing Gear Location 2.390 m 94”

Dimensions
Description Metric U.S.
45’ Length 13.940 m 45’9”
48’ Length 14.850 m 48’9”
53’ Length 16.380 m 53’9”
Width 2.440 m 8’0”
Height 1.220 m 4’0”
Landing Gear Location 2.390 m 94”

For more information or assistance, please contact your local APL customer service representative.
34

Generator set

Reefer Generator Set Description Metric U.S.

– Nose Mount Operating temperature -40°C to 54°C -40°F to 130°F
Fuel tank capacity 473 liters 125 gallon
Capacity 25.4 kw 34 bhp
Weight 834kg 1860 lb

Reefer Generator Set Description Metric U.S.

– Chassis Side-mount Operating temperature -40°C to 54°C -40°F to 130°F
Fuel tank capacity 283 liters 75 gallon
Capacity 25.4 kw 34 bhp
Weight 685 kg 1510 lb

For more information or assistance, please contact your local APL customer service representative.
 The APL Equipment Fleet

A P L C o n ta i n e r s D e c o d e d
36
APL Containers Decoded

Container Prefix Container Number

(e.g. “APZU” = Standard,
“APHU” = High Cube, ISO Container Size and Type Code:
“APRU” = Reefer) • 1st character indicates length
(e.g. “L” = 45’, “4” = 40’, “2” = 20’)
• 2nd character indicates height and width
(e.g. “5” = High Cube, “2” = Standard)
• 3rd character indicates equipment type
(e.g. “G” = General Purpose, “R” = Reefer)
• 4th character indicates equipment sub-type

ISO Check Digit

Consolidated Data Plate indicating standards that “Super Heavy” mark Container Weight
the container conforms to: (only for containers and Cubic Capacity
• TIR Custom Seal with high gross weight) information

• Container Safety Convention

• Approved Continuous Examinations Program
• Timber Component Treatment
• Data Plate (containing container specifications)
 APL Containers Decoded 37

Additional notations on APL High Cube Containers

Warning mark

UIC mark Height indication

“Super Heavy” mark

Caution mark on height

Container Prefix Container Number ISO Check Digit

ISO Container Size and Type Code UIC mark. It means
that this container is
fit for European
railway (for 8’6” high
containers only)
“Super Heavy” mark
(only for containers
with high gross weight)
Selecting The Container
For A Perfect Fit
 Selecting The Container For A Perfect Fit 39

Not only will selecting the right container for shipments. The following flowchart details a
your shipments reduce your costs and save you recommended guide to help you select the right
time, it also offers maximum protection for your type of container for your cargo.

Chemical Grade
Start Tank Container

Yes Liquid Chemical

Liquid Cargo? Tank Container
Liquid Foodstuff

No
Food Grade
Tank Container

Overwidth Cargo? Yes

Flat Rack Container
> 2.35m (7’8”)

No

Overheight Cargo? Yes

> 2.54m (8’5”) Open Top Container

20’ Reefer Container

No

Temperature Control Yes Heavyweight Cargo

Required? Refrigerated Container
Lightweight Cargo

No
40’ High Cube
Reefer Container

Heavyweight
Cargo
Standard Container 20’ Standard Container

General Cargo 40’ Standard or

40’ High Cube Container

Lightweight &
40’ High Cube,
Voluminous Cargo
45’ High Cube or
48’ High Cube Container
Packing, Stowing And Securing
For Maximum Protection
 Packing, Stowing And Securing For Maximum Protection 41
Packing, stowing and securing are important processes in
protecting cargo during transportation as cargo damage often
occurs due to improper packing and stowing. Generally, when
developing packaging of products, manufacturers place much
emphasis on ensuring that the packaging promotes the products
and its benefits in the best possible light to the customer.
However, often times, very little thought goes into developing
packaging that can also serve to protect the product during the
APL Equipment Fleet
storage and transportation cycle. As cargo damage often occurs
during transportation, it is therefore critical to design packaging
that not only promotes, but importantly, protects the product.
Packing, stowing or securing that may appear safe under
static conditions can become inadequate during land and
sea transportation. This is because cargoes in containers are
subject to a number of different stresses apart from normal
static stress. For example, acceleration or deceleration during
road transportation exerts horizontal pressures on the sides of
the cargo. During sea voyages, a container ship may result in
rolling, pitching or swaying due to rough weather conditions.
These ship movements may exert a combination of forces on
the cargo it carries. In addition, vertical acceleration during port
handling will increase stack pressure on cargoes in the containers.
Proper packing, stowing and securing of the loads in the container
will offer maximum protection of the goods against all possible
forms of stresses (see diagram below). As a matter of fact, cargo
that is properly secured before transportation will not only
be protecting itself, but will also protect the container and
the personnel handling the cargo.
Forms Of Stress
Storage
Handling
Shipping
Stresses
Climatic
Stresses
Biotic Chemical
Stresses Stresses
Another main cause of damage to cargo is condensation in
containers. Condensation in containers occur as a result of vast
differences in temperatures at origin and destination locations
and even in transit. For example, cargo, packed in cardboard
cartons and loaded in South-East Asia, where the ambient
temperature is 25ºC/77ºF and relative humidity is 90% can
have substantial amount of water trapped in the cardboard
packaging or carried as water vapour in the air. Moving it to
Northern Europe, where the ambient temperature is 10ºC/50ºF
and relative humidity is 65%, means that the carton will give
off substantial amounts of water, which inevitably, condenses
on the roof of the container and drips down onto the cartons
as the temperature cools. This results in a large quantity of wet-
damaged cartons and ruined products. Therefore, proper packing
of these cartons with protective films and shrink-wraps can
minimize damage caused by condensation in containers.
A good loading practice consists of the following three steps:
1. Packing
The way goods are packed should be suitable for container
loading, for example, palletized loads with dimensions that fit
well in the container to be used. They should also be packed
to minimize damage caused by condensation in containers.
2 . Stowing
Appropriate stowing of loads inside the container.
3 . Securing
Appropriate load securing to prevent load movements within
the container.
Transportation
Mechanical
Stresses
Static Dynamic
Stresses Stresses
42
1. Packing Of Goods
If goods are stored in cartons, crates and boxes, they should be
bundled into appropriate sizes by using receptacles. These sizes
should enable easy loading and unloading. If possible, they
should be packed in the palletized units that enable them to
be handled by a forklift truck.
• When goods are palletized, any part of the goods should be
within the bonds of the pallet, since parts exceeding the
bonds of the pallet will easily incur damages during handling
and transportation.
• The surface of the package should be leveled to allow stacking.
Examples Of Properly Packed Loads
These load units are generally well-packed,
the surfaces are level and they can be
stacked. The sides are perfectly flushed
with the pallet base
• If the sides are not perfectly flushed with the pallet base,
gaps between pallets should be filled using additional measures.
• Cargoes other than cartons and boxes such as drums, barrels,
etc, should be packed using similar principles. Surfaces
should be leveled to allow stacking. Sides should be flushed
to prevent damages to the goods placed next to them.
Otherwise, additional dunnage - cushioning material like
wood planks, plastic foam, or paper boards - should be
used to ensure proper protection against damages. The
sides of the load should provide enough friction to prevent
it from sliding against other loads.
 Packing, Stowing And Securing For Maximum Protection 43

Examples Of Badly Packed Loads

Packages here are not aligned to the width of the Irregular shaped unit a hinders packing and
pallet a ; they should always be loaded flushed stacking and leads to unstable loads

Not properly secured with shrink-wrap or tied Drums are not firmly attached to the pallet a

down, resulting in high likelihood of damage Pallet is not loaded flushed b

Unit cannot be stacked c

Without the additional use of appropriate corner rails or cover boards, the straps
a alone will not be able to hold the plastic receptacles in place for long
44
2. Stowing Loads In The Container
• Proper planning should be done before stowing. Stowing
should be planned in a way that the cargo weight is
distributed as evenly as possible, and total weight to be
within the maximum payload limit.
• The center of gravity of the stowed cargo should be at
or below the half-height point of the container. In other
words, heavy cargo should be stowed at the bottom of the
container for better stability. The center of gravity should
be at or close to the half-length position of the container
for safer container handling.
• When necessary, dunnage such as wood planks, plastic
foam and paper boards should be used to protect against
mechanical damage, such as the damage caused by
the container corner post, or corrugation of the container
Proper Use Of Dunnage
Examples Of Incorrect Use Of Dunnage
Risk of damage is Missing interlayer
increased when dunnage dunnage
is used on edge
wall or by the uneven surfaces of the load next to it.
• When stacking cargo on top of each other, interlayer
dunnage can be used to create a level surface for proper
stacking.
• When transporting moisture-sensitive cargo, desiccants can
be used to protect the cargo from damp. Roof dunnage
and floor dunnage should be used to dissipate moisture
and to avoid accumulation of damp or sweat. In addition,
wrapping moisture-sensitive cargo using plastic sheet, oiled
paper and tarpaulins can effectively reduce the risk of the
cargo being damaged by container sweat or cargo sweat.
• Bottom and intermediate dunnage must be arranged in a
way that it can easily be handled by fork, chains and other
cargo handling equipment without causing damages.
Interlayer dunnage made
of plywood boards to
distribute load forces
Floor dunnage
dunnage
Interlayer dunnage is used as a
levelling aid. However, a paper carton
will be crushed under the weight of
an entire pallet
 Packing, Stowing And Securing For Maximum Protection 45
3. Securing Loads In The Container
• Goods should be packed in the container to achieve a tight
fit, so that the possibility of cargo sliding and moving due to
the movement of the container or ship is minimized. If packages
do not fill the entire width or length of the container,
appropriate securing mechanisms should be deployed at the
sides or in the door area.
• Gaps between goods or packages should be filled using
dunnage such as wood planks, paper boards or airbags. If
gaps are relatively big, use wood bracing to secure your cargo.
• Alternatively, lashing can be used to achieve a tight fit. Lashing
Effective Lashing
Horizontal lashing with longitudinal component
Diagonal lashing with horizontal longitudinal and
transverse components and vertical components
Horizontal lashing with transverse component
Lateral view
Vertical lashing with slight
horizontal transverse components
at appropriate angles and using lashing materials of appropriate
strength is critical to effective securing. Many lashing rings
are available on the corner posts, top and bottom side rails
of all APL-owned dry containers.
• Depending on the shape and weight of the cargo, horizontal,
longitudinal, transverse lashing or a combination of them
can be considered for effective securing of cargo.
• Before applying the proper lashing, all possible stresses and
different types of movements that the container or ship is
subjected to should be considered.
View from the top
View from the top
View from the top
Lateral view
Cross lashing with horizontal
and vertical components
Glossary

Glossary
actual gross weight
The sum of the container weight plus the payload contained
in it.
actual payload
Maximum allowable weight of payload (actual weight minus
tare weight).
actual weight
Gross shipping weight.
box pallet
A pallet with at least three fixed, removable, or collapsible
vertical sides.
break bulk
Cargo transported not in a container. It may be in loose
packages or in loose form, such as machinery.
break bulk cargo
See break bulk.
cargo seal
The metal device inserted into the handle assembly on the
door of the container to prevent or to detect entry. The seal
has a number that is recorded. In addition, this number is
often noted on the bill of lading. The sophistication of seals
can range from a simple, numbered plastic tag - called an
entry seal and used on an empty container - to an electronic
seal that immediately indicates through global electronic
positioning technology when and where it has been broken.
cargo tonnage
The weight ton in the United States is the short ton, 2,000
pounds, or the long ton, 2,240 pounds. In British countries
it is the English long ton, or gross ton, of 2,240 pounds. In
France and other countries having the metric system, the
weight ton is 2,204.62 pounds. The measurement ton is
usually 40 cubic feet, but in some instances a larger number
of cubic feet is taken as a weight ton. Most ocean freight
is taken at weight or measurement (W/M), ship's option.
cargo weight
The weight of the cargo. Cargo weight plus tare weight
equals gross weight.
carrying temperature
A narrow, prescribed range of temperatures in a container
during transit that maintains the ideal temperature in the
product and protects the product from harm. This information
is displayed on a label attached to the container.
Glossary 47
chassis
A wheeled carriage onto which a container is mounted for
over-the-road conveyance. More specifically, it is a skeletal
frame, semi-trailer which is equipped with license, lights,
reflectors, brakes, etc., to meet the legal operating codes
and requirements of the jurisdictions within which it operates.
This unit has locking devices that secure the container to
the frame.
In the case of container yard operations, it is a skeletal trailer,
generally without a license for use on the public roads, for
moving containers within a yard.
Also, the part of a motor vehicle that includes, the frame,
suspension system, wheels, steering mechanism etc., but
not the engine or the body.
container
When used in an intermodal industry context, this refers to
a steel or aluminum box into which goods or a commodity
are packed for shipment.
container contamination
A container is considered contaminated when residue of
previous cargo cannot be cleaned by normal sweeping or
by normal steam cleaning. The remedy may then be:
• structural repair,
• removal of contaminated floor boards,
• partial or full refurbishment,
• chemical cleaning,
• fumigating,
• decontamination, or
• deodorizing.
container damage
Defined by one or more physical defects on a container that
affects the cargo carrying capabilities of the unit. This could
have been caused by a single or a series of events, such as
impact, abrasion, or contamination.
Damaged containers are inspected and repaired to the ICII
standards.
container load
A load sufficient in size to fill a container either by cubic
measurement or by weight.
container load plan
A list and a graphic picture of the inside of a container
showing where and how the cargo is stowed and the loading
sequence.
containerizable cargo
Cargo that will fit into a container and result in an economical
shipment consistent with delivery requirements.
48

controlled atmosphere FEU

A term used in reference to a refrigerated container to indicate Abbreviation for the International Standards Organization
it is a type that permits the temperature within the container designated "Forty-Foot Equivalent Unit."
to be controlled.
The reason that this is important is so a gas such as nitrogen flat rack
can be maintained in a stable condition within the container. See flat rack container.
Nitrogen reduces the spoilage rate of fruits and vegetables.
flat rack container
corner post
A special container for cargo too long or wide for standard
A vertical structural member at each of the four corners of containers.
a container. These are made onto a square unit by top and
bottom horizontal posts. The vertical and horizontal members floor loading
are connected at the corner castings, thereby forming an end Static weight of cargo and the dynamic force of handling
frame or corner structure. equipment, such as a forklift, for a particular container.
cubic capacity forklift pockets
Has two meanings: Openings in the sides of containers for the insertion of forks
• the carrying capacity of a container in terms of cubic by a forklift.
measurement, and
• the cubic space available for the stowage of cargo. forklift truck
A three or four wheeled mechanical unit with forks at the
cubic feet per minute front designed for lifting, carrying, and stowing cargo, pallets,
Unit of measurement for the movement of a volume of gas or containers.
or liquid per unit of time.
forty-foot equivalent unit
cubic foot Abbreviated FEU. Refers to container size standard of 40 feet.
A measurement of 12 inches by 12 inches by 12 inches or 1 40-foot container equals 2 TEU. This equivalency standard
1,728 cubic inches. was set by the ISO.
cubic meter full container load
A measurement of 1 meter by 1 meter by 1 meter. Abbreviated: A container loaded, completely or almost, to its maximum
CBMCM weight limit or cubic content.
D20 gallon
Dry 20-foot container. One U.S. gallon equals 231 cubic inches or 0.1337 cubic feet.
D40 genset
Dry 40-foot container. Generator used to supply power to a refrigerated container.
deadweight tonnage GOH
The number of long tons (see ton) of cargo, stores, water, Garment on hangar. Indicates a container that has been
and fuel a vessel can transport. Relative to cargo, the weights converted from a dry box to a garment container.
for stores, water, and fuel are not significant. You can use
DWT as a quick reference for the cargo carrying capacity of gooseneck
a ship. On a drop-frame chassis, the gooseneck is the upper level at
the front of the chassis together with the structure connecting
deadweight cargo it to the lower level behind it. The gooseneck on the chassis
Cargo of such a nature that one long ton is stowed in less structure fits into the gooseneck tunnel recess of containers
than 70 cubic feet. built with this feature. This provides the securing and stability
for the container at the front. The rear of the container is
dry cargo secured with the normal twistlock assembly.
When used in a tariff, this means cargo other than liquid
cargo or cargo requiring temperature control. gooseneck tunnel
The recess in the front portion of a container understructure
dunnage into which the gooseneck structure of a chassis fits.
Material used in stowing or bracing cargo to prevent
movement.
 Glossary 49

gross ton ISO

2,240 pounds. See short ton. See International Standards Organization.
gross tonnage known damage
This is not a measurement of weight as we traditionally think Damage discovered before or at the time of delivery of a
of it. It is a measurement of the amount of vessel space: a shipment.
ton is 100 cubic feet. A ship's gross tonnage is all the cubic
feet in its enclosed spaces: cargo holds, engine room, and known loss
deck house divided by 100. See net tonnage. A loss discovered before or at the time of delivery of a
shipment.
gross weight
As a measurement, gross means the item you are evaluating KT
consists of the overall total exclusive of deductions. Kilo or metric ton. Equals 2,204.6 pounds.
When, for example, referring to an in-gate operation this is
laden
the total weight of the equipment - such as tractor, including
fuel and driver - and chassis and cargo. Means the same as "loaded (aboard a vessel)."
But, if you were referring to the gross weight of the container lash
only, this would be a combination of the container tare
weight plus the cargo weight. To hold goods in position by the use of securing devices
such as wire rope, lines, chains and straps.
grounding
lashing fitting
Removing the container from the stack train and putting it
on a chassis. A cargo securing device in the floor fixed to the interior side
panels of a container that provide for the lashing or securing
half height container of cargo.
An open top container, sometimes fitted with removable lashing point
covers, that is 4'3''/1.30m high.
See lashing fitting.
high cube
lashing rod
A container that exceeds 8 feet 6 inches in height.
A stout metal rod used in on-deck container stowage that
in transit secures containers to the deck. It ties a container corner
casting to a fitting on the deck or on the lashing bridge.
In passage.
Used in conjunction with the interbox connector, this stabilizes
inflatable dunnage the stacks on deck. This is necessary to compensate for the
effects of ship movement in the open sea.
Flexible bags usually made from vinyl material; can be inflated
within the void spaces of a stow to prevent movement of load
the cargo.
To load a vehicle or container.
insulated container The freight in a vehicle or container. A container filled with
A container insulated on the walls, roof, floor and doors, to freight that is moved from the customer-designated origin
reduce the effect of external temperatures on the cargo. to the customer-designated destination.
To load a program into a computer after the program has
International Standards Organization been translated into machine code. Any procedure for getting
An organization founded in the late 1940's and headquartered a computer or other device ready to operate by providing
in Geneva, Switzerland. Through the participation of its that device with the magnetic tape or disks that it needs to
members, it establishes many world standards; for example, function.
ISO 9002 as a business practice.
long ton
In the intermodal area, the ISO is best known for establishing
in the mid 1960's the standard for the size of a container, 2,240 pounds.
including all its components, such as the specifications for See also ton.
the corner casting.
m
This reversed the situation where, by the time there were
20,000 containers worldwide in 1965, there were 11 Abbreviations for:
different sizes. A meter, or 39.37 inches.
The resulting uniformity coordinated and established by the
ISO permitted the evolution from containerization to max.
intermodalism. Maximum.
50

maximum cube net weight

A level of cube utilization that closely approximates the stated When referring to goods, this is the weight of the product
cubic capacity of a container. exclusive of all packaging.

maximum gross weight nose

Weight of a container and its payload. Front of the container.

maximum payload NT
Maximum cargo that can be loaded into a container either Net ton.
by weight or volume.
obnoxious cargo
MBM Cargo that can by its nature contaminate its container, the
1,000 board feet. vessel, or other cargo, for example: hides or fish meal.
1 MBM equals 2,265 C.M.
open top
meter See open top container.
1 meter equals 39.37 inches. Also spelled metre.
open top container
metre A container fitted with a solid removable roof, or with a
An alternative spelling of meter. tarpaulin roof that can be loaded or unloaded from the top.

metric ton optimum cube

2,204.6 pounds; or 40 cubic feet - used in water transportation The highest level of cube utilization that can be achieved
rate-making. The same as a measurement ton. Also see ton. when loading cargo into an ocean-freight container.

min. overheight cargo

Minimum. Cargo extending above the height of an open top container.

min. wt. pallet

Minimum Weight. A standard size platform on which packages can be stacked
and then unitized - for example, with bands or plastic wrap
modified atmosphere - for easy movement by a forklift truck. See pallet wrapping
Abbreviated MAMOS. A blend of gases tailored to a specific machine.
load of cargo that replaces the normal atmosphere within In Europe, the 1,200mm by 1,000mm pallet is in general use.
a container. The U.K. equivalent is 48 inches by 40 inches.
MT Growing in popularity is the 48 inch by 48 inch pallet.
Measurement ton. See metric ton. palletized cargo
Individual items of cargo loaded on a pallet.
net short ton
2,000 pounds. payload
In general, this is the revenue-producing or useful load a
net tare weight means of transportation can carry.
The weight of an empty cargo-carrying piece of equipment Translated to intermodal language, it is a container's maximum
plus any fixtures permanently attached. permitted cargo weight, not including cargo securing devices
and dunnage.
net ton
Metric ton. reefer
Refrigerated container, equipment or cargo.
net tonnage
Net tonnage measures volume of airspace. Like deadweight reefer cargo
tonnage, it is used to rate a ship's cargo carrying capacity. Industry language for the term "refrigerated cargo," which
To determine NT, the cubic footage of all non-cargo spaces is cargo requiring temperature control.
- crew accommodations, machinery and navigation areas, See refrigeration.
the engine room, and the fuel and water tanks - are measured.
This measurement is divided by 100 to convert it to net tons. reefer container
This figure is then subtracted from the gross tonnage figure. Industry language for the term "refrigerated container."
The result is net tons of cargo carrying capacity in cubic
measure.
See also gross tonnage.
 Glossary 51

refrigerated container special container

See refrigeration. A container designed to carry overheight (open-top container),
overwidth (flat rack container) or liquid (tank container)
refrigeration cargo.
In its simplest terms, refrigeration is simply the removal of
heat from one medium to another by use of inert gas. In the stack
case of refrigerated containers, it is removal of heat from Containers stowed more than one high and in a orderly way
inside the box - the cargo and surrounding air - to outside in one place in a Container Yard, CFS, depot, or on a vessel.
the box. The inert gas most commonly used is named R-12.
standard ton
relative humidity
Same as short ton. See also ton.
A percentage of the amount of moisture in air relative to
saturated air at the same temperature. stow
The placing and securing of cargo or containers on a vessel
RFR
or on an aircraft.
Reefer.
This also includes placing and securing cargo in a container.
seal
stow plan
Metal strip and lead fastener used for locking freight car or
A diagrammatic picture of the vessel's cargo hatches showing
container doors. Seals are numbered for recording purposes.
the location of cargo or containers.
A seal is generally affixed after Customs exams have been
completed, and prior to the container being loaded on the stowage
first conveyance.
A marine term referring to loading freight into ships' holds.
See cargo seal.
set point temperature stowage factor
The point, or points, at which the thermostat in a refrigerated The ratio of a cargo's cubic measurement to its weight,
container is set, that will maintain the ideal pulp temperature expressed in cubic feet to the ton or in cubic metres to the
in the product. tonne. It is an expression of the total quantity of cargo which
can be loaded in a space.
setting
stowage instructions
A notation on the transport document, known as a bill of
lading in the case of ocean carriage, stating the temperature Details given by the shipper or his agent about the way
at which the cargo must be maintained. This term is most cargo is to be stowed.
commonly used in relation to a refrigerated container. stowage plan
Also known as air delivery temperature. See stow plan.
setting/air delivery temperature stuff
See setting. To load a container.
short ton stuffing
Abbreviated ST. 2,000 pounds. Loading cargo into a container. Also known as vanning.
See also ton.
superimposed load
skid The static and dynamic load forces imposed downward
Refers to planks placed under a box, crate or piece of machinery externally and vertically on the structure of a container.
to enable the piece to be easily handled by a mechanical
lifting device. tank container
Battens, or a series of parallel runners, fitted beneath boxes A specially constructed container for transporting liquids
or packages to raise them clear of the floor to permit easy and gases in bulk.
access of forklift blades or other handling equipment.
tare weight
skip sheet The weight of equipment that is empty, that is, not carrying
A flat piece of cardboard that replaces a pallet. cargo. For example, an empty FEU of steel construction
weighs between 6,000 to 8,380 pounds/2,860 to 3,800
special commodities kilograms.
Highly perishable commodities that require special handling See also cargo weight and gross weight.
to arrive at their destination in optimum condition. Some
examples are fish, meat, photographic film, fruit, and some
candies.
52

tarpaulin two-way pallet

Waterproof fabric used for covering the top of an open top A pallet so designed that the forks of a fork lift truck can
container. be inserted from 2 sides only.

temperature recorder unit load

A waterproof device to permanently record the inside
temperature of operating refrigerated containers. The device
may be computerized, mechanical, or both. The chart onto
which the information is inscribed mechanically is called the
Partlow chart. Mr. Partlow was the inventor.
TEU
Abbreviation for the International Standards Organization
designated "Twenty Foot Equivalent Unit".
tolerance
A weight allowance made to reconcile weight variations of
certain commodities.
ton
A measurement of weight:
• A short ton, used for rough calculations, is 2,000 pounds.
This "abbreviated" ton is used in cargo operations,
particularly when working with break bulk cargo. It is
useful for doing mental quick calculations.
• A long ton, also known as gross ton, used for more precise
calculations, is 2,240 pounds. The genesis of the long ton
goes back to the 13th century, when merchant ships carried
large cargoes of wine in giant casks, which were called
"tuns." The number of tuns a ship could carry was a rough
gauge of her capacity.
By the 15th century, England had established a standard
for the wine-filled tun: a capacity of 250 gallons, which
converted to 2,240 pounds. In the 17th century, long after
wine ceased to be a major cargo, usage brought about
the modern spelling of ton.
A measurement of cubic volume:
• Measurement ton is 40 cubic feet.
Cargo can be taken at either weight or cubic volume.
tonnage
This term is used in various contexts in the maritime industry
to describe:
• the cubic capacity of a vessel,
• the displacement of a vessel in tons of water,
• the total weight of the cargo, or
• a fee charged per ton of cargo at a port, pier, dock or
canal.
tonne
Another way to spell the word ton.
twenty-foot equivalent unit
Abbreviated TEU. Refers to container size standard of 20
feet.
2 20-foot containers equal 1 FEU. This equivalency standard
was set by the ISO.
Packages loaded on a pallet in a crate or any other way that
enables them to be handled at one time as a unit.
unitization
Loading 1 or more large items of cargo onto a single piece
of equipment, such as a pallet.
The consolidation of a quantity of individual items into 1
large shipping unit for easier handling.
unitize
To consolidate several packages into 1 unit; to strap, band,
or otherwise attach the several packages together.
unitized cargo
See unitize.
unitized load
A number of cartons or other pieces of cargo that are loaded
onto a container as a single unit, typically either on a platform
called a pallet, or a slipsheet. This type of handling faciliates
handling by a load truck.
unstuff
Unloading a container.
vanning
See stuffing.
W
A tonne of one thousand kilogrammes.
See also ton.
weight cargo
A cargo on which the transportation charge is assessed on
the basis of weight.
weight limits
Once a container loaded with cargo has been put on a
chassis and this unit has been attached to a tractor, there
is another consideration: the limitations of the weight-
bearing capacity of the road system between the beginning
and end of the over-the-road segment.
In the U.S., these limitations are called "bridge laws," as
they are usually based on the weight that can be supported
by a bridge.
weights and measures
Measurement ton = 40 cubic ft.
Net ton, or short ton = 2,000 lbs.
Gross ton/long ton = 2,240 lbs.
Metric ton/kilo ton = 2,204.6 lbs.
Cubic meter = 35.314 cubic ft.
APL provides this information as a service to our customers. While every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the information
provided, APL cannot accept responsibility for the material contained herein since it is designed to be of general applicability and does not consider the
specific requirements and circumstances of individual customers.

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