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ff ; hd kjpg;gPLfs;
myF – 1
Nehf;fq;fs;:
mstpLjy; :-
tiuaiwfs; :-
3. mstPL vd;Gj ve;j xU nghUisg; gw;wpAk; vt;tsT (m) vt;tsT nghpajhd (m)
vt;tsT rpwpajhd vt;tsT mjpfkhd (m) vt;tsT Fiwthd fz;lwptjhFk;.
– (ikf;Nfy;]; fhh;d;]> 1950)
mstpLjy; - nghUs; :-
tiuaiw :-
kjpg;gPL (Evaluation) :-
nghUs;:
tiuaiw :-
- lf;Nkd; 1975
fw;wypy; kjpg;gPL :-
kjpg;gPlhf fw;wy; :-
fw;wYf;fhd kjpg;gPL :-
KOikfhy kjpg;gPL :-
kjpg;gpLjypd; Nfhl;ghLfs; :-
* fl;Liu
* mwpf;iffs;
* ntspaPLfs;
* fbjk; %yk; mwpTWj;jy; (nfhs;if kw;Wk; nghJeyk; rhu;e;j)
* xU Fwpg;gpl;l fl;lj;jpw;fhd RUf;fkhd epfo;r;rp ciuia jahu; nra;a xU
FOit cUthf;Fjy;.
* Fwpg;gpl;l ehNsl;bid gw;wpa E}y; kjpg;Giu
* may;ehl;L ehNsLfSf;fhd fl;Liufis vOJjy;.
* fl;LiufSf;fhd fUj;Njhl;lk; gw;wpa tpsf;fkspj;jy;.
* nra;Jfhl;ly;.
* ebj;Jf; fhl;ly;.
* Ma;tf mwpf;if.
* Fwpg;gpl;l ghu;itahsu;fSf;fhf tpsf;fg;glq;fNshL $ba ifNaL gad;gLj;jy;.
* cz;ikj;jd;ikfis cw;W Nehf;fy; (m) gapw;rp ngw;wtiu nfhz;L
gpd;gw;Wjy;.
* vOj;Jj; Nju;T.
* tha;nkhopj; Nju;T.
* fl;Liu.
* mwpf;if.
* njhFg;G (m) gjpNtLfspd; Jy;ypak; gw;wpa fUj;J.
* fiyf;fsQ;rpaj;jpw;fhd EioT nrhy;.
* A – Z jahupj;jy;.
* thbf;ifahsu;fspd; tpdhf;fSf;F gjpy; mspj;jy;.
* rpWtpdh : rupah jtwh> gyTs; Nju;T tpdh> tpilj;jhs; rhu;e;j (m) fzpdp
rhu;e;j kjpg;gPL.
* njhFg;G.
* nray;Kiw.
* toq;Fjy; (m) mspj;jy;.
* mDkhdq;fs;.
* nray;jpl;lk;.
8. njhlu;GgLj;jy;:
kjpg;gPL nray;Kiw :-
1. juksTr; Nrhjidfs;:
tuyhw;W mwpf;if.
jpl;lkpLjy; kw;Wk; KbntLj;jypy; cWJiz.
fw;wy; #oYf;F cq;fs; gq;fspg;gpid Mtzg;gLj;jy;.
nghJ njhlu;G.
jfty;fis gug;Gjy;.
cq;fs; Kaw;rp vg;gb vd;gij ghu;j;jy;.
kjpg;gPL jfty;fs; Nrfupj;jy; kw;Wk; gad;gLj;jypy; gapw;rp gw;wpa fUj;J :-
tpdhf;fs; :-
1. kjpg;gPL – tiuaW.
2. fw;wypy; kjpg;gPl;bd; gq;F ahJ?
3. KOikfhy kjpg;gPL vd;why; vd;d?
4. kjpg;gPL eilKiwg;gLj;jypd; Nfhl;ghLfs; ahJ?
5. kjpg;gPl;L KbTfis jahupf;Fk; mwpf;ifia ePtpu; vt;thW jahu; nra;tPu;?
myF – 2
1. fw;wy; xU njhlu;nray;.
2. fw;NghUf;F fw;wy; mwpthdhf cs;sJ.
3. fw;gtu; jd; fw;wy; nraYf;fhf nghWg;Ngw;fpwhu;.
kjpg;gPL gpujpgypg;G kw;Wk; nray; %yk; cUthf;f gilg;ghw;wy;> nray;Kiw gw;wp
Mokhd GupjYf;Fk;> nraYf;Fk; njhlu;G cs;sJ. xU khztu; mwpthu;e;j
vjpu;g;ghu;g;Gfis mwpe;jpUg;gJld; jdJ nrhe;j Ntiyfis vt;thW jpwk;gl Ma;T
nra;tJ kw;Wk; tpku;rdk; nra;tJ vd;gij Gupe;J nfhs;tNj Mf;fg;g+u;tkhd kjpg;gPL
mZFKiw vd;fpNwhk;. ,e;j nray;Kiw %d;W gbepiyfis nfhz;Ls;sd.
C - njhlu;r;rp
C - KOikahd
E - kjpg;gPL
nray;jpl;lk; :-:-
fUj;juq;F :-:-
juepu;zak; :-:-
* cw;WNehf;fy;.
* fl;Liu.
* Neu;fhzy;.
* nray;jpwd;.
* nra;Jf;fhl;ly; kw;Wk; fz;fhl;rp.
* njhFg;Gfs;.
* ehs;NsL
* Mrpupau; cUthf;Fk; Nrhjid.
* Ra (k) rf kjpg;gPL.
Nrhjidapd;
Nrhjidapd; tiffs; :-:-
vOj;J Nrhjid:-
Nrhjid:-
v.fh:
fl;Liu tif
tif :-:-
gpd;D}l;lk;:-
rf kjpg;gPL:-:-
Ra kjpg;gpL:-
pL:-
1. ,yf;Ffs; epu;zapj;jy;.
2. kjpg;gPl;Lf; fUtpfSk;> topfhl;Ljy; eilKiwfSk;.
3. njhFg;G.
tpdhf;fs; :-:-
Nehf;fq;fs;:
• Mrpupau; fz;fhzpg;Gfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij Gupe;J nfhs;s
• fw;wypy; ifahsf;$ba kdk;rhh;fsj;jpd; jhf;fj;ij mwpa
• kdg;gd;ik msitfspd; gz;Gfis mwpa
• rupghu;g;Gfs;> kjpg;gPl;L msTNfhy;fs; kw;Wk; &gpf;]; Mfpatw;wpy; jpwd; tsu
• Nrhjid cUg;gbfis cUthf;Fk; Nfhl;ghLfis Gupe;J nfhs;s
fz;fhzpg;G
midj;J kl;lq;fspYk; fy;tpapd; tpisTfis khztu; fw;wypd; jftiy toq;Ftjw;F
Mrpupau; fz;fhzpg;G jpwd; cs;sJ. Mrpupau; ftdpg;G ,uz;L tifahf tifg;gLj;jg;glyhk;:
jw;nrayhd kw;Wk; jpl;lkpl;l ftdpg;G.
fw;gpj;jy; kw;Wk; fw;wy; ele;Jnfhz;bUf;Fk; nray;ghLfs; Mrpupau; kw;Wk; khztu;fs; ,ilNa
xUq;fpizg;G nra;ifapy; Vw;gLfpwJ. NtWtpjkhf $wpdhy;> xU jpl;lkplg;glhj tFg;giw
eltbf;iffspd; gpd;dzpapy;> Mrpupau; ftdpf;fpwhu;. jdpg;gl;l khztu; fw;wy; rpy mk;rk;. jw;nrayhd
ftdpg;G gad;gLj;jg;glyhk; Kiwahd kjpg;gPl;bw;Fk; Gfhuspf;Fk; xU Mjhukhf itf;fg;gLk; gjpTfs;
rhu;e;J ,Uf;fyhk;.
jpl;lkpl;l fz;fhzpg;G Mrpupau; xU tha;g;ig Ntz;Lnkd;Nw jpl;lkply; mlq;Fk; Fwpg;gpl;l
fw;wy; tpisTfis ftdpf;fTk;. ,e;j jpl;lkplg;gl;l tha;g;G R+oypy; Vw;glyhk; tof;fkhd tFg;giw
eltbf;iffs; my;yJ xU kjpg;gPl;L gzpapd; mikg;gpd; %yk; epfoyhk;.
Rakjpg;gPL
jd;dpaf;f kjpg;gPL khztu;fs; gy Nju;T Nju;Tfs; kw;Wk; juk; jq;fis gjpy;fis ntWkNd
gupNrhjpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W mu;j;jg;gLj;jyhk;> Mdhy; mijtpl mjpfkhdit ,jpy; mlq;Fk;. Ra
kjpg;gPL vd;gJ xU nray;Kiwahf kpfTk; Jy;ypakhf tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ> ,jd; %yk; khztu;fs; 1)
mtu;fspd; rpe;jid kw;Wk; elj;ijapd; juj;ij fz;fhzpf;fTk; kjpg;gPL nra;aTk;> fw;wy; kw;Wk; 2)
jq;fsJ Gupjy; kw;Wk; jpwd;fis Nkk;gLj;Jk; cj;jpfisf; fz;lwpjy;. mjhtJ> elg;G kw;Wk; tpUk;gpa
nray;jpwd; Mfpatw;wpw;F ,ilNaahd Kuz;ghLfis milahsk; fhz;gjw;fhf khztu;fs;
nray;jpwid Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhf jq;fs; nrhe;j Ntiyia jPu;j;Jf; nfhs;Sk;NghJ Ra kjpg;gPL
Vw;gLfpwJ. Ra kjpg;gPl;L ,e;j mk;rk; juepiy mbg;gilapyhd fy;tpAld; neUf;fkhf xUq;fpizfpwJ.
,J khztu; Ra kjpg;gPl;il vspjhf;Fk; njspthd ,yf;FfisAk; juepiyfisAk; toq;FfpwJ.
Ra kjpg;gPl;L nray;Kiw:
Ra-fz;fhzpg;G> jpwikahd Ra kjpg;gPL Njitg;gLk; jpwik elj;ij my;yJ rpe;jidapd; rpy
mk;rq;fSf;F ftdk; nrYj;JfpwJ. Ra-fz;fhzpg;G khztu;fs; jhq;fs; vij nra;fpwhu;fNsh
mijNa Nehf;fkhff; fUJfpd;wdu;. vdNt jd;dpaf;f fz;fhzpg;G rpe;jid kw;Wk; tpopg;Gzu;T gw;wpa
tpopg;Gzu;it Vw;gLj;JfpwJ NkYk; mit Ra kjpg;gPL nra;Ak; NghJ khztu;fs; vd;d nra;tJ
vd;gij tpsf;Fk;.
gapw;rp tpisTfs;:
tFg;giwapy; Mrpupau;fs;> khztu; Ra kjpg;gPL cj;jpfs; gad;gLj;j NghJ mtw;iw
gad;gLj;Jtjw;F xU tpopg;Gzu;T cUthfpwJ. Mrpupau;fSk; khztu;fSk; ,e;j jpwd;fisf;
fw;Wf;nfhs;thu;fs; NghJ mtu;fs; njspthd fy;tp ,yf;Ffis cUthf;fp kjpg;gPL nra;tjw;fhd
kjpg;gPLfis tFj;J khztu;fs; jq;fs; nrhe;j Ntiyia kjpg;gPL nra;a cjTthu;fs;. fw;wy;
nray;Kiwfspy; mtu;fs; jPtpukhf <LgLtNjhL NkYk; fw;wy; kw;Wk; fw;wy; tpisTfSf;F
cWJizahf ,Ug;gjhy; me;j eilKiwfs; khztu;fs; <LgLfpd;wd. khztu; Ra kjpg;gPL
Mrpupau;fs; ,yf;F mikg;ig> kjpg;gPL kw;Wk; gpujpgypg;G %yk; jq;fs; khztu;fSf;F kjpg;gpLk;
nghWg;Gfis fle;J fw;Wf;nfhs;s vd;W $lf; Nfl;ftpy;iy.
Fwpg;Gfspd; Nehf;fk;:
1. xU fhyg;gFjpapy; khztu; mgptpUj;jp gw;wpa jfty;fis toq;Fjy;
2. jdpg;gl;l topfhl;b Njitfisg; gw;wp njhlu;e;J gjpTfis toq;Fjy;
3. ,of;f NeupLk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f elj;ijfs; gw;wpa Ma;Tfisg; gpbf;fTk;
4. khztu;fs; ngw;Nwhu;fs; kw;Wk; Mrpupau;fs; gfpug;glf;$Lk; fw;wy; ele;J Mtzj;ij toq;f.
kdg;ghd;ik msitfs;
xU mZFKiw mstPl;L vd;gJ xU nghUspd; my;yJ epfo;itg; gw;wpa xU egupd;
czu;Tfspd; jPtpuk; kw;Wk; jpiria (my;yJ mjw;F vjpuhf) Fwpf;Fk; kjpg;ngz;fis cUthf;f
tbtikf;fg;gl;l tpNrl tif Nfs;tpj;jhs; MFk;. mZFKiw khw;wq;fs; ngUk;ghYk; mZFKiw
khw;w Nrhjidfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. xU FOthf ,uz;L Kiw msit epug;gTk; rpy
re;ju;g;gj;jpw;F Kd;du; xU njspthd thjj;ij thrpj;J gpd;du; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; epug;gTk; Nfl;fg;gLfpwJ.
xU fl;Lg;ghl;L FO thjk; gbj;J ,y;yhky; ,uz;L Kiw msT epug;Gk;. fl;Lg;ghL FO ntspg;ghL
my;yJ eilKiw tpisTfis mstpl gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;l FOtpid Nrhjid
FO cwtpdu; kjpg;ngz;fis khw;wk; mtu;fsJ kdg;ghd;ikapy; mjpfkhfNth my;yJ FiwthfNth
rhjfkhd khwptpl;ld vd;gij> thjj;jpd; tpisTfs; Fwpf;fpwJ.
Cf;fg;Lj;Jk; msitfs;
Nrhjid jahuhfpwJ:
• Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l tiffSf;fhd fl;Lkhd tpjpfs; gb Nrhjid nghUl;fis vOjTk;.
• tptuf;Fwpg;Gfs; ml;ltizapd;gb Nrhjid cs;spl;l nghUl;fis Nju;e;njLf;fTk;.
• topfhl;Ljy;fs; gb nghUl;fis Ma;T nra;J jpUj;jTk;.
• cUg;gbfis xOq;FgLj;Jjy; (cUg;gbfis FOg;gLj;Jjy; FOf;fSf;Fs; nghUl;fis
tupirg;gLj;Jjy; FOf;fspd; tupir).
• nghUe;Jk; tif my;yJ gpupTfspd;
• kjpg;ngz; Kiw gw;wp KbntLq;fs;.
Nfs;tpfs;
1. Mrpupau; fz;fhzpg;Gfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf;Ff.
2. tptuz gjpTfs; gw;wpa RUf;fkhd Fwpg;ig jUf .
3. kzg;ghz;if msitfspd; gz;Gfis tptupf;fTk;.
4. nghUj;jkhd cjhuzq;fSld; &gpf;]; tpsf;Ff.
5. Nrhjidfis eph;khzpf;Fk; Nfhl;ghLfis gl;baypf.
Nehf;fq;fs;
• kjpg;gPL tzpfkakhf;fyp;y; Kf;fpa gpur;rpidfs; Gupe;J nfhs;s
• juk; Fiwe;j Nrhjidfisg; gw;wp Gupe;Jf; nfhs;s
• kjpg;gPl;by; rPu;jpUj;jq;fis mwptJ
• jpwe;j Gj;jfk; kw;Wk; Md;iyd; Nju;Tfs; gw;wp njupe;J nfhs;s
• Nju;T rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; njupe;J nfhs;s
ek;gfj;jd;ik
ek;gfj;jd;ik Nrhjid juj;jpd; kpf Kf;fpakhd $Wfspy; xd;whFk;. ,J epiyj;jd;ikAld;
my;yJ kWgad;ghl;Lld; my;yJ Nrhjidf;Fl;gl;l gupNrhjidapd; nray;jpwDld; nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
cjhuzkhf ,uz;L re;ju;g;gq;fspy; gupNrhjidAld; mjpf ek;gfj;jd;ik nfhz;l xU gupir
ePq;fs; epu;tfpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;why; ,uz;L Kiw gupNrhjidapd; nray;jpwidg; gw;wpa mNj KbTfis
ePq;fs; milayhk;. Vio ek;gfj;jd;ik xU Nrhjid kWGwk; ,uz;L Nrhjid epu;thfq;fs; KOtJk;
guPl;irf;F kpfTk; tpj;jpahrkhd kjpg;ngz;fis tpistpf;Fk;. NrhjidahdJ rPuw;w kjpg;ngz;fis
tpistpj;jhy; Nrhjid mbg;gilapy; ve;jnthU Fwpg;gplj;jf;f nray;fisAk; vLf;fj; jFjpaw;wjhf
,Uf;fyhk;. Nrhjid kWNrhjid ek;gfj;jd;ik> ,iz tbtq;fs; ek;gfj;jd;ik KbT
epiyj;jd;ikAk; cl;Gw epiyj;jd;ikAk; kw;Wk; ek;gfj;jd;ik cl;gl Nrhjid ek;gfj;jd;ik
fzf;fpLjYf;fhd gy Kiwfs; cs;sd. gy msTNfhy;fisg; nghWj;jtiu Fwpg;gplg;gl;l Nrhjidfs;
Kbitj; jPu;khdpf;Fk; KiwahdJ rupahd Nju;T.
Neu;ik
xU guPl;irapd; Neu;ik ve;jnthU rhu;gpYk; ,Ue;J mjd; Rje;jpuj;ij Fwpf;fpwJ.
,dk; kjk; ghypdk; my;yJ taJ Mfpatw;iwj; jtpu;j;J jFjptha;e;j midj;J gupNrhjidapYk;
Nju;r;rp nghUj;jkhdjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. Nrhjid ve;j gupNrhjidNah gupNrhjidapd; FONth
ve;jnthU fhuzj;jpw;fhfTk; gupNrhjpf;fg;glhky; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. gupNrhjid kw;Wk; gupNrhjidapd;
gw;whf;Fiwia Nrhjid nra;tjw;fhd Nehf;fj;ij jtpu NtW ve;jnthU fhuzKk; ,y;iy.
cUg;gbia vOj;jhsu;fs; epahaj;jpwid Fwpf;f Ntz;Lk;. mit nghUl;fis vOJtjw;fhd gzpia
Nkw;nfhs;Sk;. $Ljyhf cUg;gbfs; kjpg;gha;T fl;lj;jpd;NghJ rhj;jpakhd epahakhd rpf;fy;fSf;F
kjpg;gha;T nra;a Ntz;Lk;. rhj;jpakhd rhu;G my;yJ Neu;ik ,y;yhik vd milahsk; fhzf;$ba
ve;jnthU nghUSk; gpd;du; jpUj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk; my;yJ NkYk; fUj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
rl;l ghJfhg;G
jPikfs;
Nju;T miwapy; toq;fg;gl;l jpwe;j Gj;jfj;jpypUe;J khztu;fs; gbg;gij epWj;jptpl;L
ntWkNd efnyLf;Fk;. ntw;wpf;F toptFf;Fk; khztu;fspilNa ,ufrpa tpthjq;fis fl;Lg;gLj;JtJ
kpfTk; fbdkhdjhf ,Uf;Fk;. gh]; mTl;fs; vz;zpf;if mjpfupf;Fk; kw;Wk; jpwe;j Gj;jfj;jpy; 12 tJ
guPl;ir guPl;irapy; Nju;r;rp ngw;w khztu;fs; cau;e;j gbg;gpy; Vw;ghL nra;ag;gLk; mNjNghd;w tif
Nfhupf;iffis NfhUfpd;wdu;> gpd;du; mtu;fs; jpwe;j Gj;jfk; toq;Ftij NfhUthu;fs;. mtuJ
NehahspfSf;F mWit rpfpr;ir nra;Ak; NghJ Gj;jfj;jpd; gf;fq;fisj; jpUg;gr; nra;Ak; mWitr;
rpfpr;iria ntWkNd fw;gid nra;J ghUq;fs;. thupak; guPl;irfs; mtw;wpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij ,of;Fk;
kw;Wk; rpgpv]; thupaj;jpd; kjpg;ngz;fs; my;yJ juk; mbg;gilapy; xU egupd; jpwd; kw;Wk; jpwid
kjpg;gPL nra;a tpUk;Gtjpy;iy.
• xU Md;iyd; R+oypy; Nrhjid ghuk;gupa fhfpj kw;Wk; Ngdh Nrhjidfs; tpl epiwa ClhLk;
,Uf;f KbAk;. gapw;Wtpg;ghsu;fSf;F mjpf <LghL mspf;Fk; kjpg;gPLfis toq;Ftjw;fhf ky;bkPbah
Nrhjid Nfs;tpfspy; cl;nghjpf;f KbAk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf;F vOjg;gl;l gbtj;jpy; gjpyspg;gjw;F
gjpyhf> Neubahf mijf; fpspf; nra;tjd; %yk; xU Fwpg;gpl;l glj;jpd; xU gFjpia milahsk;
fhZk;gb khztu;fs; Nfl;fg;glyhk;.
FiwghLfs;
• xj;Jiog;G jpl;l mbg;gilapyhd Md;iyd; kjpg;gPLfisg; Nghyd;wp Md;iydpy; gy Nju;Tfs;
my;yJ fl;Liuia tFg;giwapy; tpl jdpj;jd;ik tha;e;jjhf czu KbAk;.
• ,J xU Md;iyd; khztu; jdpkdpjdpd; czu;TfSf;F ,l;Lr; nry;Yk;.
• ghlE}y; ntspaPl;lhsuhy; toq;fg;gl;l gy Nju;T tpdhf;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtjpy; kaf;Fk; NghJ>
,e;j tifahd kjpg;gPLfs; gilg;ghw;wy; ,y;yhjit. NkYk; cq;fs; gapw;Wtpg;ghsu;fspd; Fwpg;gpl;l
NjitfSf;F Vw;wjhf ,Uf;fhJ.
• gpshf;Nghu;by; Md;iyd; Nrhjidia cUthf;FtJ kpfTk; fbdkhd kw;Wk; Neuj;ijr;
rhg;gpLk;. cq;fs; Nrhjid ikf;Nuhrhg;l; Ntu;l; gjpg;ig ntWkNd gjpNtw;WtJ mt;tsT vspjy;y.
khwhf gapw;Wtpg;ghsu;fs; xt;nthU Nfs;tpapd; ciu kw;Wk; xt;nthU jdp gjpg;gpd; ciuiaAk;
gpshf;Nghu;by; efnyLj;J xl;l Ntz;Lk;. rupahd gjpy;fisf; Fwpf;fTk;. gpd;D}l;l kw;Wk; tpUg;gj;Nju;T
tpUg;gq;fis jdpg;gadhf;fTk;.
• rpy khztu;fs; Md;iydpy; tpdh-tpil kw;Wk; Nrhjidfis vLf;f gof;fg;gLj;jpf;nfhs;s
khl;lhu;fs; nlf;dhy[pf;Fj; njupe;J nfhs;tjw;F Kd;Ng mtu;fs; nrk];lu; Muk;gj;jpy; rpy ifahy;
itj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
• xU Md;iyd; Nrhjid kPJ Vkhw;WtJ kw;nwhU rhsuj;ij jpwe;J $fps; Njl my;yJ rupahd
gjpy;fis xU tFg;G Nfl;Fk; Nghd;w vspJ. NkYk;> gapw;Wtpg;ghsUf;F jLf;f my;yJ gpbf;f
Md;iyd; gy Nju;T Nju;Tfs; kPJ Vkhw;WtJ rhj;jpakw;wJ.
• Md;iyd; Nrhjidfs; nra;Ak; njhopy;El;gk; xU ngupa tp\ak; vd;whYk; mJTk; gpur;rpidfs;
Vw;glyhk;. ePq;fs; Md;iyd; Nrhjid nra;jhy; njhopy;El;g rpf;fy;fis vjpu;nfhz;Ls;s khztu;fs;
kw;Wk; ,iza ,izg;Gfis my;yJ Nkhrkhd fzpdpfisf; nfhz;l khztu;fs; rpy ntspg;gilahd
kpd;dQ;ry;fis mDg;g jahuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
,e;jpahtpy; Njh;Tr;rPu;jpUj;q;fs;
"ehq;fs; gy;fiyf;foff; fy;tp xU xw;iw rPu;jpUj;jk; gupe;Jiuf;Fk; ,Ue;jhy; mJ Nju;Tfspd;
vd;W ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;." - uhjh fpU\;zd; Mizf;FO gupNrhjidapd; 1948 gpur;rid fy;tpapd; kpfTk;
tup tpjpf;Fk; gpur;ridahf cs;sJ. jw;Nghija mikg;G Kiwfspd; Jujpu;\;lkhd tpisTfs; ek;
fz;fSf;F Kd;Ng cs;sd. ehk; jpUg;jpfukhf mij jPu;f;f KbAk; vd;why; khztu;fs; xU ngupa
epthuz ,Uf;Fk; kw;Wk; fy;tp Kfk; NtW ,Uf;Fk;.
ek; ehl;by; Nju;T mikg;G rPu;jpUj;j nghUl;L Kjypahu; Mizak; Nehf;fk; tif Nrhjidfs;
kw;Wk; cs; kjpg;gPL gad;gLj;Jtij kd mOj;jk; jPl;lg;gl;lJ. Nfhj;jhup fkp\Dk; ,e;j
rPu;jpUj;jq;fis kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; nra;jd. ,e;j Mizf;FO ijupakhf khztu; rhd;wpjo; jdJ KO
nray;jpwd; jhq;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W gupe;Jiuj;jhu; Mdhy; KO Nju;tpy; mtu; fle;J my;yJ Njhy;tp
vd;W tpisT ve;j fUj;J ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,J kpfTk; ey;y Nahrid vspjpy; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
jw;Nghija eilKiw khjpupia khw;Wtjpy; Kjy; eilKiw mfpy ,e;jpa fy;tp fTd;rpy;
mf;Nlhgu; 1995 y; kj;jpa fy;tp mikr;R epWtg;gl;lJ. ,J gupNrhjid Kiwapd; rpf;fiy jPu;f;f
Kd;Dupik mspj;jJ. And];Nfhthy; 1992 Mk; Mz;by; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l fy;tp gw;wpa ed;F
mwpag;gl;l ru;tNjr Mizf;FO gupNrhjidia rPu;jpUj;jk; nra;tjw;fhd kjpg;Gkpf;f fUj;Jf;fisAk;
MNyhridfisAk; toq;fpaJ.
fy;tp gw;wpa Njrpa nfhs;if> 1986 njhlu;r;rpahd kw;Wk; tpupthd kjpg;gPL kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk;
fl;lj;jpypUe;J nrk];lu; mikg;G mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
Gjpa Njrpa fy;tp nfhs;if 1986 gupe;Jiu:
1. "nray;jpwd; kjpg;gPL fw;wy; kw;Wk; Nghjid ve;j nray;Kiw xU xUq;fpize;j gFjpahf cs;sJ.
fy;tp %Nyhghaj;jpd; xU gFjpahf guPl;irapy; juk; tha;e;j Kd;Ndw;wj;ijf; nfhz;Ltu Nju;T nra;a
Ntz;Lk;.
2. jFjp kw;Wk; ek;gfkhd mstpyhd khztu; tsu;r;rp kw;Wk; fw;gpj;jy; kw;Wk; fw;wy;
Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd xU rf;jptha;e;j fUtpahFk; kjpg;gPlL
; Kiwia cWjp nra;tjw;fhd Nrhjid
Kiwia kjpg;gPL nra;tNj Nehf;fkhFk;. nray;ghl;L tifapy; ,J mu;j;jk;:
njhlf;f epiy:
1. nkhop ehl;by; Fiwe;jgl;r fw;wy; (vk;.vy;.vy;.];) nkhop> fzpjk; kw;Wk; Rw;Wr;R+oy; Ma;Tfs; 1 Kjy;
5 tFg;GfSf;F Njrpa kl;lj;jpy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. kPjKs;s gFjp kw;Wk; mbg;gil ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd;
tFg;Gfs; Mfpatw;iw cUthf;Ftjw;F ,NjNghd;w gapw;rp Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.
2. gpujhd fl;lj;jpy; jLg;Gf;fhty; nfhs;if jpl;lkplg;gltpy;iy vd;gjhy;> khztu;fSf;fhd khw;W
cjtp toq;Ftjw;fhf kjpg;gPl;bd; Kf;fpa nray;ghL ,aw;ifapy; fz;lwpag;gLk;.
3. xt;nthU khepyj;jpYk; cs;s rk;ge;jg;gl;l epWtdk; njhlu;r;rpahd tpupthd kjpg;gPl;bd; xU
nefpo;thd jpl;lj;ij Muk;g fl;lj;jpy; jahu; nra;Ak;> vdNt kjpg;gPL nray;Kiw ,e;j fl;lj;jpy;
fw;gpj;jy; kw;Wk; fw;wy; xU xUq;fpize;j gFjpahf nra;a.
,il epiy:
1. xt;nthU khepy thKk; tFg;Gfspy; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; mstpyhd kjpg;gPLfis fPNo Nghl;L mwpT
kw;Wk; my;yJ Gupe;Jnfhs;Sjy; jfty; njhlu;G jpwd;> Gupjy; gad;ghL gFg;gha;T> njhFg;G jPu;g;Gfs;
Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; ,e;j msTfis epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhd Ma;Tfs;> .
2. xt;nthU khepyj;jpYk; ftiy epWtdk; njhlu;r;rpahd tpupthd Nju;T xU nefpo;thd jpl;lk;
Nky;epiyg;gs;sp tiu epiyapy; gy;NtW gFjpfspy; kw;Wk; gs;spfs; tiffspdhYk; ngWtjw;F
Fwpg;gpl;l R+o;epiyfspy; gy;NtW Vw;g jahu; nra;J tpLk;.
2. xt;nthU gy;fiyf; fofKk; mjd; mjpfhu vy;iyf;Fs; jdp fy;Y}up /epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; Jiwfs;
%yk; tupirg;gLj;jg;gLtjw;fhd tpupthd topKiwfis jahupg;Nghk;. Mrpupau;fis juk; tha;e;j
Kiwapy; mwpKfg;gLj;j jpirkhw;w jpl;lq;fs; Vw;ghL nra;ag;glyhk;.
1991 y; vd;. [dhu;j;jd; nul;b Kd;dhs; Kjy;tu; kw;Wk; fy;tp mikr;ru; jiyikapy; fy;tpf;fhd
kj;jpa MNyhrid thupak; gy;NtW fhuzpfs; nray;gLj;j kjpg;gha;T fzf;fpy; mwpf;if vLj;J vd;W
$wpdhu;. "guPl;ir rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; R+o;epiy kw;Wk; gupzhkkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. Nju;T rPu;jpUj;jq;fspd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngupjhf ,Uf;f KbahJ. ehk; vd;W khwhf jdpg;gl;l Kaw;rpfs; kw;Wk; Ma;T cly;fs;
kdr;rha;TfSf;F gupNrhjid rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; tpl;L tpl xU tYthd kw;Wk; xUq;fpize;j Kaw;rpahy;
ikak; kw;Wk; ,e;j gFjpapy; khepy muRfs; ngw;wtuhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;glNtz;Lk; epidf;fpwPu;fs;. xU
rPu;jpUj;j rPu;jpUj;j Mizf;FOtpd; murpayikg;gpd; fPo; cs;sikf;F Vw;wJ. vt;thnwdpDk;> kw;nwhU
epWtdj;ij cUthf;Ftjw;F gjpyhf NCERT kw;Wk; UGC Mfpait KiwNa gs;sp kw;Wk; cau;
fy;tp Kiwfspy; Nju;T rPu;jpUj;jq;fis Cf;Ftpg;gjpy; kw;Wk; topelj;jypy; Kf;fpa gq;iff;
nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W ehq;fs; gupe;Jiuf;fpNwhk;. ,jw;fpilapy; gpd;tUk; eltbf;iffs;
gupe;Jiuf;fg;gLfpd;wd".
Nfs;tpfs;
• kjpg;gPl;bd; tzpfkakhf;fy; gw;wp tpthjpf;fTk;.
• jpwe;j Gj;jf Njh;tpd; ed;ikfs; kw;Wk; FiwghLfisAk; gl;baypLlTk;.
• kjpg;gPL rPu;jpUj;jq;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpid tpthp.
• Md;iyd; Nju;Tfs; eilKiw tpthp.
• Nju;T rPu;jpUj;jq;fspd; gy;NtW mwpf;iffs; tptupf;fTk;.
myF-
myF-5
cs;slf;fpa gapw;rpfspy; kjpg;gPL
Nehf;fq;fs;;:
,e;j myif gapd;w gpd;ds; Mrphpa khzth;fshy;
tifg;gLj;jg;gl;l kjpg;gPL:-:-
i. myfpd; Kbtpy; elj;jg;gLk; NrhjidahdJ my;y. ,J xU
njhlh;r;rpahFk;. ,jd; mtrpakhdJ fl;lisapid jpl;lkpLtjw;F
ahUnfy;yhk; cjtp Njitg;gLfpwJ vd;gij MuhaTk;, fz;Lgpbf;fTk;
gad;gLfpwJ. MrphpaUf;Fk;, khztUf;Fk; ,J gpd;Dl;lj;ijf; nfhLf;fpwJ.
ii. khzth;fspd; fw;wiyAk;, militAk;, Cf;fj;ijAk;, khdg;ghghd;d;ikAk;,
tFg;giwapy; fw;gpj;jy; njhlh;ghd fl;lisfisAk; gpujpgspf;fpwJ.
iii. khzth;fspd; fw;wiy epUgpf;f gy;tifahd topfis mspf;fpwJ.
Nrhjid (jdp/FO), cw;WNehf;fy;, Neh;fhzy;, Ra-kjpg;gPL kw;Wk; gy tifahd
tbtq;fisAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
Kd;kjpg;gPL:-:-
Kiw/KiwgLj;jg;gl;lh Nrhjidia fw;gth; ve;j mstpw;F vjph;tUk;
jpwd;, jiyg;G, ghlg;nghUs; kw;Wk; jFjp gw;wp njhpe;Js;shh; vd;gij Fwpg;gpl
gad;gLj;jgLfpwJ. Mrphpah; khzth;fspd; jfty;fis itj;J xt;nthU
khztUapd; Gjpa fw;wYf;F njhlh;Gila Kd;ija mwpT, mDgtk;, jpwd;,
Mh;tk; kw;Wk; kdg;ghd;ikia Muha;e;J mwpfpwhh;.
xU myfpd; jpl;lkpUtjw;F, xd;W, ,uz;L thuq;fSf;F Kd;Ng kpf
Kf;fpakhf Njitg;gLk; jfty;fis Nrfhpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,jd; %yk;
MrphpaUf;F xt;nthU khzthpd; jpwikfs; kw;Wk; Njitfis Muha Neuk;
fpilf;fpwJ. ,k;khjphpahd kjpg;gPL vd;gJ kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdJ, Vndd;why;
,jd; KbTfis itj;J xt;nthU khzth;f;Fk; vw;g jdpj;jdpahf
tifg;gLj;jg;gl;L. tFg;giwf;fhd ghlj;jpl;l jPl;lg;gLfpwJ. ,tthW
khzth;fspd; jpwikfs; kw;Wk; Fiwfis Kd;dNw njhpe;Jnfhs;tjpy;iy
Mrphpah; kpfTk; jpwikAlk; gzpahw;w KbfpwJ.
Mrphpahpd; gq;F
Gjpa myif fw;f ,U thuq;fSf;F Kd;Ng khzth;fis kjpg;gPL
nra;fpwJ.
jdpegh; Njitia G+h;jpnra;a jpl;lkpUtjw;F VJthd jd;kjpg;gPl;L
fUtpfis Njh;T nra;fpwJ.
jw;Nghija mwpT epiyf;F jdpegh; kw;Wk; rpW FOtpd; Vw;g
ghly;fisAk; nray;KiwfisAk; jpl;lkpfpwJ.
Kiw/Kiwrhuh kjpg;gPl;L fUtpfis cUthf;fTk;, #o;epiyf;F
Vw;whh;Nghy; ve;j fUtpapid gad;gLj;JtJ vd;gjid eph;zapf;f Njitahd
jfty;fisAk; ntspapLfpwJ.
Kd; kjpg;gPl;bYs;s, Gjpa jiyg;G/jpwdpw;fhd xU Cf;fpahf
nray;gLj;jg;LfpwJ.
khzth;fspd; gq;F:-:-
jq;fSf;F njhpe;j/njhpahjtw;iw njhpe;J nfhs;s cjTfpwJ.
epidT te;jpapy; cs;s jq;fsJ mDgtq;fis ghlj;NjhL xg;gpl Njly;
GhpfpwJ.
Ra mwpT kw;Wk; Kd; mDgtq;fis itj;J jiyg;Gfs;
kjpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. Mh;tKs;s ghlj;jiyg;Gfs; milahsq; fz;L
nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.
kjpg;gpLjypd; nghUs;
kjpg;gpLjy; vd;gJ khzth;fspd; Fzeyd;fspy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fis jFe;j
Mjhuj;JlDk;> Ghpe;J nfhs;Sjy; %ykhfTk; Nrfhpf;fg;gLk; njhlh; nray;ghlhFk;.
kjpg;gpLjy; vd;gJ juk;> kw;Wk; msT Mfpa ,uz;ilAk; Nrh;j;J cs;slf;fpajhFk;.
kjpg;gPL nra;jy; vd;gJ fy;tpapd; juj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jtjpy; Kf;fpa gq;F tfpf;fpwJ.
kjpg;gpLjy; gw;wpa tiuaiwfs;
juk;fz;L kjg;gpLjypd; %yk; xd;wpd; gyid cWjpg;gLj;jpfnfhs;Sk; epfo;itNa
kjpg;gPL nra;jy; vd;fpNwhk;. ,JNt Fl; (Good) vd;ghh; kjpg;gpLjYf;F nfhLf;Fk;
tiuaiwahFk;.
ju kjg;gPL
msT kjpg;gPL
RUq;ff; $wpd;> kjpg;gPL nra;jy; vd;gJ fw;gpj;jypd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;> fw;wypd; mDgtk;
kw;Wk; fw;wypd; mDgtk; kw;Wk; fw;wypd; ntspg;ghL ,tw;wpw;fpilNaahd njhlh;ig
tpsf;FfpwJ.
kjpg;gPl;bd; ,ay;Gfs;
33-36 A2 9
29-32 B1 8
25-28 B2 7
21-24 C1 6
17-20 C2 5
13-16 D 4
9-12 E1 -
>8 E2 -
A - kPj;jpwk;
B - kpf ed;W
C - ed;W
D - epiwT
E - Kd;Ndw;wk; Njit
vd mikAk;.
gjtpw;fhd gbtq;fisj; Jiw Kifikfsplk; ngwyhk;> ,ilepiyf;
fy;tpw;fhd eLtz; fy;tp thhpak; www.cbsc.nic.in vd;Dk; tiyjsj;jpy; ,g;
gjpTfSf;fhd gbtq;fisj; jUfpwJ. mtw;Ws; rpy vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;.
tho;
thof;
;fi; fj; jpwdifj; juf;FwpaPL ,Ltjw;fhd gbtk;.
1.
2.
3.
2. B 4
3. C 2
4. D 1
5. E 1
kjpg;ngz; 40 20 10 30 100
kjpg;ngz;fs;
kjpg;ngz; 35 35 20 10 100
kjpg;ngz;fs;
2.,af;f rf;jp 2
3.Mf;f rf;jp 3
5.rf;jpapd; %yg;nghUs;fs; 5
3.gytifg;
gytifg;gl;l tpdhf;fSf;F kjpg;ngz; gz; xJf;fPL nra;jy; (gytifg;gl;l tpdhf;fSf;F
epiwjUjy;) (Allocation of Various type of questions) (Weight age to types of questions)
1. Gwta tpdhf;fs
2. kpff;FWfpa tpil tif tpdhf;fs;
3. FWfpa tpil tif tpdhf;fs;
4. fl;Liu tif tpdhf;fs;.
kjpg;ngz;fspd;
rjtpfpjk;
Nfs;tpfspd;
tpfspd; tif Nfs;tp vz; nkhj;j
kjpg;ngz;fs;
fl;Liu tpdhf;fs; 20
tpdhf;fs; 60
Gwta tpdhf;fs; 20
fbdepiy kjpg;ngz;fspd;
spd; rjtpfpjk;
vspa epiy 30
eL epiy 40
fbd epiy 20
1.ek;gfj;jd;ik (Reliability)
vJ ek;gf; $baNjh mJ ek;gfj;jd;ikAilaJ vd;fpNwhk;.xU Fwpg;gpl;l
kjpg;gPl;il ahh; vj;jid Kiw Nrhjid nra;jhYk; mjd; kjpg;gPL xNu
khjphpahdjhfj; jhd; ,Uf;Fk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf Jzpf;filfspYs;s kPl;lh; fk;G
vj;jid Kiw mse;jhYk; xNu tpjkhd msTfisj; jUfpwJ.
Nehf;fq;fs; (Objectives)
3. fw;wyhFk; fzpg;gPL.
gbg;Gg; ghlq;fs;
Kjy;nkhop (jkpo;)
Mq;fpyk;
fzpjk;
nghJ mwptpay;
r%f mwptpay;
Mrad gbg;Grhh; ghlq;fs;
fUJf 4 x5=20
kjpg;ngz; =60
2 gUtk; -2 Fiwawp -2 a&b1 mf;Nlhgh;- a - 20
mf;Nlhgh;- jprk;gu;
jprk;gu; FA2 vOJ Njh;T (mt;tg;NghJ b - 20
jprk;gu; %d;whk;
njhFjp epiy 60
fpoik
fzpg;G
FA2
SA1
gapw;rp tpdhfs;:
1. NtWgLj;jgl;lfw;wiy tpthp?
2. kjpg;gPl;by; vt;thW ek;gfj;jd;ikia epiyepWj;Jtha;?
3. xU ey;y Nrhjidf;fhd gz;Gfis tpsf;Ff?
4. ePy ml;ltiz vd;d? ,ij jq;fSila ghlj;jpy; cs;s
vNjDk; ,uz;L myFfSf;F jahh; nra;aTk;.
myF – VI - cs;slf;fpa gs;spfSf;
pfSf;fhd kjpg;gPL
Nehf;fq;fs;
,e;j myfpd; gapd;wgpd; khzt-Mrphpah;fs;
khw;Wj; jpwdhspfis vt;thW kjpg;gpLjy; vd;gij Ghpe;J nfhs;Sthh;fs;.
khw;Wj; jpwdspfSila milt jpwd; ntspg;ghl;il kjpg;gpLjy;.
Mth;fSila jpwid kjpg;gptjpy; gy;NtW tifahd Af;jpfis ifahSjy;
Gpd;Dl;l Kiw gw;wp njhpe;Jk; mwpe;Jk; nfhs;Sjy;.
mth;fSila gpd;Dl;lj;jpd; Muha;jy;.
,jpy; gy;NtW Jiwfspy; cs;s epfo;fis Rfhjhuk; r%fk; kw;Wk; cstpay;> gq;F
ngw;Ws;sdh; mth;fs; khzth;fspd; fbdj; jd;ikia fz;lwpa gytifahd Fiwawp
Nrhjidfis elj;Jfpd;wdh;> midj;J ehLfspYk; xU epiy my;yJ gyjug;gl;l FOf;fs;
xdwhf ,ize;J Muk;g fl;;lj;jpNyNa rpwg;G fy;tp Njitfis fz;lwpa kjpg;gPL Kiwfis
,izj;Js;sdh;.
fzpnghwp-
pnghwp-cjtpAld; kjpg;gply;
gapw;rp tpdhfs;
ghl Nehf;fq;fs;:
murpayikg;gpd; (86-tJ rl;lj; jpUj;jj;jpd; gb) rl;lk;> 2002 Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpa
murpayikg;gpy; 21-A I MW Kjy; gjpdhd;F Mz;Lfs; tiuapyhd ,ytr> fl;lha fy;tp
toq;Ftjw;fhf khepy murpayikg;gpy; Nru;f;fg;gl;lJ. ,ytr kw;Wk; fl;lhaf; fy;tp
Foe;ijfSf;fhd cupik (RTE) rl;lk;> 2009> ,J 21-A rl;lj;jpd; fPo; tpjpf;fg;gLk; tpisthf
rl;lj;ij gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;JfpwJ> mjhtJ xt;nthU Foe;ijf;Fk; xU Kiwahd gs;spapy;
jpUg;jpfukhd kw;Wk; rkkhd juj;jpd; KONeu njhlf;f fy;tpf;fhd cupik cz;L. ,J rpy
mbg;gil newpfs; kw;Wk; juq;fis jpUg;jpg;gLj;JfpwJ.
gpupT 21- kw;Wk; RTE rl;lk; 1 Vg;uy; 2010 ,y; eilKiwf;F te;jJ. RTE rl;lj;jpd;
jiyg;ghdJ ',ytrk; kw;Wk; fl;lhak;' vd;fpw ,U thu;ji ; jfis cs;slf;fpajhf cs;sJ.
,e;jpahtpy; xt;nthU FLk;gj;jpYk; xU Foe;ijf;F gs;spapy; ve;jtpj fl;lzq;fSk;
,y;yhky; Nru;j;Jf; nfhs;tNj ,ytr fl;lha fy;tp vdg;gLk;. ,J ve;j xU muR cjtpAk;
ngwhj gs;spfSf;Fk; nghUe;Jk;. 6-14 tajpw;Fl;gl;l midj;J Foe;ijfSk; njhlf;f fy;tp>
Nru;f;if kw;Wk; G+u;j;jp nra;jy; Mfpatw;iw toq;Ftjw;Fk;> cWjp nra;tjw;Fk; nghUj;jkhd
muR kw;Wk; cs;Shu; mjpfhupfspd; kPJ 'fl;lha fy;tp' cs;sJ . ,jd; %yk;> kj;jpa kw;Wk;
khepy muRfspy; rl;lG+u;tkhd flikahdJ RTE rl;lj;jpy; 21A d; tpjpKiwfSf;F ,zq;f>
Foe;ijf;F mbg;gil fy;tpia eilKiwg;gLj;j> xU rl;lG+u;tkhd flikia ,e;jpah
vLj;Jf;nfhz;Ls;sJ.
• khztu; Mrpupau; tpfpjq;fs; (Pupil Teacher Ratio - PTR fs;)> fl;llq;fs; kw;Wk;
cs;fl;likg;G> gs;sp Ntiy ehl;fs;> Mrpupag;gzp Neuq;fs; Mfpatw;wpw;F ,ilapyhd
newpKiwfs; kw;Wk; juq;fis ,J Fwpf;fpwJ.
(,) ed;nfhil
,tw;iw jLf;fpwJ.
tpdhf;fs;
gq;Nfw;G mZFKiw
ghl Nehf;fq;fs;
gq;Nfw;G mZFKiw
gq;Nfw;G kjpg;gPL vd;gJ> midj;J taJ kw;Wk; gpd;dzpapy; cs;s rpy r%fq;fsplkpUe;Jk;
kf;fSld; $l;Lwit cUthf;Ftjw;fhd topKiwahFk;. fl;likf;fg;gl;l fye;Jiuahly;fs;
kw;Wk; Ngr;Rthu;j;ij %yk; $l;lhz;ik tsu;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
• fw;wy;
gb 2: Nkg;gpq; gd;Kfj;jd;ik
gb 3: tprhuizapd; Kiwfs;
gb 4: fUg;nghUisj; Nju;e;njLg;gJ
gb 5: tpthjq;fis Nkk;gLj;Jjy;
gb 6: jfty; Nrfupf;fg;gLjy;
gb 7: njhlu; eltbf;iffs;
gb 9: gjpT $l;lq;fs;
tpdhf;fs;
UNIT – 10
Fwpf;Nfhs;:
mwpKfk;
gpujpgypg;G ,jo;
Nghu;l;/NghypNah kjpg;gpL
mwpTWj;jy;fs;
gd;Kfq;fs;
khztu; <LghL
khztu;fis kjpg;gPl;by; (bu;dp> fhu;lu;> & Njrha;> 1991) jPtpukhf <Lgl nra;tJ
Nghu;l;/NghypNah kjpg;gPl;bd; Kf;fpakhd gupkhzkhFk;.
ruhrup> ,ilepiy kw;Wk; Kiw ika Nghf;F midj;J rupahd eltbf;iffs;> Mdhy;
gy;NtW epiyikfspd; fPo;> rpy Nghf;Ffs; ika Nghf;F kw;wtw;iw tpl gad;gLj;j kpfTk;
nghUj;jkhdJ. gpd;tUk; gpupTfspy;> ehk; ruhrup> Kiw kw;Wk; ,ilepiyiag; ghu;g;Nghk;>
NkYk; mtw;iw vg;gb fzf;fplyhk; vd;gij mwpe;J nfhs;sTk; kw;Wk; ve;j R+o;epiyapy;
mit gad;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gij mwpaTk;.
ruhrup nghUs;
Μ = ΣX / N
M = ΣX / N
cjhuzkhf> vz;fs; 1> 2> 3> 6> 8 vd;gJ 20/5 = 4 MFk;> vz;fs; KO kf;fs;njhif
my;yJ kf;fsplkpUe;J xU khjpupahf ,Ue;jhYk; rup.
,ilepiy
KfL
KfL vd;gJ ve;j xU vz; xU njhlupy; jpUk;g jpUk;g tUfpd;wdNth me;j vd; KfL
vdg;gLk;. kpfTk; mbf;fb epfOk; kjpg;G.
rpjwy;
xU Gs;sp tptu gutypd; ruhrupia Rw;wp mg;gutypd; cWg;Gfs; rpjwp fplf;Fk; jd;ikia
mstpLtjw;F rpjwy; vd;W ngau;.
,e;j tiuaiwfs; midj;jpYk;> gutyhd xU Fwpg;gpl;l njhlupd; ika kjpg;igg; Rw;wp kw;w
vy;yh kjpg;GfSk; rpjwpf; fplf;Fk; msitf; Fwpf;Fk; xU kjpg;ghf $wyhk;.
rpjwypd; tiffs;
tPr;R
fhy;khd tpyf;fk;
ruhrup tpyf;fk;
jpl;l tpyf;fk;
tPr;R
fhy;kd tpyf;fk; ' vd;w fUj;J 'Nky; Fthu;l;ily;' (Q3) kw;Wk; 'Nyhtu;
Fthu;bs;' (Q1) Mfpatw;wpd; kjpg;Gfs; kl;LNk fzf;fpy; vLj;Jf; nfhs;Sk;. Fthu;b rpijT
',il-Fthu;l;ly; tuk;G' vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ. rpy Fwpg;gpl;l nghUl;fspd; tpOf;fhL
tPo;r;rpailAk; tuk;ig mwpe;J nfhs;tjpy; Mu;tkhf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ ,J xU rpwe;j top.
(I) fzf;fpl vspjhdJ. ehk; Q1 kw;Wk; Q3 kjpg;Gfs; fz;Lgpbf;f ntWkNd Njit kw;Wk;
gpd;du; Fthu;bf; tpyfy; KOikahd kw;Wk; Fzfk; R+j;jpuk; tpz;zg;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(Ii) tuk;ig tpl rpwe;j KbT ,J. tuk;igf; fzf;fpLifapy;> ehk; tpe;ijahd tpyfy;
tp\aj;jpy;> gutyhd rpijTfis cUthf;Fk; jPtpu kjpg;Gfis kl;LNk fUJfpNwhk;> ehk;
fzf;fpy; 50% nghUs;fis fzf;fpy; vLj;Jf;nfhs;fpNwhk;.
FiwghLfs;
ruhrupahd tpyf;fk; vd;gJ> ruhrup nghUspd; ruhrup my;yJ kPbad; my;yJ gad;Kiwapy;
,Ue;J gy;NtW cUg;gbfspd; ruhrupia vLj;Jf;nfhs;tjd; %yk; ngwg;gLk; kjpg;G vd
tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ.
ruhrup ed;ikfs;
1. ruhrup tpyfy; xU njhlupd; midj;J nghUl;fisAk; fzf;fpy; vLj;Jf;nfhs;tjhy;> mJ
NghJkhd gpujpepjpj;Jt KbTfis toq;FfpwJ.
3. ruhrup FiwghL ruhrup my;yJ kPbad; my;yJ gad;Kiwapy; ,Ue;J tpyfy;fis vLj;Jf;
nfhs;syhk;.
ruhrup FiwghLfs;
2. Kiw fzpj uPjpahf ,y;iy vd;gjhy;> ,e;j Kiw %yk; ngwg;gl;l KbTfs; ek;gfkhdit
my;y.
xl;LwT gFj;jha;T
tiffs;
G+[pa xl;LwT
2. ju xl;LwT Kiw.
FWf;F ntl;L Kiw: xNu Neuj;jpy; ntt;NtW taJ epiyfspy; cs;s jdp egu;fis gw;wp
mwpAk; Kiw MFk;.
tiuglq;fs;
tiffs;
Nfs;tpfs;: