Name: Hannaj May Buenaventura Date: February 22, 2020

Subject: Natural Science II – Biological Sciences Day: Sat (10:00 – 1:00)

ACTIVITY 1: Scenario 3
You are raising hogs for market, and your
veterinarian recommends that you switch
the type of feed given to the mature
hogs. The vet is concerned that the
present feed is too high in protein. While
a high protein diet is recommended for
young, growing hogs, food too high in
protein can cause kidney problems in the
adult animals. You switch feed and notice
that the weights of your mature animals
drop. You want healthy animals with maximum weight, but you do not know how to solve the problem.
You design an experiment that would help you solve this problem. You think that the higher protein
ration is the best way to maintain your weight gain. You have 40 hogs and you divide them into two
groups. To one group, you feed the high protein feed, to the other, you feed the lower protein ration. All
40 hogs were farrowed within 10 days of each other. They are all about the same weight when you
begin this experiment. Each group of 20 hogs is in the same size pen in the same barn. You weigh all
hogs before the experiment, place them on feed for 3 weeks and weigh the hogs again.
Requirements:
1. Problem: Pigs are not getting enough protein
2. Hypothesis: Increasing the protein will increase
the weight gain
3. Independent Variable: Feed Ration.
4. Dependent Variable: Weight Gain.
5. Treatments: One group will get the high protein
feed the other will get the lower protein feed.
6. Trials: Two groups of 20 hogs each with different
feed ration for three weeks
7. Constants: Pen size, water, time.
 ILLUSTRATION
Materials Procedures:
Forty (40) Hogs 1. Prepare all the materials
2 Separate Pen 2. Divide the forty (40) hogs into two separate pens
Water 3. Farrow the hogs within 10 days of each other
High Protein Feed 4. Weigh the hogs before the experiment
Low Protein Feed 5. Place the control group in low protein feed for three weeks and
Time: Three weeks the experimental group in high protein feed for three weeks
6. Weigh the hogs each week then compare the data

Table
CONTROL GROUP: LOWER PROTEIN FEED EXPERIMENTAL GROUP: HIGH PROTEIN FEED
OBSERVATIO WEEK 1 WEEK 2 WEEK 3 OBSERVATIO WEEK 1 WEEK 2 WEEK 3
N N
WEIGHT 100kg 98kg 95kg WEIGHT 100kg 105kg 110kg
HEIGHT 30inches 30inches 30inches HEIGHT 30inches 32inches 35inches
WIDTH 50inches 50inches 50inches WIDTH 50inches 52inches 55inches
SKIN NORMAL OK OK SKIN NORMAL GOOD GOOD
HEALTH NORMAL OK OK HEALTH NORMAL GOOD GOOD

Conclusion: High protein feed increases the weight gain of hogs.

HOMEWORK
1. IDENTIFY PROPERTIES OF WATER, ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS
 Hydrogen bonding keeps water molecules close to each other, giving water cohesion. Hydrogen
bonding is also responsible for water’s surface tension.
 Water has a high specific heat: Heat is absorbed when hydrogen bonds break and is released
when hydrogen bonds form. This helps keep temperatures relatively steady, within limits that
permit life. Evaporative cooling is based on water’s high heat of vaporization. The evaporative
loss of the most energetic water molecules cools a surface.
 Ice floats because it is less dense than liquid water. This property allows life to exist under the
frozen surfaces of lakes and polar seas.
 Water is an unusually versatile solvent because its polar molecules are attracted to ions and
polar substances that can form hydrogen bonds. Hydrophilic substances have an affinity for
water; hydrophobic substances do not. Molarity, the number of moles of solute per liter of
solution, is used as a measure of solute concentration in solutions. A mole is a certain number
of molecules of a substance. The mass of a mole of a substance in grams is the same as the
molecular mass in daltons.
 The emergent properties of water support life on Earth and may contribute to the potential for
life to have evolved on other planets.

ACIDS BASES SALTS

Sour taste Bitter taste Salty
Not slippery Slippery Crystalline solid
pH<7 pH>7 Soluble in water
Corrode metals Do not corrode metals Conducts electricity
React with metals to produce Do not react with metals to Odorless
compound and hydrogen gas produce compound and
hydrogen gas
Turn litmus red/pink Turn litmus blue Colorless or colored
Proton donors Proton acceptors Ionic
Positively charged hydrogen Negatively charged hydroxide Negatively charged ions
ions ions (OH-) and positively charged
ions (H+)
2. CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER, CARBOHYDRATES, PROTEINS, FATS AND NUCLEIC ACID
Carbohydrates are a group of macromolecules that are a vital energy source for the cell and
provide structural support to plant cells, fungi, and all of the arthropods that include
lobsters, crabs, shrimp, insects, and spiders. Carbohydrates are classified as
monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides depending on the number of
monomers in the molecule. Monosaccharides are linked by glycosidic bonds that are
formed as a result of dehydration reactions, forming disaccharides and polysaccharides
with the elimination of a water molecule for each bond formed. Glucose, galactose, and
fructose are common monosaccharides, whereas common disaccharides include
lactose, maltose, and sucrose. Starch and glycogen, examples of polysaccharides, are
the storage forms of glucose in plants and animals, respectively. The long polysaccharide
chains may be branched or unbranched. Cellulose is an example of an unbranched
polysaccharide, whereas amylopectin, a constituent of starch, is a highly branched
molecule. Storage of glucose, in the form of polymers like starch of glycogen, makes it
slightly less accessible for metabolism; however, this prevents it from leaking out of the
cell or creating a high osmotic pressure that could cause excessive water uptake by the
cell.
Lipids are a class of macromolecules that are nonpolar and hydrophobic in nature. Major types
include fats and oils, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids. Fats are a stored form of
energy and are also known as triacylglycerols or triglycerides. Fats are made up of fatty
acids and either glycerol or sphingosine. Fatty acids may be unsaturated or saturated,
depending on the presence or absence of double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain. If
only single bonds are present, they are known as saturated fatty acids. Unsaturated
fatty acids may have one or more double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain. Phospholipids
make up the matrix of membranes. They have a glycerol or sphingosine backbone to
which two fatty acid chains and a phosphate-containing group are attached. Steroids are
another class of lipids. Their basic structure has four fused carbon rings. Cholesterol is a
type of steroid and is an important constituent of the plasma membrane, where it helps
to maintain the fluid nature of the membrane. It is also the precursor of steroid
hormones such as testosterone.
Proteins are a class of macromolecules that perform a diverse range of functions for the cell.
They help in metabolism by providing structural support and by acting as enzymes,
carriers, or hormones. The building blocks of proteins (monomers) are amino acids. Each
amino acid has a central carbon that is linked to an amino group, a carboxyl group, a
hydrogen atom, and an R group or side chain. There are 20 commonly occurring amino
acids, each of which differs in the R group. Each amino acid is linked to its neighbors by a
peptide bond. A long chain of amino acids is known as a polypeptide. Proteins are
organized at four levels: primary, secondary, tertiary, and (optional) quaternary. The
primary structure is the unique sequence of amino acids. The local folding of the
polypeptide to form structures such as the α helix and β-pleated sheet constitutes the
secondary structure. The overall three-dimensional structure is the tertiary structure.
When two or more polypeptides combine to form the complete protein structure, the
configuration is known as the quaternary structure of a protein. Protein shape and
function are intricately linked; any change in shape caused by changes in temperature or
pH may lead to protein denaturation and a loss in function.
Nucleic acids are molecules made up of nucleotides that direct cellular activities such as cell
division and protein synthesis. Each nucleotide is made up of a pentose sugar, a
nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group. There are two types of nucleic acids: DNA
and RNA. DNA carries the genetic blueprint of the cell and is passed on from parents to
offspring (in the form of chromosomes). It has a double-helical structure with the two
strands running in opposite directions, connected by hydrogen bonds, and
complementary to each other. RNA is single-stranded and is made of a pentose sugar
(ribose), a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group. RNA is involved in protein
synthesis and its regulation. Messenger RNA (mRNA) is copied from the DNA, is
exported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, and contains information for the
construction of proteins. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is a part of the ribosomes at the site of
protein synthesis, whereas transfer RNA (tRNA) carries the amino acid to the site of
protein synthesis. microRNA regulates the use of mRNA for protein synthesis.
3. PARTS OF CELL AND FUNCTIONS OF PROKARYOTIC, EUKARYOTIC; and
Prokaryotic Cells are
predominantly single-celled
organisms of the domains Bacteria
and Archaea. All prokaryotes have
plasma membranes, cytoplasm,
ribosomes, and DNA that is not
membrane-bound. Most have
peptidoglycan cell walls and many
have polysaccharide capsules.
Prokaryotic cells range in diameter
from 0.1 to 5.0 μm. As a cell
increases in size, its surface area-to-
volume ratio decreases. If the cell
grows too large, the plasma
membrane will not have sufficient
surface area to support the rate of
diffusion required for the increased
volume.
Eukaryotic Cells Like a
prokaryotic cell, a eukaryotic cell has
a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and
ribosomes, but a eukaryotic cell is
typically larger than a prokaryotic
cell, has a true nucleus (meaning its
DNA is surrounded by a membrane),
and has other membrane-bound
organelles that allow for compartmentalization of functions. The plasma membrane is a
phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins. The nucleus’s nucleolus is the site of ribosome
 assembly. Ribosomes are either found in the
cytoplasm or attached to the cytoplasmic side
of the plasma membrane or endoplasmic
reticulum. They perform protein synthesis.
Mitochondria participate in cellular respiration;
they are responsible for the majority of ATP
produced in the cell. Peroxisomes hydrolyze
fatty acids, amino acids, and some toxins.
Vesicles and vacuoles are storage and
transport compartments. In plant cells,
vacuoles also help break down
macromolecules. Animal cells also have a centrosome and lysosomes. The centrosome has two
bodies perpendicular to each other, the centrioles, and has an unknown purpose in cell
division. Lysosomes are the digestive organelles of animal cells. Plant cells and plant-like cells
each have a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a central vacuole. The plant cell wall, whose primary
component is cellulose, protects the cell, provides structural support, and gives shape to the
cell. Photosynthesis takes place in chloroplasts. The central vacuole can expand without having
to produce more cytoplasm.
MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS