ABOUT THE COMPENDIUM

Dear Students,
Vidyamandir Classes academic team knows that you are rigourously studying to cover the entire prescribed
syllabus. As the Final Exams approach, this is the time when you need to revisit the concepts you have
learned. At this time, you have to be very focused and directed in your approach.
To make your learning process precise, effective and enjoyable, we at Vidyamandir Classes conceptualized
the compendium series, strategically designed to help you in scoring high grades in examination. The
Compendium is primarily intended to present the concepts of chapter in a concise manner. All key definitions,
diagrams and formulae have been integrated for a quick revision of the chapter.
To help you to easily master complicated concepts, definitions, diagrams and formulae, we have added
interesting tips, mnemonics, maps and matrices. Let us take a look at the elements of the Compendium and
how to use them.
Knowing these features will make it easier for you to assimilate complex information.

Icon Description How it can help you

To directly recapitulate main concepts of the

Concept map
chapter.

To help you draw and remember diagrams,

we have thoughtfully developed some
Drawing Tips
mnemonics to help you to memorise
Drawing Tips information

Compare
To help you in comparing different concepts
Contrast Matrix

To make your learning process effective, easy

Memory Tips
tips have been provided.

In this compendium, we have also incorporated:

• CBSE Blue Print: Type of questions asked and the weightage of different forms of questions.
• Analysis of Previous Years CBSE questions: The topic wise analysis of previous years question along
with the marks allocated.
• We are confident that this Compendium will prove very helpful in achieving excellent result in your
exams.

All the very best for your exams!

Vidyamandir Classes Academic Team

Compendium/Chemistry/Class XII 1 © 201 0 Vidyamandir Classes

 The Solid State

About The Solid State

Matter exists in nature in four states namely solid, liquid, gas and plasma. All these states
differ from each other in attractive forces, and arrangement of particles. This chapter looks at
solid state in detail.

Solids are of two types as given in the following table with their properties:

Property Crystalline Solids Amorphous Solids

1. Shape Have definite characteristic Irregular shape

geometrical shape

2. Melting point Have sharp and characteristic Soften over a range of

temperature temperature

3. Cleavage property On cutting with a sharp edge On cutting with a sharp edge
tool, these cut into two pieces tool, these cut into two pieces
having smooth surfaces and with irregular surfaces
plain

4. Anisotropy Isotropic in nature Anisotropic in nature

5. Nature True solids Pseudo solids or supercooled

liquids

6. Order in arrangement Long range order Short range order

of constituent particles

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Crystalline solids can be further classified into four categories.

Type of solid Molecular solids Ionic solids Metallic Covalent or

Non polar Polar Hydrogen solids network solids
bonded
Examples Ar, CCl4 HCl, SO2, H2O (ice) NaCl, CsCl, Fe, Cu, Ag, SiO2 (quartz),
HBr MgO, ZnS, Mg SiC, C
CaF2 (diamond), AlN,
C(graphite)
Constituent Molecules Molecules Molecules Ions Positive ions Atoms
particles in sea of
delocalized
Bonding forces Weak Dipole- Hydrogen Coulombic Metallic Covalent
dispersion dipole bonds bonding bonding
forces interaction
Physical nature Soft Soft Hard Hard but Hard but Hard, graphite
brittle malleable is soft
and ductile
Melting point Very low Low Low High Fairly high Very high
Electrical Insulator Insulator Insulator Insulator in Conductors Insulators
conductivity solid state
but Graphite
conductors (exception) is
in molten conductor
state or
aqueous
solutions
Crystal Lattices
The constituent particles (atoms, ions or molecules) of a crystal are arranged in a definite and
regular order in space. The relative positions of such particles in a crystal are shown by points.
The arrangement of these points in a crystal is called space lattice. The seven crystal systems
form the 14 possible Bravais lattices listed in the following table:

Crystal System Types of Lattices

Cubic Simple, Face centred, Body centred

Tetragonal Simple, Body centred

Orthorhombic Simple, Face centred, Body centred, End Centred

Monoclinic Simple, End Centred

Rhombohedra Simple

Triclinic Simple

Hexagonal Simple

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The seven crystal systems form the following Bravais lattices according to the arrangement of
the points in the different unit cells involved.
Crystal system Possible Axial Axial angles Examples
variation distances or
edge lengths
Cubic Primitive, a=b=c α = β = γ = 90° NaCl, KCl, Diamond, Zinc
Body-centred, blende (ZnS), Cu, Ag
Face-centred
Tetragonal Primitive, a=bc α = β = γ = 90° White tin, SnO2, TiO2, CaSO4
Body-centred
Orthorhombic Primitive, abc α = β = γ = 90° Rhombic sulphur, KNO3, K2SO4,
Body-centred, BaSO4, PbCO3
Face-centred,
End-centered
Hexagonal Primitive a=bc α = β = 90°, γ = 120° Graphite, ZnO, CdS, PbI2

Rhombohedral Primitive a=b=c α = β = γ 90° Calcite (CaCO3), quartz NaNO3,

or Trigonal HgS (Cinnabar)
Monoclinic Primitive, End- abc α = γ = 90°, β 120°, Monoclinic sulphur, Na2SO4
centered .10H2O
Triclinic Primitive abc α  β  γ  90° CuSO4.5H 2O, K2Cr2O7, H3BO3

Figures of 14 Bravais lattices associated with the seven crystal systems are:

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Compendium/Chemistry/Class XII 5 © 201 0 Vidyamandir Classes
CENTRED UNIT CELLS

No. of atoms in unit cell

Body-centred Atoms are present at eight corners
1
unit cell   8+1  2 (one atom shared between eight
8
cubes) and one (not shared with
any) atom is present at the centre

No. of atoms in unit cell of the cube.

Face-centred
1 1
unit cell =  8+6   4
8 2
Atoms are present at eight corners
(one atom shared between eight

End-centred cubes) and six atoms (each shared

unit cells between two cubes) present on the
six faces of the cube.

CLOSE PACKED STRUCTURES

In solids the constituent particles are close-packed, leaving minimum vacant space. Close
packings are of following types:
(i) Close Packing in One Dimension: the spheres representing particles touch each other in a
row, the coordination number is 2.

(ii) Close Packing in Two Dimensions:

Square close packing: Can be generated by placing together the rows of close packed
spheres (Arrangement 1).
Hexagonal close packing: Generated by placing the second row on the depression between
the spheres of first row (Arrangement II).

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(iii) Close Packing in Three Dimensions:

V o i ds: The empty spaces

between atoms in a crystal are
called voids. Voids are of three
types: tetrahedral, octahedral
and trigonal voids.

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 Calculations involving unit cell
dimensions

Density of anunit cell

Mass of unit cell

Volume of unit cell
zM
or d 
3
a NA

where, z = number of atoms in

unit cell
M = Molar mass
NA = Avogadro constant
a3 = Volume of unit cell

IMPERFECTIONS IN SOLIDS: CRYSTAL DEFECTS

Types of Defects Diagram Examples

Vacancy Some lattices

defect are vacant

Point Stoichiometric
defects defects Constituent
Interstitial particles occupy
defect an interstitial
site

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 A vacancy
Frenkel
defect at ZnS, AgCl,
defect, also
original site and AgBr, AgI
called
interstitial
dislocation
defect at new
defect
location,

Stoichiometric
defects
This defect has NaCL, CsCl,
Schottky equal number of KCl, AgBr
defect cations and
anions

SrCl2 in NaCl,
Impurity
solid solution
Point Impurity defects occupies the
of CdCl2 and
defects sites of a crystal
AgCl

Due to the
Metal excess presence of
ZnO
defect extra cations at
interstitial sites
Non
stoichiometric
defects
Have less
amount of metal FeO which is
Metal compared to mostly found
deficiency stoichiometric with a
defect proportion composition
of Fe0.95O

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Compendium/Chemistry/Class XII 10 © 201 0 Vidyamandir Classes
CBSE BLUEPRINT

Types of questions Very short answer Short answer I Short answer II Total marks
(1 mark) (2 marks) (3 marks)

Option I 1 – 1 1+3=4

Option II – 2 – 22=4

ANALYSIS OF CBSE QUESTIONS (2004-08)

CONCEPTS YEAR(S)

Crystal structure, formula of compound 2008, 2006, 2005

Close packed structures 2007
Defects in crystals 2007, 2006, 2004
Semiconductors 2007
Magnetic properties 2007
Numerical on unit cell dimensions 2008, 2007, 2006, 2005, 2004

Tips to answer

Formula of a compound Check the type of lattice (ccp, hcp, etc.), find the number of voids
and occupancy of the elements of the compound in lattice and
voids. Find the ratio of two, e.g., A:B = 4:3 gives the formula A4B3

Coordination number Find the type of packing, then the number of closest neighbours

Doping Indicate the type of element with which silicon, germanium are to
be doped, e.g. group 15 element gives n-type (electron rich)
whereas group 13 element gives p-type (electron deficient)
semiconductors

Number of atoms in unit cell Check that how many atoms are shared between the unit cells in
vicinity and calculate accordingly

Atomic radius, density, Can be calculated using formula

number of atoms etc. Z ×M
Density of the unit cell = 3
a NA

Number of tetrahedral voids Twice the number of atoms

Number of octahedral voids Number of atoms

Number of vacancies on Number of corresponding ions added

adding ions

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