Manonmani Sundaranar University Distance Education B.Litt. Course Details

MANONMANIAM SUNDARANAR UNIVERSITY
DIRECTORATE OF DISTANCE & CONTINUING EDUCATION

TIRUNELVELI 627012, TAMIL NADU
B.Litt. - I YEAR
DJL12 - ,yf;fzk; - 2 - ed;D}y; nrhy;yjpfhuk;

(From the academic year 2016-17)
Most Student friendly University - Strive to Study and Learn to Excel
For more information visit: http://www.msuniv.ac.in

gp.ypl;. - Kjyhkhz;L
DJL12 : jhs; - 2 ,yf;fzk; 2 - ed;D}y; nrhy;yjpfhuk;
myF 1 – ngahpay;
myF 2 – tpidapay;
myF 3 – nghJtpay;
myF 4 - ,ilapay;
myF 5 – chpapay;
1
ngahpay;
ed;D}y; nrhy;yjpfhuj;jpy; nrhy;ypd; ,yf;fzk; ngahpay;> tpidapay;>

nghJtpay;> ,ilapay;> chpapay; Mfpa Ie;J gphpTfspy; tpthpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
ed;D}yhh; 60 E}w;ghf;fspy; ngahpaiy tpthpf;fpwhh;. ,tw;wpd; %yk;

nrhy;ypd; nghJ ,yf;fzk;> tof;F> nrhw;ghFghL> ngah;r;nrhy;> MFngah;>
Ntw;Wik Mfpa nrhy; ,yf;fzf; $Wfis tpthjpj;Js;shh;.
nrhy;ypd; nghJ ,yf;fzKk; ghFghLfSk;
jkpo; nkhop ,yf;fzk; vOj;J> nrhy;> nghUs;> ahg;G> mzp vd Ie;J

gphpTfis cilaJ. Kjy; gphpthd vOj;J gw;wpa tpjpfSk; tpsf;fq;fSk;
vOj;jjpfhuj;jpy; tpthpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. nrhy;yjpfhuk; ,uz;lhk; mjpfhukhf
mike;js;sJ. ngah;> tpid> chp> ,il vDk; ehd;F nrhw;fSk; jdpj;jdp
,ay;fs; top tpsf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,aw;nrhy;> jphpnrhy;. jpirr;nrhy;> tlnrhy; vDk;
ehd;F tiffSk; njhlf;fj;jpy; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. vy;yhr; nrhw;fSf;Fk;
nghJthd nra;jpfs; nghJtpayhdJ. ,tw;iw ed;D}yhhpd; nrhy;yjpfhu
mikg;Gf; Nfhl;ghLfshff; nfhs;syhk;..
nrhy;ypd; nghJ ,yf;fzk;
Xh; vOj;J jdpj;Njh xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l vOj;Jf;fs; njhlh;e;Njh epd;W

xU nghUisj; jUtJ nrhy; vdg;gLk;. ,J xU nkhop> njhlh;nkhop> nghJnkhop
vd;Dk; ghFghl;bw;Fs; mlq;fp ,Ujpiz Ik;ghw; nghUisAj; jd;idAk; %tif
,lj;ijAk; nfhz;ljha; cyf tof;F> nra;As; tof;Ffspy; ntspg;gilahfNth
Fwpg;ghfNth mike;J nghUisj; jUtjhFk;. nrhy;ypd; mikg;G> mJ nghUs;
jUk; epiy Kjyhdtw;iw ed;D}y; Mrphpah; gtze;jp Kdpth; xU E}w;ghtpy;
njhFj;J tpsf;Ffpwhh;. ,jid>
xU nkhop njhlh;nkhop nghJnkhop vd;wh

,U jpiz Ik;ghy; nghUisAk; jd;idAk;
%tif ,lj;Jk; tof;nfhL nra;Aspd;
ntspg;gil Fwpg;gpd; tphpg;gJ nrhy;Ny (ed; : 259)
vd;Dk; E}w;gh thapyhf mwpayhk;.
nghJ ,yf;fzq;fs;
1. nrhy; vd;gJ xU nkhop> njhlh; nkhop> nghJ nkhop vd;Dk; %d;W

gphpTfis cilaJ.
2
2. ,Ujpiz> Ik;ghy; nghUis czh;j;Jk;
3. %tplq;fis czh;j;Jk;
4. gpw nghUis czh;j;JtNjhL jd;idAk; czh;j;Jk;
5. cyf tof;F> nra;As; tof;F vd;Dk; ,U epiyfspy; nghUs;

czh;j;Jk;
6. nghUis ntspg;gilahfTk; Fwpg;ghfTk; czh;j;Jk;.
%tif nkhop
nkhop vd;gJ nrhy; vd;Dk; nghUs; czh;j;Jk;. ,k;nkhop xUnkhop>

njhlh;nkhop> nghJnkhop vd %tifg;gLk;.
xUnkhop vd;gJ nrhy; jdpj;J epd;W nghUs; czh;j;Jk;.
v.fh – epyk;> jP> G+> thd;
,uz;bw;F Nkw;gl;l nrhw;fs; njhlh;e;J epd;W nghUs; czh;j;jpdhy; mJ

njhlh;nkhop vdg;gLk;.
v.fh – kyh; gwpj;J khiy njhLj;jhd;.
xUnkhopahf epd;W xU nghUisAk; mJNt gphpe;J njhlh; nkhopahf epd;W

gy nghUl;fisAk; jUkhapd; mJ nghJnkhopahFk;.
v.fh - ,uhkd; jhkiuiaf; fz;lhd;.
,uhkd; jh kiuiaf; fz;lhd;
jhkiu vd xU nkhopaha; epw;Fk;nghOJ kyiuAk; jh  kiu vdg; gphpe;J

njhlh; nkhopaha; epw;Fk;nghOJ jhTfpd;w khd; vd;Dk; nghUisAk;
czh;j;Jtijf; fhzyhk;. vdNt ,J nghJnkhopahFk;. ,jid>
xU nkhop xU nghUsdthk; njhlh; nkhop

gy nghUsdthk; nghJ ,UikAk; Vw;gd (ed; : 260)
,Ujpiz
jpiz vd;Dk; nrhy; gFg;ig czh;j;Jk;. jpiz ,Utifg;gLk;. mit

cah;jpiz> m/wpid MFk;. ,jid>
3
jpiz
cah;jpiz m/wpiz
vd;Dk; ml;ltiz thapyhf tpsq;fpf; nfhs;syhk;.
kf;fs;> Njth;> eufh; Mfpa gFg;G cah;jpizapd; ghw;gLk;. gpw caph; cs;sdTk;
caph; ,y;yhjdTk; m/wpizapd; ghw;gLk;.
v.fh – murd;> mikr;rd; - kf;fs;

Kk;%h;j;jpfs; - Njth; - cah;jpiz
muf;fh;fs; - eufh;
khd; - caph; cs;sJ
tPL - capuw;wJ - m/wpiz
cah;jpizg; gFg;gpDs; tiuaiw nra;ag;gl;lit caph; ePg;gpd; mit
m/wpizapd;ghw; Rl;lg;ngWk;.
cah;jpiz – kdpjd; (caph;epiy)

m/wpiz – tPL (caph; mw;wit)
vdNt kf;fs;> Njth;> eufh; Mfpa gFg;Gf;fs; caph; cs;s epiyapy;
cah;jpizahFk;. Vida caph; cs;s caph; mw;w midj;Jk; m/wpizahFk;
vd;gJ mwpaj;jf;fJ.
kf;fs;> Njth;> eufh; cah;jpiz

kw;W caph; cs;sTk; ,y;yTk; m/wpiz (ed; :261)
vd;Dk; E}w;gh thapyhf ,jid mwpayhk;.
Ik;ghy;
ghy; vd;gJ ,ay;G my;yJ jd;ikiaf; Fwpf;Fk;. ,J Ie;J tifg;gLk;.

mit cah;jpiz> m/wpiz Mfpa ,U jpizf;Fk; chpajhf mikfpd;wd.
Mz;ghy;> ngz;ghy;> gyh;ghy;. Mfpa %d;Wk; cah;jpizf;F chpad. xd;wd;ghy;>
gytpd;ghy; Mfpa ,uz;Lk; m/wpizf;F chpad. ,jid>
Mz;ghy; - mtd;> kfd;> tPud;

cah;jpiz ghy; ngz;ghy; - mts;> kfs;> jiytp
gyh;ghy; - mth;fs;> Gjy;th;fs;
4
xd;wd;ghy; - ML> khL> mJ
m/wpiz ghy;
gytpd;ghy; - MLfs;> khLfs;> mit
,t;ml;ltizfs; vLj;Jf;fhl;LfSld; tpthpf;fpd;wd.
Mz; ngz; gyh; vd Kg;ghw;W cah;jpiz (ed; : 262)

Xd;Nw gy vd;W ,Ughw;W m/wpiz (ed; : 263)
jpiz ghy;fSf;Fg; Gweil
cah;jpiz rhh;e;j MZk; ngz;Zk; jj;jkJ jd;ikia tpl;L gpw ghy;

jd;ikia tpUk;Gk; NghJ “NgL” Mfpd;wdh;. mth;fspy;> ngz; jd;ik Fiwe;J
Mz; jd;ik kpFe;J fhzg;gLk; NgLfisg; Ngld; my;yJ myp vd miog;gh;.
,j;jd;ik cilNahh; Mz;ghy; cah;jpiz Kbtpidg; ngWth;.
v.fh – Ngld; te;jhd;> myp te;jhd;>
Mz; jd;ik Fiwe;J ngz; jd;ik kpFe;J fhzg;gLk; NgLfisg; Ngb vd

miog;gh;. ,j;jd;ik cilNahh; ngz;ghy; cah;jpiz Kbtpidg; ngWth;.
v.fh – Ngb te;jhs;
,t;thW Mz;ghy;> ngz;ghy; KbTfisg; ngw;W te;j NgLfs; nghJepiyapy;

Fwpf;fg;gLk;nghOJ m/wpiz Kbtpidg; ngWk;.
v.fh – myp te;jJ> Ngb te;jJ
vdNt Mz;jd;ik> ngz;jd;ik kpFe;J mikAk; NgLfs; nghJepiyapy;

Fwpf;fg;gLk; nghOJ m/wpiz Kbitg; ngWk;. ,jid>
ngz;iktpl;L Mz;mth TtNgL Mz;ghy;

Mz;iktpl;L my;yJ mthTt ngz;ghy;
,UikAk; m/wpiz md;dTk; MFk;. (ed; : 264)
%tplr; nrhw;fs; jpizghy; czh;j;Jk; Kiw
nrhw;fs; jpiz> ghy;> vz;> ,lk; Mfpatw;iw ntspg;gilahf czh;j;Jk;.
v.fh- mtd; te;jhd;
5
,j;njhlhpy; mtd; vd;gJ cah;jpiz Mz;ghy; glh;f;ifg; ngah; MFk;. ,J
cah;jpiz Mz;ghy; glh;f;if tpidKw;wpidf; (te;jhd;) nfhz;L Kbe;Js;sJ.
v.fh - mJ te;jJ
,j;njhlhpy; mJ vd;gJ m/wpiz xd;wd;ghy; glh;f;ifg; ngah; MFk;. ,J

m/wpiz xd;wd;ghy; glh;f;if tpidKw;wpidf; (te;jJ) nfhz;L Kbe;Js;sJ.
,t;thW glh;f;if ,lj;ijr; Rl;bf;fhl;b mikAk; njhlh;fs; kl;LNk jpizghy;
gFg;igj; njspTld; fhl;Lk;.
glh;f;if ,lk; my;yhj jd;ik> Kd;dpiy ,lq;fisr; Rl;Lk;

ngah;r;nrhy;Yk; tpidKw;Wk; Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;lJ Nghd;W jpiz> ghy; gFg;Gfis
czh;j;jhJ. Mdhy; mit xUik> gd;ik vz;fis kl;Lk; Fwpj;J epw;Fk;.
v.fh – eP ele;jid - Kd;dpiy xUik

ePtPh; ele;jPh; - Kd;dpiyg; gd;ik
ahd; elg;Ngd; - jd;ik xUik
ahk; elg;Nghk; - jd;ikg; gd;ik
%tplq;fSs; glh;f;if ,lk; kl;LNk jpiz> ghy; gFg;igf; fhl;Lk;. jd;ik>
Kd;dpiy> ,lq;fs; xUik> gd;ik vz;fis kl;Lk; Fwpf;Fk;. ,f;fUj;Jf;fis
glh;f;if tpidKw;W ehkk; Fwpg;gpd;

ngwg;gLk; jpizghy; midj;Jk; Vid
,lj;jtw;W xUikg; gd;ikg; ghNy (ed; : 265)
vd;Dk; E}w;gh thapyhf tpthpf;fyhk;.
%tplq;fs;
jd;ik> Kd;dpiy> glh;f;if vd ,lq;fs; %d;whFk;.
v.fh - ahd; te;Njd; - ,j;njhlh; $Wgtiu kl;Lk; Fwpf;Fk;.
eP te;jha; - ,j;njhlh; $Wgthpd; vjphpy; epw;gtiu kl;Lk; Fwpf;Fk;.
mtd; te;jhd; - ,j;njhlh; $WgtiuNah vjphpy; epw;gtiuNah Fwpf;fhJ.

mayplj;jpYs;stiu kl;Lk; Fwpf;Fk;.
vdNt nrhw;fisg; gad;gLj;Jk; epiyapy; mtw;iw jd;ik> Kd;dpiy> glh;f;if

vd;Dk; %tif ,lq;fspy; mlf;fyhk;.
jd;ik Kd;dpiy glh;f;if %tplNd (ed; : 266)
6
vd;Dk; E}w;gh ,jid tpthpf;fpd;wJ.
tof;F
xU nghUSf;F vr; nrhy; mike;jNjh mr;nrhy;yhNyNa nghUl;fis

toq;Fk; Kiwia tof;F vd;gh;. mjid ,ay;G tof;F> jFjp tof;F vd ,U
epiyfspy; tpsf;fpAs;shh; ed;D}yhh;.
kuk; vd;gJ njhd;W njhl;L vt;thW toq;fg;gl;L te;jNjh mij mt;thNw

,d;Wk; toq;fp tUtNj tof;F MFk;. tof;fpd; ,U epiyfis
tof;F
,ay;G tof;F jFjp tof;F
,t;ml;ltiz thapyhf mwpayhk;. ,tw;iw mwptJ mtrpak;.
,ay;G tof;F
xU nghUSf;F vr;nrhy; mike;jNjh mr;nrhy;yhNyNa mg;nghUis

,d;Wk; ,ay;ghf toq;fp tUtJ ,ay;G tof;F MFk;. ,J %d;W gphpTfis
cilaJ. mtw;iw
,ay;G tof;F
,yf;fzKilaJ ,yf;fzg;;Nghyp k&c
,t;ml;ltiz thapyhf mwpayhk;.
1. ,yf;fzKilaJ : midtuhYk; vspjhf nghUs; Ghpe;J nfhs;sf; $ba

vt;tpj khw;wKk; ,y;yhJ njhd;W njhl;L toq;fp tUtjhFk;. ,J ,yf;fz newp
tOthj ,ay;GilajhFk;.
v.fh - epyk;> jz;zPh;> fhw;W> njd;wy;
2. ,yf;fzg;;Nghyp : ,yf;fzk; cilaJ Nghyj; Njhd;Wk;. cz;ikapy; ,yf;fz

newpapy; mikahjJ. Mdhy; nghUs; khwhJ miktJ MFk;.
v.fh - ,y;Kd;> efh;g;Gwk;> Nfhtpy; vd;gd KiwNa
%d;wpy;> Gwefh;> Nfhapy; vd khw;wp toq;fg;gLtijf; fhzyhk;.
7
njhd;W njhl;L toq;fp te;j nrhw;fs; nghUs; khwhJ khw;wk; ngw;W toq;Fjy;
cz;L. ,J ,yf;fzKilaJ Nghyj; Njhd;wp ,yf;fzkw;wpUg;gjpdhYk; nghUs;
khwhjj; jd;ikapdhYk; ,j;jifa ,ay;Gilad ,yf;fzg;Nghyp MFk;.
3. k&c : tof;F khwp toq;Fk; ,ay;Gila> MapDk; nghUs; khwhjj; jd;ik

cila nrhw;fs; k&c nrhw;fs; MFk;.
v.fh - vd; je;ij vd;gJ ve;ij vd;Wk;

Nrho ehL vd;gJ NrhzhL vd;Wk;
,yf;fz newp rpije;J kUtp te;Js;sJ. vdNt ,j;jifa ,ay;Gilad k&c
MFk;.
jFjp tof;F
xU nghUSf;Fhpa ngaiu mjw;F ,l;L toq;Fjy; rpwg;ghfhJ vdf; fUjp

jFjpahd NtnwhU nrhy;yhy; Fwpg;gpLtJ tof;fhFk;. ,J nghUspd; jFjp
mbg;gilapy; toq;fg;gLtjhy; jFjp tof;F vdg;gLk;. ,J %d;W gphpTfis
cilaJ. ,jid
jFjp tof;F
,lf;fh; mlf;fy; kq;fyk; F*cf;Fwp
vd;Dk; ml;ltiz thapyhf mwpayhk;.
,lf;fh; mlf;fy;
rigapy; $wj; jfhjtw;iw kiwj;J> gz;ghd NtW nrhy;yhy; $Wjy;.

,lf;fhd nrhw;fis mlf;fp ey;y nrhw;fisg; gad;gLj;JtJ ,lf;fh; mlf;fy;
MFk;.
v.fh - kyk; fOtp te;jhd; vd;Dk; nrhw;nwhliu

fhy; fOtp te;jhd; vd gz;ghd nrhw;fshy; $WtjhFk;.
kq;fyk;
mkq;fyr; nrhw;fis tpLj;J> kq;fyr; nrhy;yhf khw;wpf; $WtJ kq;fyk;

MFk;.
v.fh - tpsf;if miz vd;gij

tpsf;iff; Fspu it vd $WtjhFk;.
8
F*cf;Fwp
xU FOtpdh; my;yJ Fwpg;gpl;l ,dj;jth; xU ngUis mjw;Fhpa

nrhy;yhy; $whJ> mth;fSf;F kl;Lk; GhpAkhW FwpaPlhf khw;wpf; $WtJ
F*Tf;Fwp MFk;.
v.fh - tpsk;gp vd;gJ

fs;isf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhy; MFk;. ,jid Ntlh; kl;LNk mwpth;.
gwp vd;d tpiy? vd;gjpy;

gwp vd;gJ nghd;idf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhy; MFk;. ,jid nghw;nfhs;sh;
kl;LNk mwpth;.
,yf;fzk; cilaJ ,yf;fzg;Nghyp

k&c vd;W MFk; %tif ,ay;Gk;
,lf;fh; mlf;fy; kq;fyk; FOcf;Fwp
vDk;Kj; jFjpNahL Mwhk; tof;fpay; (ed; : 267)
nra;As; tof;F
capUf;F ,lkhf mikAk; cly; ,uj;jk;> ,iwr;rp> euk;G> vYk;G> Njhy;>

%is> ,e;jphpak; vd VO jhJf;fshy; MdJ. mJ Nghy; gy;tifr; nrhw;fshy;
xU nghUs; czh;j;JkhW moFwr; nra;tJ nra;As; MFk;. mt;thNw nghUSf;F
,ldhf mikAk; nra;As; ,aw;nrhy;> jphpnrhy;> jpirr;nrhy;> tlnrhy; vd;Dk;
ehy;tifr; nrhw;fisf; nfhz;L mikAk;. cly; ,aw;if kw;Wk; nraw;ifahf
moFgLj;jg;gLfpwJ. mt;thNw nra;ASk; nrhy;yzp> nghUszp Mfpatw;why;
moFgLj;jg;gLfpwJ. capuw;w cly; moptJ Nghd;W nghUsw;w nra;ASk;
mope;njhopAk;. vdNt nra;As; vd;gJ Nkw;Fwpj;j ehy;tifr; nrhw;fSk;
nrhy;yzpAk; nghUszpAk; nfhz;L mikf;fg;gLtdthFk;.
gy;tifj; jhJtpd; caph;f;F cly;Nghy; gy

nrhy;yhy; nghUl;F ,ldhf czh;tpdpy;
ty;Nyhh; mzpngwr; nra;yd nra;As; (ed; : 268)
Fwpg;ghy; nghUs; jUtd
nrhw;fs; ntspg;gilahfNth Fwpg;ghfNth nghUs; czh;j;JtdthFk;.

vdNt nrhw;fs; nghUs; jUk; Kiwfs; ,uz;lhFk;.
9
1. ntspg;gil - Neubahfg; nghUs; jUtJ ntspg;gil MFk;.
v.fh jiy> fz;> te;jhd;.
2. Fwpg;G - ntspg;gilahfg; nghUs; juhky; VnjDk; xU El;gf; Fwpg;gpdhy;

nghUs; jUtjhFk;. Fwpg;ghy; nghUs; jUk; nrhw;fis ed;D}yhh; vl;Lg; gphpTfspy;
tpsf;fpAs;shh;. mit xd;nwhop nghJr;nrhy;> tpfhuk;> jFjp> MFngah;>
md;nkhopj;njhif> Fwpg;G tpid> Kjw;Fwpg;G> njhiff; Fwpg;G vd;gdthFk;.
mtw;iw mwptJ mtrpak;.
xd;nwhop nghJr; nrhy;
,th;f;F kQ;rs;> Fq;Fkk; epiyf;f Ntz;Lk;. ‘,th;f;F’ vd;gJ Mz;ghiyAk;

ngz;ghiyAk; Fwpf;Fk; nghJr;nrhy; MFk;. Mdhy; ‘kQ;rs;> Fq;Fkk;’
ngz;fSf;Nf chpa kq;fyg; nghUl;fshFk;. vdNt ,th;f;F vd;Dk; nrhy;
Mz;ghiy czh;j;jhJ ngz;ghiy kl;Lk; czh;j;JfpwJ. ,t;thW xU
nghJr;nrhy; xU ghiyf; Fwpf;fhJ> njhlh;Gila kw;nwhU ghiyf; Fwpg;gjhy; ,J
xd;nwhop nghJr; nrhy; vdg;gLk;.
v.fh - khLfs; fwe;jd
fwe;jd vd;gjhy; fhisia xopj;J khLfs; vd;gJ gRitf; Fwpj;jJ.
tpfhuk;
tpfhuk; vd;gJ ,ay;gpypUe;J khwp mike;J nghUs; khwhky; epw;gjhFk;.

,J Njhd;wy;> jphpjy;> nfLjy;> typj;jy;> nkypj;jy;> ePl;ly;> FWf;fy;> tphpj;jy;>
njhFj;jy; vd xd;gjhf mikAk;. tpfhur;nrhw;fs; Fwpg;ghy; nghUis czh;j;Jk;
jd;ik cilad.
v.fh - kiu G+j;J
kiu vd;gJ Kjw;Fiw tpfhukhfp jhkiuiaf; Fwpj;jJ.
jFjp
ed;kf;fsplj;jpy; nrhy;yj; jfhj xd;wpidj; jFjpahd nrhy;yhy; Fwpj;Jg;

nghUs; czh;j;Jjy; jFjp MFk;.
v.fh - RLfhl;il - ed;fhL vd jFjpahd xU nrhy;yhy;

Fwpf;fg;ngWtjhFk;.
10
MFngah;
Xd;wd; ,aw;ngah; mjNdhL njhlh;Gila Ntnwhd;wpw;Fj; njhd;Wnjhl;L

Mfp tUtJ MFngah; MFk;.
v.fh - fk;gidf; fw;Nwd;
fk;gd; vd;gJ ,q;F mtdJ gilg;igf; Fwpj;J> MFngah; MdJ.
md;nkhopj;njhif
Ntw;Wikj;njhif> tpidj;njhif> gz;Gj;njhif> ctikj;njhif>

ck;ikj;njhif Mfpa Ie;J njhifepiyj; njhlh; nkhopfl;Fg; Gwj;Nj epd;W
mitay;yhj gpwnkhopfs; njhf;fp tUtJ md;nkhopj;njhif MFk;.
v.fh - Nty;tpop Mbdhs;
Nty; Nghd;w tpopia cila ngz; Mbdhs; vd mike;J MLk; ngz;izf;

Fwpj;jJ. vdNt ,J ctikj;njhif Gwj;Jg; gpwe;j md;nkhopj;njhifahdJ.
Fwpg;G tpid
ngah;g;nghUisf; Fwpf;fhJ tpidf; Fwpg;Gg; nghUisf; Fwpg;ghy;

czh;j;JtJ Fwpg;G tpid MFk;.
v.fh - ey;ytd;
xUtd; Kd;G jPatdha; ,Ue;;jpUf;fyhk; vdTk; fhyk; Fwpg;ghy; czh;j;jg;gl;Lk;

mike;J Fwpg;Gg; nghUis czh;j;JfpwJ. vdNt ,J Fwpg;Gtpid MFk;.
Kjw; Fwpg;G
Kjw;nghUshd E}iyAk; mjDs; mlq;fpAs;s nra;AisAk; Fwpg;gJ Kjw;

Fwpg;G MFk;.
v.fh - mfu Kjy
m Kjyhd caph;> nka; vOj;Jf;fisf; Fwpj;J Kjw;Fwpg;ghdJ.
njhiff; Fwpg;G
Fwpg;ghy; nghUs; czh;j;Jk; njhifr; nrhw;fs; njhiff; Fwpg;G MFk;.
v.fh - jkpo; %d;Wk; jh
11
,r; nrhw;nwhlh; ,ay;> ,ir> ehlfk; vdj; jkpo; %d;W MFk; vd;gij
czh;j;JfpwJ. vdNt ,J njhiff; Fwpg;G MFk;.
gpw Fwpg;G
Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l ,it VOk; Fwpg;ghy; nghUis czh;j;jty;yd. ,it jtpuj;

njhpepiy tpidKw;W> Fwpg;G tpidKw;W> tpizahyidAk; ngah;> nganur;rk;>
tpidnar;rk;> nra;Ak; vd;Dk; tpidKw;W> md;W ,d;W vd;Dk; tpidnar;rf;
Fwpg;G> Nfl;Fe NghyTk; ,af;Fe NghyTk; ,aw;W NghyTk; Kjypa
m/wpidaplj;Jr; nrhy;yg;gLtd NghyTk; Fwpg;ghy; nghUs; czh;j;Jk; nrhw;fs;
MFk;. ,it my;yhjd ntspg;gilahfg; nghUs; czh;j;Jk;.
xd;nwhop nghJr; nrhy; tpfhuk; jFjp

MFngah; md;nkhop tpidf; Fwpg;Ng
Kjy; njhif Fwpg;NghL ,d;d gpwTk;
Fwpg;gpd; jUnkhop my;yd ntspg;gil (ed; : 269)
vd;Dk; E}w;gh thapyhf ed;D}yhh; ,jid tpthpf;fpwhh;.
nrhy; ghFghL
nghUSf;F ,lkhf mikAk; nra;As; ,aw;nrhy;> jphpnrhy;> jpirr;nrhy;>

tlnrhy; Mfpa ehy;tif nrhw;fshy; cUthFk;. ,tw;Ws; ,aw;nrhy;> jphpnrhy;
Mfpatw;iw rpwg;G epiyapYk; jphpnrhy;> tlnrhy; Mfpatw;iw rpwg;gw;w
epiyapYk; gFj;Jf; $Wth;. jpirr;nrhy;> jphpnrhy; Mfpatw;wpd; rpwg;gpd;ikia
kdjpy; nfhz;L ,aw;nrhy;iyAk; jphpnrhy;iyAk; ,yf;fz Kiwf;Nfw;g
ngah;r;nrhy;> tpidr; nrhy;> ,ilr;nrhy;> chpr;nrhy; Mfpa ehd;F tiffSf;Fs;
mlf;Fth;. vdNt nrhy; ,j;jifa ehd;F tiffis cilaJ vdf; nfhs;syhk;.
rpwg;G epiyapy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; ,aw;nrhy;> jphpnrhy; Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy;
ehd;F tifr; nrhw;fSk; vl;lhf tphpAk;. ,jid>
ngah;r;nrhy; - ngah; ,aw;nrhy;
ngah;jphpnrhy;
tpidr;nrhy; - tpid ,aw;nrhy;
tpid jphpnrhy;
,ilr;nrhy; - ,il ,aw;nrhy;
,il jphpnrhy;
12
chpr;nrhy; - chp ,aw;nrhy;
chp jphpnrhy;
vd;Dk; ml;ltiz thapyhf tpsq;fpf;nfhs;syhk;. ,tw;Wld; rpwg;gw;w epiyapy;

mikAk; jpirr;nrhy;> tlnrhy; ,ize;J nrhy;ypd; tif gj;jhf tphpAk;. MapDk;
nrhy;ypd; tiffshf Nkw;Fwpj;j ngah;> tpid> ,il> chp vDk; ehd;ifNa
nfhs;th;. ,jid>
,aw;nrhy;> jphpnrhy;> ,ay;gpy; - ngah; tpid

vd ,uz;Lk; MFk; ,il chp mLj;J
ehd;Fk; Mk; jpir tl nrhy; mZfhtop” (ed; : 270)
vd;Dk; E}w;gh nrhy; tiffisj; njhFj;J czh;j;JfpwJ.
,aw;nrhy;
,aw;nrhy; vd;gJ midtuhYk; nghUs; tpsq;f Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sk;

nrhw;fshFk;.
nre;jkpo; ehl;by; toq;Fk; nrhy;yhf ,Uf;Fk;
tbtNkh nghUNsh jphpahJ tpsq;Fk;
fw;NwhuhYk; kw;NwhuhYk; vspjpy; nghUs; Ghpe;J nfhs;s $bajhf

,Uf;Fk;.
v.fh - ngahpaw; nrhy; - kz;> fy;

tpidapaw; nrhy; - te;jhd;> ele;jJ
,ilapaw; nrhy; - kw;W> xd;W> I
chpapaw; nrhy; - cW Gfo;
nre;jkpo; Mfpj; jphpahJ ahh;f;Fk;

jk; nghUs; tpsf;Fk; jd;Nd ,aw;nrhy; (ed; : 271)
jphp nrhy;
fw;wth;fshy; kl;Lk; nghUs; czuf; $ba mUik cila nrhw;fs; jphp

nrhy; vdg;gLk;. jphp nrhy; vd;gJ ,aw;nrhy;ypy; ,Ue;J jphpe;j nrhw;fs; MFk;.
,j;jphp nrhy; ,uz;L tifg;gLk;.
13
xU nghUs; Fwpj;j gy nrhy;
gy nghUs; Fwpj;j xU nrhy;
v.fh - kiy> Fd;W> tiu - ,it xU nghUs; Fwpj;j gy ngah;j; jphp nrhy;
glh;ej
; hd;> nrd;whd; - ,it Nghapdhd; vd;Dk; xU nghUs; Fwpj;j gy
tpidj;jphpr;nrhy;
NrWk;> tUJk; - Wk;> Jk; tpFjpfs; jd;ik> gd;ik> vjph;fhyk; vd
xU
nghUs; Fwpj;j gy ,il jphpnrhy;
rhy. jt> edp> cW - ,it kpFjp vd;Dk; xU nghUs; Fwpj;j
$h;> fop gy chpj;jphp nrhy;.
thuzk; - ahid> Nfhop> rq;F vdg; gy nghUs; Fwpj;j xU
ngah;j; jphpnrhy;
tiue;jhd; - nfhz;lhd;> ePq;fpdhd; vdg; gy nghUs; Fwpj;j xU
tpidj; jphpnrhy;
nfhy; - Iak;> mirepiy> vd gy nghUs; Fwpj;j xU
,il jphpnrhy;
fb - fhg;G> $h;ik> mr;rk;> fhpg;G> tpsf;fk;> rpwg;G> kzk;
vdg; gy nghUs; Fwpj;j xU chpj;jphpnrhy;
vdNt xU nghUs; Fwpj;j gy nrhy;yhfpAk; gy nghUs; Fwpj;j xU nrhy;yhfpAk;

,aw;nrhy; Nghypd;wp mhpjhf nghUs; mwpag;gLk; nrhy;yhf jphpnrhy;
tpsq;Ftijf; fhzyhk;. ,jid>
xU nghUs; Fwpj;j gy nrhy; MfpAk;

gy nghUs; Fwpj;j xU nrhy; MfpAk;
mhpJzh; nghUis jphp nrhy; MFk;. (ed; : 272)
jpirr; nrhy;
nre;jkpo; ehL gz;ila ehspy; gd;dpU epyq;fisj; jd;Ds; mlf;fpajhff;

fhzg;gl;lJ. mg;gd;dpU epyq;fspYs;s kf;fs; jq;fs; fUj;Jf;fis ntspg;gLj;j
gy;NtW nrhw;fisf; ifahz;ldh;. mr;nrhw;fs; nre;jkpo; ehl;L kf;fshYk;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;L te;jd. ,J jtph;f;f KbahjJ. mt;thW gd;dpU epy kf;fshy;
gad;gLj;g;gl;l nrhw;fs; nre;jkpo; ehl;by; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;nghOJ mit jpirr;
nrhw;fs; vd;wiof;fg;gl;ld.
14
gd;dpU epyk; vd;gJ njd;ghz;b> Fl;lk;> Flk;> fw;fh NtzhL> G+op gd;wp>
mUth> mUth tljiy> rPjk;> kyhL> Gdy; ehL KjypadthFk;.
gd;dpU epyk; nre;jkpo;r;nrhy; gd;dpUepyk; nrhy;
njd;ghz;b ehL gR ngw;wk;
Fl;lehL jha; js;is
FlehL je;ij mr;rd;
fw;fhehL tQ;rh; ifah;
NtzhL Njhl;lk; fpohh;
g+opehL rpWFsk; ghop
gd;wpehL tay; nrW
mUthehL rpWFsk; Nfzp
jiy ehL Gsp vfpd;
rPjehL Njhod; vYtd;
kiyehL ePh; nts;sk;
NrhoehL jha; Ma;
jkpo;ehL jtph;j;j gpw gjpNdO ehLfspd; nrhw;fSk; nre;jkpo; ehl;by;

gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. ,itAk; jpirr; nrhw;fNs. rpq;fsk;> Nrhdfk;> rhtfk;> rPdk;>
JStk;> Flfk;> nfhq;fzk;> fd;dlk;> njYq;fk;> fypq;fk;> tq;fk;> Rq;fk;> kfjk;>
flhuk;> nfslk;> Fryk; Kjypad 17 ehLfs; MFk;.
me;Njh (INah) - rpq;fsr;nrhy;
rpf;Fjy; (mfg;gLjy;) - fd;dlr;nrhy;
nrg;Gjy; (nrhy;Yjy;) - njYq;Fr;nrhy;
nfhf;F (khkuk;) - JStr;nrhy;
Nki[> uh[h> tf;fPy; - cUJr; nrhw;fs;
mykhhp> ghjphp> gwq;fp - Nghh;j;Jf;fPrpa nrhw;fs;
nghd;> ngd;rpy;> nuapy;> NuhL - Mq;fpyr;nrhy;

15
vdNt gd;dpU epyr; nrhw;fSk; gjpNdO ehl;Lr; nrhw;fSk; gpwTk; jkpo;ehl;by;
tof;fpypUe;jikahy; ,J jpirr;nrhy; tof;F vdg;gl;lJ. ,jid>
nre;jkpo; epyk; Nrh; gd;dpU epyj;jpYk;

Xd;gjpw;W ,uz;bdpy; jkpo; xop epyj;jpDk;
jk; Fwpg;gpdNt jpirr; nrhy; vd;g (ed; :273)
tl nrhy;
jkpopy; fye;J toq;Fk; tl nkhopr; nrhw;fis tl nrhy; vd;gh;. tl nkhop

vd;gJ rk];fpUjk; nkhop MFk;. tlnkhopAk; jkpo; nkhopAk; xd;Wf;nfhd;W
fye;J njhd;Wnjhl;Nl tof;fpy; ,Ue;Js;sd. mjw;Ff; fhuzk; ,U nkhopfSf;Fk;
nghJthf mike;j vOj;Jf;fshFk;.
tlnkhopapy; capnuOj;Jf;fs; 16 MFk;. m> M> ,> <> c> C> V> I> X>
xs Mfpa gj;J vOj;Jf;fSk; ,Unkhopf;Fk; nghJtha; mikAk;.
tlnkhop nka;naOj;Jf;fs; 37 MFk;. f> q> r> Q> l> z> j> e> g> k> a>
u> y> t> s Mfpa gjpide;J nka;naOj;Jf;fSk; ,Unkhopf;Fk; nghJthf
mikAk;. ,it xope;j 25 vOj;Jf;fs; tlnkhopf;Nf chpa rpwg;ngOj;Jf;fshFk;.
,t;thW tlnkhopf;Fk; jkpo;nkhopf;Fk; nghJthd vOj;Jf;fshy; mike;j
nrhw;fSk; rpwg;ngOj;Jf;fshy; mike;j tlnrhw;fSk; jkpopy; ,lk; ngwyhapd.
,t;thW jkpopy; ,lk;ngw;w tl nrhw;fisj; jw;rkk;> jw;gtk; vd

,Utifg;gLj;jpdh;. ,jid>
tlnrhy;
jw;rkk; jw;gtk;
vd;Dk; ml;ltiz thapyhf mwpayhk;. ,tw;iw tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tJ mtrpak;.
jw;rkk;
,Unkhopf;Fk; chpa nghJ vOj;Jf;fshfp khw;wkpd;wpj; jkpopy; te;J

toq;Fk; tl nrhw;fs; jw;rkk; vdg;gLk;.
v.fh - fkyk;> fhuzk;> Fq;Fkk;
,r;nrhw;fs; tlnkhop>; jkpo;nkhop ,uz;bw;Fk; nghJthd vOj;Jf;fshy; mike;j

nrhw;fs; MFk;.
16
jw;gtk;
tlnkhopf;Fhpa rpwg;ngOj;Jf;fNsh nghJTk; rpwg;Gkhfpa ,Utif

vOj;Jf;fNsh Mfp jkpo; vOj;Jf;fspd; xypf;F Vw;gj; jphpe;J toq;Fk; tl
nrhw;fs; jw;gtk; MFk;.
v.fh - ]`p (rfp)>
tlnkhopf;Nf chpa rpwg;G vOj;jhy; mike;j nrhy; MFk;.
`hp> n[gk;> G+i[
Mfpa nrhw;fs; tlnkhopf;Fhpa nghJ kw;Wk; rpwg;G vOj;Jf;fshyhfp; ,Utif

nkhopf;Fk; nghJthf mike;Js;sJ. ,J jkpopy; mhp> nrgk;> G+ir vd
toq;fg;gLk;. ,j;jd;ik cila tl nrhw;fis jw;gtk; vd;gh;. ,jid>
nghJ vOj;jhDk; rpwg;G vOj;jhDk;

<nuOj;jhDk; ,iatd tlnrhy; (ed; : 274)
ngah;r;nrhy;
fz;zhy; fhzg;gLtjhfNth fUj;jhy; czug;gLtjhfNth tpsq;Fk;

nghUl;fisf; Fwpf;fg; gad;gLk; nrhy; ngah;r;nrhy; MFk;. xU nghUspd;
ngaiuf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhy; ngah;r;nrhy; vdg;gLk;. ,g;ngah;fs;>
 ,LFwpahfTk; fhuzkhfTk; tUk;
 ,LFwp fhuzk; ,uz;bYk; njhd;W njhl;L tUk; kuGg; ngauhfTk; Gjpa

Mf;fg; ngauhfTk; tUk;.
 fhyk; fhl;lhJ (tpjp tpyf;fhf tpidahy; mizAk; ngah; kl;Lk; fhyk;
fhl;Lk;
 Ntw;Wik cUGfs; te;J Nru ,lkhfp epw;Fk;
 jpiz> ghy;> ,lk; Kjypatw;iw Vw;W epw;Fk;.

Mz;> ngz;> kuk;> kz; - ,g;ngah;fs; njhd;W njhl;L kugpd; mbg;gilapy;
ngahpl;L
miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,it ,LFwp kuGg; ngah; MFk;.
je;ij jd; kfDf;F KUfd; vdg; ngahpLtJ - ,J fhyk; fhykhf ele;J

tUtjhy;
,LFwp Mf;fg; ngah; vdg;gLk;.
17
gwit - ,g;ngah; njhd;Wnjhl;L fhuzj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; ngah; ngWfpwJ.
vdNt
,J fhuz kuGg; ngah; MFk;.
nghd;dd;> thdT+h;jp - ,g;ngah;fs; VNjh xU fhuzj;ij ikakhff; nfhz;L

cUthf;fg;gl;l ngah;fshFk;. ,J fhuz Mf;fg; ngah;
MFk;.
,t;thW ,LFwpapd; mbg;gilapYk; fhuzf;Fwpapd; mbg;gilapYk; njhd;W

njhl;Lk; Mf;fg;gl;Lk; mikAk; nrhw;fs; ngah;r;nrhw;fs; vdg;gLk;. ,it ,yf;fz
epiyapy; gpd;tUk; ,ay;Gfis cilaJ.
fhyk; fhl;lhJ
ngah;r;nrhw;fs; fhyk; fhl;lhJ. Mdhy; tpidahyizAk; ngah; fhyk;

fhl;Lk;.
elj;Jtd> ele;jhid - ,t;tpidr; nrhw;fs; xU ngaiur; rhh;e;J

mikfpd;wd. ,it KiwNa vjph;fhyj;ijAk; ,we;j fhyj;ijAk; fhl;Lfpd;wd.
,t;thW xU tpidr;nrhy; ngaiur; rhh;e;J epd;W fhyj;ij czh;j;Jkhapd; mJ
tpidahyizAk; ngah; vdg;gLk;. vdNt tpidahyizAk; ngah;fs; kl;LNk
fhyk; fhl;Lk; vd;gijAk; Vida ngah;fs; fhyk; fhl;lhJ vd;gijAk; mwpe;J
nfhs;syhk;.
Ntw;Wik Vw;Fk;
ngah;r;nrhw;fs; xd;W Kjy; vl;L Ntw;Wikfis Vw;W epw;Fk;.
,uhkidf; fz;lhd; - I ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUG

,uhkdhy; tPo;e;jhd; - My; %d;whk; Ntw;Wik cUG
,t;thW ngah;r;nrhw;fs; Ntw;Wik cUGfis Vw;W mikAk;.
,Wjpiz czh;j;Jk;
ngah;r;nrhw;fs; cah;jpiz> m/wpiz Mfpa ,U jpizfisAk;

czh;j;Jk;.
,uhkd;> rPij - cah;jpiz

kuk;> Fuq;F - m/wpiz
,t;thW ngah;r;nrhw;fs; ,U jpizfis ntspg;gLj;jp mikAk;.
18
Ik;ghy; czh;j;Jk;
ngah;r;nrhw;fs; Mz;ghy;> ngz;ghy;> gyh;ghy;> xd;wd;ghy;> gytpd;ghy;>

Mfpa Ie;J ghy;fisAk; ntspg;gLj;Jk;.
mtd; - Mz;ghy;
mts; - ngz;ghy;
mth; - gyh;ghy;
mJ - xd;wd;ghy;
mit - gytpd;ghy;
,t;thW ngah;r;nrhw;fs; Ik;ghiyAk; czh;j;Jk; jd;ik cilad.
%tplk; fhl;Lk;
ngah;r;nrhw;fs; jd;ik> Kd;dpiy> glh;f;if Mfpa %tplq;fis fhl;b

mikAk;.
ehd; - jd;ikaplk;
eP - Kd;dpiyaplk;
mtd; - glh;f;ifaplk;
,t;thW ngah;r;nrhw;fs; jd;ik> Kd;dpiy> glh;f;if Mfpa %tplq;fisr; rhh;e;J
mikAk;.
ngah;r; nrhy;ypd; nghJ ,yf;fzj;ij>
,LFwp fhuzk; kuNghL Mf;fk;

njhlh;e;J njhopy;my fhyk; Njhw;wh>
Ntw;Wikf;F ,ldha;> jpizghy; ,lj;Jxd;W
Vw;gTk; nghJtk; Mtd ngaNu (ed; : 275)
vd;Dk; E}w;gh tpsf;FfpwJ.
mWtifg; ngah;
ngah; MW tifg;gLk;. ,jid>
19
nghUl;ngah;
,lg;ngah;
fhyg;ngah;
mWtifg;ngah; rpidg;ngah;
gz;Gg;ngah;
njhopw;ngah;
vd;Dk; ml;ltiz tpthpf;fpd;wJ.
fy;> kz;> fk;gd; Kjypa ngah;fs; nghUl;fis czh;j;Jtd. Mjypd;

,it nghUl;ngah; MFk;.
fhdk;> thdk;> tPL> kJiu Kjypa ngah;fs; ,lq;fis czh;j;Jtd.

Mjypd; ,it ,lg;ngah; MFk;.
jpq;fs;> Mz;L> rpj;jpiu Kjypa ngah;fs; fhyj;ij czh;j;Jtd. vdNt

,it fhyg;ngah; MFk;.
G+> ,iy> Nth;> fz; Kjypa ngah;fs; rpidfis (cWg;G) czh;j;Jtd.

Mjypd; ,it rpidg; ngah; MFk;.
ed;ik> jPik> md;G> moF Kjypa ngah;fs; gz;Gfis czh;j;Jtjhy;

gz;Gg; ngah; MFk;. ,jid Fzg;ngah; vd;Wk; miog;gh;.
ghly;> Mly;> vOJjy;> gbj;jy; Kjypad njhopiy czh;j;Jtjhy;

njhopw;ngah; MFk;.
vdNt ngah;fs; nghUs;> ,lk;> fhyk;> rpiz> Fzk;> njhopy; vd;Dk;

MWtifg;gLk;.
ngah;r;nrhy;ypd; tiffs;
1. cah;jpiz Mz;ghy; ngah;
2. cah;jpiz ngz;ghy; ngah;
3. cah;jpiz gyh;ghy; ngah;
4. m/wpiz xd;wd;ghy; ngah;
5. m/wpiz gytpd;ghy; ngah;

20
6. ghy; gfh m/wpizg; ngah;
7. ,Ujpizg; nghJg; ngah;
8. njhopw; ngah; - tpidahyizAk; ngah;
9. MFngah;
Kjypad ngah;r;nrhy;ypd; tiffs; MFk;.
cah; jpiz Mz;ghy; ngah;fs;
jkd;> Ekd;> ntw;gd;> fhh;j;jpifahd;> neLq;ifahd;. nghpad;> XJthd;>

mtd;> ,td;> vtd;> gpwd; Mfpa ngah;fs; ‘d’ fu <W ngw;w cah;jpizg;
ngah;fshFk;. ,it ‘d’ fu <W ngw;Ws;sikahy; Mz;ghiy czh;j;Jfpd;wd.
,itahTk; cah; jpiz Mz;ghy; ngah;fshFk;. ,t;thW ‘d’ fu <W ngw;W
cah;jpizia czh;j;Jk; Mz;ghy; ngah;fs; mWtifg; ngah;fspd;
mbg;gilapYk; Rl;L> tpdh> gpw> kw;W Mfpa ehd;fpd; mbg;gilapYk; ,lk;ngWk;.
nghUl;ngah;
nghUl;ngah; epiyapy; mikAk; cah;jpiz Mz;ghw; ngah;fs; fpis> vz;>

FO Mfpa %d;W gFg;Gfspy; ,lk;ngWk;. ,it ‘d’ fu <W ngw;W mikAk;.
v.fh- jkd;> ekd;> Ekd; - fpisahy; tUngah;
xUtd; - vz;zhy; tUngah;
rq;fj;jhd;> mitaj;jhd; - FOthy; tUngah;
,k;%d;iwAk; jtpu nghd;dd;> jbad;> Kbad; vd;gdTk; ‘d’ fu <W ngw;Wg;

nghUis czh;j;Jk; cah;jpiz Mz;ghw; ngah;fs; MFk;.
,lg;ngah;
,lg;ngah; epiyapy; mikAk; cah;jpiz Mz;ghw; ngah;fs; jpiz> Njak;>

Ch;> thd;> mfk;> Gwk; vd;Dk; gphpTfspy; ‘d’ fu <W ngw;W mikAk;.
v.fh- ntw;gd; ( FwpQ;rp)> Mad; - jpizahy; tUngah;
Cud;> rPdj;jhd;; - Cuhy; tUngah;
kiyehl;lhd; - Njaj;jhy; tUngah;
21
thdj;jhd;> mfj;jhd;> Gwj;jhd; - thd;> mfk;> Gwk; ,tw;why;
tUngah;
,it jtpu tpz;Z}yhd;> G+jyj;jhd; vd;gdTk; ‘d’ fu <W ngw;Wg; nghUis

czh;j;Jk; cah;jpiz Mz;ghy; ,lg;ngah;fs; MFk;.
fhyg;ngah;
fhyg;ngah; epiyapy; mikAk; cah;jpiz Mz;ghw;ngah;fs; Mz;L> khjk;>

ehs;> kPd; Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; ‘d’ fu <W ngw;W mikAk;.
v.fh- %thz;bdd; - Mz;lhy; tUngah;
Ntdpyhd; - gUtj;jhy; tUngah;
fhh;j;jpifahd; - khjj;jhy; tUngah;
Xzj;jhd; - ehshy; tUngah;
Mjpiuahd; - kPdhy; tUngah;
rpidg;ngah;
rpidg;ngah; epiyapy; mikAk; cah;jpiz Mz;ghw;ngah;fs; Gak;> kaph;>

khh;G> fz;> fhJ Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; ‘d’ fu <W ngw;W mikAk;.
v.fh- vz; Njhshd; - Gaj;jhy; tUngah;
fUq;FQ;rpahd; - kapuhy; tUngah;
jplkhh;gd; - khh;ghy; tUngah;
nts;spf;fz;zd; - fz;zhy; tUngah;
tl;lf;fhjd; - fhjhy; tUngah;
,it jtpu fiukplw;whd;> fUq;ifad;> FWe;jhsd;> vd;gdTk; ‘d’ fu <W ngw;W

mikAk; cah;jpiz Mz;ghw; rpidg; ngah;fshFk;.
gz;Gg; ngah;
gz;Gg; ngah; epiyapy; mikAk; cah;jpiz Mz;ghw; ngah;fs; msT>

mwpT> xg;G> tbT> epwk;> fjp> rhjp> Fb> rpwg;G Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; ‘d’ fu
<W ngw;W mikAk;.
v.fh- nghpad;> rpwpad; - msthy; tUngah;

22
mwpQd; - mwpthy; tUngah;
nghd;kdj;jhd; - xg;ghy; tUngah;
$dd; - tbthy; tUngah;
fhpad; - epwj;jhy; tUngah;
Njtd; - fjpahy; tUngah;
me;jzd; - rhjpahy; tUngah;
Nrhod; - Fbahy; tUngah;
Mrphpad; - rpwg;ghy; tUngah;
,it jtpu ey;yd;> jPad;> XJthd;> <thd;> vd;gdTk; ‘d’ fu <W ngw;W mikAk;
cah;jpiz Mz;ghw; gz;Gg; ngah; MFk;.
njhopw;ngah;
njhopw;ngah; epiyapy; mikAk; cah;jpiz Mz;ghw;ngah;fs; Xjy;> <jy;

vd;gdtw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; d fu <Wngw;W mikAk;.
v.fh- J}Jiug;ghd;> XJthd; - Xjhyhy; tUngah;

<thd; - <jyhy; tUngah;
,it jtpu xw;wd;> fzf;fd;> jr;rd; vd;gdTk; njhopiy czh;j;Jk; ‘d’ fu <W
ngw;W mikAk; cah;jpiz Mz;ghw; njhpopw;ngah;fshFk;.
,ilr;nrhw;ngah;
Rl;L> tpdh> gpw> kw;W vd;Dk; ,ilr;nrhw;fs; ‘d’ fu <W ngw;W cah;jpiz
Mz;ghw; ngaiu czh;j;Jk;.
v.fh- mtd;> ,td;> ctd; - Rl;lhy; tUngah;

vtd;> Vtd;> ahtd; - tpdhthy; tUngah;
gpwd;> kw;iwahd; - gpw> kw;W vd;gdthy; tUngah;
‘d’ fu <W ngwhj epiyapy; ek;gp> M^c> tpliy> Nfh> Nts;> Fhprpy;> Njhd;wy;
vd;Dk; VO ngah;fSk; cah;jpiz Mz;ghw; ngah;fshFk;.
vdNt nghUs;> ,lk;> fhyk;> rpid> gz;G> njhopy; vd;Dk; mWtifg;

ngah;fspd; mbg;gilapy; ‘d’ fu <W ngw;Wk; Rl;L> tpdh> gpw> kw;W vd;Dk;
,ilr;nrhw;fs; ‘d’fu <W ngw;Wk; ek;gp> MLc mbg;gilapy; ‘d’ fu <W
ngwhkYk; gpwepiyfspYk; cah;jpiz Mz;ghw; ngah;fs; mikAk;.
23
fpisvz; FOcKjy; gy;nghUs; jpizNjk;
Ch;thd; mfk;Gwk; Kjy;epyd; ahz;L
,UJ kjpehs; Mjpf; fhyk;
Njhs;Foy; khh;Gfz; fhJKjy; cWg;G
msT mwpT xg;GtbT epwk;fjp
rhjp Fbrpwg;G Mjpg; gy;Fzk;
Xjy; <jy; mjpg; gy;tpid
,it milRl;L tpdhg;gpw kw;NwhL
Cw;w dt;tPW ek;gp MLc
tpliy NfhNts; Fhprpy; Njhd;wy;
,d;dd Mz;ngah; MFk; vd;g. (ed; : 276)
cah;jpizg; ngz;ghy; ngah;fs;
jks;> Eks;> Xzj;jhs;> neLkhh;gs;> %f;fp> ,ts;> gpws;> kw;iwahs; vd;gd

nghUs;> ,lk;> fhyk;> rpid> Fzk;> njhopy; vd;Dk; MW tiffspy; miktd
‘s’ fu ‘,’ fu <W ngw;w cah;jpizg; ngah;fshFk;. ‘s’ ‘,’ <W
ngw;Ws;sikahy; ngz;ghiy czh;j;Jfpd;wd. ,t;thW ‘s’ fu ‘,’ fu <W ngw;W
cah;jpizia czh;j;Jk; ngz;ghw; ngah;fs; mWtifg; ngah;fspd;
mbg;gilapYk; Rl;L> tpdh> gpw> kw;w vd;gdtw;wpd; mbg;gilapYk; ,lk;ngWk;.
nghUl;ngah;
nghUl;ngah; epiyapy; mikAk; cah;jpizg; ngz;ghw; ngah;fs; fpis

vz;> FO vz;zk; gFg;Gfspy; ‘s’ fu ‘,’ fu <W ngw;wikAk;.
v.fh- jks;> eks;> Eks; - fpisahy; tUngah;

xUj;jp - vz;zhy; tUngah;
mitaj;jhs; - FOthy; tUngah;
,it jtpug; nghd;dhs;> nghd;dp vd;gdTk; ‘s’ fu ‘,’ fu <W ,Wjp ngw;wikAk;
cah;jpizg; ngz;ghw; nghUl;ngah;fshFk;.
24
,lg;ngah;
,lg;ngah; epiyapy; mikAk; cah;jpizg; ngz;ghw; ngah;fs; jpiz>

Njak;> Ch;> thd;> mfk;> Gwk; vd;Dk; gphpTfspy; ‘s’ fu ‘,’ fu <W ngw;W
mikAk;.
v.fh- Fwj;jp - jpizahy; tUngah;

coj;jp - Njaj;jhy; tUngah;
fUT+uhs; - Cuhy; tUngah;
thdj;jhs;> mfj;jp> Gwj;jp - thd;> mfk;> Gwk; ,tw;why; tUngah;
,it jtpu kz;zfj;jp vd;gdTk; ‘s’ fu ‘,’ fu <W ngw;wikAk; cah;jpizg;

ngz;ghw; ,lg; ngah;fshFk;.
fhyg;ngah;
fhyg;ngah; epiyapy; mikAk; cah;jpizg; ngz;ghw; ngah;fs; Mz;L>

gUtk;> khjk;> ehs;> kPd; Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; ‘s’ fu ‘,’ fu <W ngw;W
mikAk;.
v.fh- %thilahs; - Mz;lhy; tUngah;

,sNtdpyhs ; - gUtj;jhy; tUngah;
Rthjp> Nutjp - khjj;jhy; tUngah;
Xzj;jhs;> Xzj;jp - ehshy; tUngah;
Mjpiuahs; - kPdhy; tUngah;
,it jtpu fhh;j;jpifahs;> fhiyahs; vd;gdTk;; ‘s’ fu ‘,’ fu <W ngw;wikAk;

cah;jpizg; ngz;ghw; fhyg; ngah;fshFk;.
rpidg;ngah;
rpidg;ngah; epiyapy; mikAk; cah;jpizg; ngz;ghw; ngah;fs; Gak;>

kaph;> khh;G> fz;> fhJ> vd;gdtw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; ‘s’ fu ‘,’ fu <W ngw;W
mikAk;.
v.fh- jpzpNjhs; - Gaj;jhy; tUngah;

neLq;fOj;jhs; - fOj;jhy; tUngah;
rpw;wpilahs; - rpw;wpilahy; tUngah;
Fiofhjhs; - fhjhy; tUngah;
25
ngUq;fz;zp - fz;zhy; tUngah;
,it jtpu %f;fp> gy;yp> thahb vd;gdTk;; ‘,’ fu <W ngw;wikAk; cah;jpizg;
ngz;ghw; rpidg; ngah;fshFk;.
gz;Gg; ngah;
gz;Gg;ngah; epiyapy; mikAk; cah;jpizg; ngz;ghw; ngah;fs; msT>

mwpT> xg;G> tbT> epwk;> fjp> rhjp> Fb> rpwg;G Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; ‘s’ fu
‘,’ fu <W ngw;wikAk;.
v.fh- nel;lr;rp> rpwpas; - msthy; tUngah;

Gyikahs; - mwpthy; tUngah;
nghd;kdj;jhs; - xg;ghy; tUngah;
$dp - tbthy; tUngah;
fWg;gp - epwj;jhy; tUngah;
khDlj;jp - fjpahy; tUngah;
ehlhj;jp> ghg;ghj;jp - rhjpahy; tUngah;
coj;jp - Fbahy; tUngah;
FLk;gj;jiytp - rpwg;ghy; tUngah;
,it jtpu ey;ys;> jPas; vd;gdTk;; ‘s’ fu <W ngw;w cah;jpizg; ngz;ghw;
gz;Gg;ngah;fs; MFk;.
njhopw;ngah;
njhopw;ngah; epiyapy; mikAk; cah;jpizg; ngz;ghw; ngah;fs; Xjy;>

<jy; vd;gdtw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; ‘s’ fu <W ngw;wikAk;.
v.fh- XJths; - Xjyhy; tUngah;

<ths; - <jyhy; tUngah;
,ilr;nrhw; ngah;
Rl;L> tpdh> gpw> kw;W vd;Dk; ,ilr;nrhw;fs; ‘s’ fu <W ngw;W

cah;jpizg; ngz;ghw; ngaiu czh;j;Jk;.
v.fh- mts;> ,ts;> cts; - Rl;lhy; tUngah;

vts;> Vts;> ahts; - tpdhthy; tUngah;
gpws;> kw;iwas; - gpw> kw;W vd;gdtw;why; tUngah;
26
,it jtpu Njhop> nrtpyp> kf^c> eq;if> ijay; vd E}w;ghtpy; Rl;lg;gLtdTk;
Ngij> ngJk;ig> ,Fis> kle;ij> khJ> ghq;fp> ngz;L> ngz;lhl;b vd
E}w;ghtpy; Rl;lg;ngwhjdTk; cah;jpizg; ngz;ghw; ngah;fshFk;.
vdNt nghUs;> ,lk;> fhyk;> rpid> gz;G> njhopy; vd;Dk; MWtifg;

ngah;fspd; mbg;gilapy; ‘s’ fu ‘,’ fu <W ngw;Wk; Rl;L> tpdh> gpw> kw;W
vd;Dk; ,ilr;nrhw;fs; ‘s’ fu <W ngw;Wk; Njhop> nrtpyp> kf^c> eq;if> ijay;
vd;gdTk; ,itNghy; mikAk; gpwTk; cah;jpizg; ngz;ghw; ngah;fshFk;.
fpisKj yhff; fpse;j nghUs;fSs;

st;nthw;W ,fuf;F Vw;w <w;wTk;
Njhop nrtpyp kf^c eq;if
ijaNyhL ,d;dd ngz;ghy; ngaNu (ed; : 277)
cah;jpizg; gyh;ghy; ngah;fs;
nghUs;> ,lk;> fhyk;> rpid> Fzk;> njhopy; vd;Dk; MW tiffspy;

miktd MFk;. Rl;L> tpdh> gpw> kw;W vDk; ,ilr; nrhw;fsha; tUtdthFk;.
khe;jh;> kf;fs; Kjyhd gpw ngah;fs; ,it h;> mh;> Mh;> khh; vd;Dk; ‘u’ fu <w;W
KbT ngw;W tUk;. jkh;> Ekh;> fUT+uhh;> Mjpiuahh;> neLk;ghh;> mwpQh;> XJthh;>
ahth;> ,th;> kw;iwah; Mfpa ngah;fs; ‘u’ fu <W ngw;WtUk; cah;jpizg;
gyh;ghy; ngah;fs; MFk;.
nghUl;ngah;
nghUl;ngah; epiyapy; mikAk; cah;jpizg; gyh;ghy; ngah;fs; fpis> vz;>

FO vd;Dk; gFg;Gfspy; ‘u’ fu <W ngw;wikAk;.
v.fh- jkh;> ekh;> - fpisahy; tUngah;

,Uth;> %th; - vz;zhy; tUngah;
mitaj;jhh; - FOthy; tUngah;
,it jtpu nghd;Kbahh; vd;gdTk; ‘u’ fu <W ngw;wikAk; cah;jpizg; gyh;ghy;
nghUl;ngah;fshFk;.
,lg;ngah;
,lg;ngah; epiyapy; mikAk; cah;jpizg; gyh;ghy; ngah;fs; jpiz>

Njak;> Ch;> thd;> mfk;> Gwk; vd;Dk; gFg;Gfspy; ‘u’ fu <W ngw;wikAk;.
27
v.fh- Fwth;> Mah; - jpizahy; tUngah;
kiyehl;lth; - Njaj;jhy; tUngah;
ed;dhl;lhh;> mfj;jhh; - Cuhy; tUngah;
thdj;jh;> mfj;jhh;>Gwj;jhh; - thd;> mfk;> Gwk; ,tw;why; tUngah;
,it jtpu kz;zfj;jhh;> G+jyj;jhh; vd;gdTk; ‘u’ fu <W ngw;wikAk;

cah;jpizg; gyh;ghy; ,lg;ngah;fshFk;.
fhyg;ngah;
fhyg;ngah; epiyapy; mikAk; cah;jpizg; gyh;ghy; ngah;fs; Mz;L>

gUtk;> khjk;> ehs;> kPd; Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; ‘u’ fu <W ngw;wikAk;.
v.fh- %thz;bdh; - Mz;lhy; tUngah;
Ntdpyhh; - gUtj;jhy; tUngah;
guzpahh; - khjj;jhy; tUngah;
Xzj;jhh; - ehshy; tUngah;
Mjpiuahs; - kPdhy; tUngah;
,it jtpu Iahz;bdh;> neUeyhh;> fhiyahh; ‘u’ fu <W ngw;wikAk; cah;jpizg;

gyh;ghy; fhyg;ngah;fshFk;.
rpidg;ngah;
rpidg;ngah; epiyapy; mikAk; cah;jpizg; gyh;ghy; ngah;fs; Gak;> kaph;>

khh;G> fz;> fhJ Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; ‘u’ fu <W ngw;wikAk;.
v.fh- neLkhh;gh; - Gaj;jhy; tUngah;
fhpFoyhh; - kapuhy; tUngah;
jplkhh;gh; - khh;ghy; tUngah;
$h;tpopahh; - fz;zhy; tUngah;
Fiof;fhjh; - fhjhy; tUngah;
,it jtpu fUq;ifah;> neLq;ifah;> gy;yh; vd;gdTk; ‘u’ fu <W ngw;wikAk;

cah;jpizg; gyh;ghy; rpidg;ngah;fshFk;.
28
gz;Gg; ngah;
gz;Gg; ngah; epiyapy; mikAk; cah;jpizg; gyh;ghy; ngah;fs; msT>

mwpT> xg;G> tbT> epwk;> fjp> rhjp> Fb> rpwg;G ,tw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; ‘u’ fu <W
ngw;wikAk;.
v.fh- nghpah; - msthy; tUngah;
Gyth; - mwpthy; tUngah;
fhpah; - epwj;jhy; tUngah;
nghd;kdj;jhh; - xg;ghy; tUngah;
Klth; - tbthy; tUngah;
Njth; - fjpahy; tUngah;
me;jzh; - rhjpahy; tUngah;
ghz;bah; - Fbahy; tUngah;
jiyth; - rpwg;ghy; tUngah;
,it jtpu ey;yh;> jPah; vd;gdTk; ‘u’ fu <W ngw;wikAk; cah;jpizg; gyh;ghy;
gz;Gg;; ngah;fshFk;.
njhopw;ngah;
njhopw;ngah; epiyapy; mikAk; cah;jpizg; gyh;ghy; ngah;fs; Xjy;> <jy;

vd;gdtw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; ‘u’ fu <W ngw;wikAk;.
v.fh- XJthh; - Xjyhy; tUngah;

<thh; - <jyhy; tUngah;
,it jtpu jl;lhh;> jr;rh;> nfhy;yh; vd;gdTk; ‘u’ fu <W ngw;wikAk;

cah;jpizg; gyh;ghy; njhopw;ngah;fshFk;.
,ilr;nrhw;fs;
Rl;L> tpdh> gpw> kw;W vd;Dk; ,ilr;nrhw;fs; ‘u’ fu <W ngw;W

cah;jpizg; gyh;ghiy czh;j;Jk;.
v.fh- mth;> ,th;> cth; - Rl;lhy; tUngah;
29
vth;> Vth;> ahh; - tpdhthy; tUngah;
gpwh;> kw;iwah; - gpw> kw;W vd;gdtw;why; tUngah;
,it jtpu fs; tpFjp ngw;W gyh;ghYf;F nghUe;jp tUk; cah;jpizg; ngah;fSk;
(Nfhf;fs;> egh;fs;> jiytpfs;) khe;jh;> kfhh;> rpwhh;> Ntsph; vd tUk; ngah;fSk;
cah;jpizg; gyh;ghw; ngah;fshFk;.
vdNt nghUs;> ,lk;> fhyk;> rpid> gz;G> njhopy; MWtifg; ngah;fspd;

mbg;gilapYk; Rl;L tpdh> gpw> kw;W vd;Dk; ,ilr;nrhw;fspd; mbg;gilapYk; ‘u’
fu <W kw;Wk; fs; tpFjp ngw;W gyh;ghYf;F nghUe;jp tUk; ngah;fSk; gpwTk;
cah;jpizg; gyh;ghy; ngah;fs; MFk;.
fpse;j fpisKjy; cw;wht; tPw;Wk;

fs;vd; <w;wpd; Vw;gTk; gpwTk;
gy;Nyhh; ngahpd; gFjp ahFk; (ed; : 278)
m/wpiz xd;wd;ghy; ngah;
vJ> VJ> ahJ vd;Dk; tpdhg; ngah;fs; mJ> ,J> vd;Dk; Rl;Lg; ngah;fs;
mWtifg; ngah;fspd; mbg;gilapy; ‘J’ <W ngw;W m/wpiz xd;wd;ghiy
czh;j;Jk;.
v.fh - nghd;dJ (nghUs;)
epyj;jJ (,lk;)
MjpiuaJ (fhyk;)
nfhk;gpdJ (rpid)
ePz;lJ (Fzk;)
MlyJ (njhopy;)
vd tUk; mWtifg; ngah;fs; m/wpid xd;wd;ghiy czh;j;Jfpd;wd.
te;jJ vJ? $wpdJ ahJ? tPL vJ?
jiyapJ> fhypJ> ,lkJ> FzkJ
30
,j;njhlh;fs; tpdh vOj;Jf;fshYk; Rl;nlOj;Jf;fshYkhd m/wpiz xd;wd;ghy;
ngah;fs; MFk;. ,t;thNw tpdhTk; Rl;Lk; my;yhj FioaJ> epyj;jJ> %yj;jJ>
Nfhl;lJ> FwpaJ> MlyJ vd;gd KiwNa nghUs;> ,lk;> fhyk;> rpid> gz;G>
njhopy; Mfpa mWtifg; ngah;fspd; mbg;gilapy; ‘J’ <W ngw;W m/wpizAk;
xd;wd;ghiyAk; czh;j;Jfpd;wd.
m/J> ,/J> c/J vd tUk; Ma;jk; Nrh;e;j Rl;Lg; ngah;fs; ,ize;j ‘J’
<w;Wg; ngah;fs; xd;wd;ghiyAk; m/wpiziaAk; kl;Lk; czh;j;Jk;.
v.fh- xd;W te;jJ> xd;W tPo;ej

; J
,jpy; ‘xd;W’ vd;gJ xd;wd; ghiyAk; m/wpizAk; Fwpf;fpwJ. ,it jtpu gpwpJ>
kw;iwaJ vd;Dk; ‘J’ <w;W ,ilr;nrhw;fSk; xd;wd;ghiyAk; m/wpiziaAk;
Fwpf;Fk;.
vdNt mWtifg; ngah;fspd; mbg;gilapy; ‘J’ <W ngw;W mikAk; tpdh>

Rl;L Kjypa ngah;fSk; tpdhTk; Rl;Lk; ,d;wp mWtifg; ngah;fspd;
mbg;gilapy; ‘J’ <W ngw;wikAk; ngah;fSk; Ma;jj;Jld; ,ize;J ‘J’ <W
ngw;wikAk; Rl;Lg;ngah;fSk; xd;W vd mikAk; vz;Zg; ngaUk; ‘J’ <W
ngw;wikAk; gpw> kw;W vd;Dk; ,ilr;nrhw; ngah;fSk; m/wpiz xd;wd;ghiyf;
Fwpf;Fk; ngah;fshFk;.
tpdhRl; LlDk; NtWkhk; nghUs;

Mjp AWJr; Rl;liz Ma;jk;
xd;nwd;vd; ,d;dd xd;wd; ngaNu (ed; : 279)

m/wpizg; gytpd; ghy; ngah;fs;
vit> ahit> mit> ,it> cit Kjypad ‘it’ tpFjp ngw;w tpdh
Rl;lhFk;. ,it nghUs;> ,lk;> fhyk;> rpid> gz;G> njhopy; vd;Dk; mWtifg;
ngah;fspd; mbg;gilapy; ‘it’ tpFjp ngw;wike;J m/wpizg; gytpd;ghiy
czh;j;Jk;.
v.fh- Fioad> nghUsd - nghUl;ngah;
mfj;j> ehl;bd - ,lg;ngah;
Ntdpy> Ntdpypia - fhyg;ngaH
Nfhl;l> nfhk;gpd - rpidg; ngah;

31
fhpa> fhpad - Fzg;ngah;
Mlyt> XJtd - njhopw;ngah;
,it mWtifg; ngah;fspd; mbg;gilapy; ,lk; ngw;w md;rhhpia ngw;Wk;

ngwhkYk; te;Js;s mfu <w;Wg; m/wpizg; gytpd; ghy; ngah;fis czh;j;Jk;.
nebait> fhpait> rpwpait vd;gd ‘it’ tpFjp ngw;w tpdh> Rl;L

my;yhj ngah;fs; MFk;.
mt;> ,t;> ct; - yfu nka;aPw;Wr; Rl;Lg; ngah;fSk; m/wpizg; gytpd;

ghw; ngah;fis czh;j;Jk;.
fhLfs;> khLfs;> kuq;fs;> gpzq;fs; - ,it ‘fs;’ tpFjp ngw;W m/wpizg;

gytpd; ghw; ngah;fis czh;j;Jk;.
,uz;L> gj;J> %d;W – ,it xd;wpw;F Nkw;gl;ltw;iwf; Fwpj;j

m/wpiziaf; Fwpf;Fk; vz;Zg; ngah;fs;.
cs;s> ,y;y> gy;y> rpy;y> cs> ,y> gy> rpy vd;Dk; Fwpg;G
tpidahyizAk; ngah;fSk; m/wpizg; gytpd; ghy; ngah;fis czh;j;Jk;.
,it jtpu ah> gpw> kw;iwa vd;Dk; ,ilr;nrhw;fSk; m/wpizg; gytpd; ghiy
czh;j;Jk;. vdNt mWtifg; ngah;fspd; mbg;gilapy; ‘it’ tpFjp ngw;wikAk;
tpdh> Rl;Lg;ngah;fSk;
tpdh> Rl;L ,d;wp mWtifg; ngah;fspd; mbg;gilapy; ‘it’ tpFjp

ngw;wikAk; ngah;fSk;
mWtifg; ngah;fspd; mbg;gilapy; md;rhhpiag; ngw;Wk; ngwhkYk;

mikAk;
mfu <w;Wg; ngah;fSk;
tfu <w;Wr; Rl;Lg; ngah;fSk; ‘fs;’ tpFjp ngw;wikAk; ngah;fSk; xd;wpw;F

Nkw;gl;litfisf; Fwpf;Fk; vz;Zg; ngah;fSk;
cs;s> ,y;y> rpy;y> gy;y> cs> ,y> gy> rpy vd;Dk; Fwpg;G
tpidahyizAk; ngah;fSk;
ah> gpw> kw;iwa vd;Dk; ,ilr;nrhw; ngah;fSk;
m/wpizg; gytpd;ghiyf; Fwpf;Fk; ngah;fshFk;.
Kd;dh; mt;nthL tUgit mt;Tk;

Rl;L,W tt;Tk; fs;,W nkhopAk;
32
Xd;Wmy; vz;Zk; cs;s ,y;y
gy;y rpy;y cs,y gyrpy
,d;dTk; gytpd; ngauhFk;Nk. (ed; : 280)
ghy;gfh m/wpizg; ngah;
xd;wd; ghy;> gytpd; ghy; vdg; gFf;f Kbahj ngah;r;nrhw;fs;

m/wpizapd; ,Ughy;fSf;Fk; nghJthd ngah;fshFk;. ,j;jifa ngah;fs;
ghy;gfh m/wpizg; ngah;fs; vdg;gLk;.
v.fh- gwit gwe;jJ - gwit gwe;jd
kuk; gOj;jJ - kuk; gOj;jd
ahid te;jJ - ahid te;jd
m/wpizapy; xd;wd; ghiyAk; gytpd; ghiyAk; czh;j;Jk; ngah;r; nrhw;fs; rpy

cs;sd. Kd; E}w;ghf;fspy; $wg;gl;l xd;wd;ghy;> gytpd; ghiy czh;j;Jk;
tpFjpfSf;F (J> it> m> fs;) nghJthf mike;Js;sikahy; ,it ghy;gfh
m/wpizg; ngah;fs; MFk;. ,jid>
ghy; gfh m/wpidg; ngah;fs; ghw; nghJ ika (ed; : 281)
gwit> kuk; vd;Dk; ngah;r; nrhw;fs; ‘fs;’ tpFjp ngwhkNy gd;ikg;

ngauhf Fwpg;gplg;gLtijf; fhzyhk;.
,Ujpizg; nghJg; ngah;
cah;jpizf;Fk; m/wpizf;Fk; nghJthf mikAk; ngah;fis ,Ujpizg;

nghJg;ngah; vd;gh;.
v.fh- rhj;jdptd;> rhj;jdpt;ntUJ
,j;njhlh; rhj;jdptd; vd;Dk; nghOJ cah;jpiziaAk; rhj;jdpt;ntUJ vd;Dk;

nghOJ m/wpiziaAk; czh;j;Jk;. ’rhj;jd;’ vd;gJ ,U jpizf;Fk;
nghJthf mikAk; ngauhfpwJ. ,it
Kjw;ngah;
rpidg;ngah;
rpid Kjw;ngah;
33
Kiwg;ngah;
jd;ikg;ngah;
Kd;dpiyg; ngah;
vy;yhk;> jhk;> jhd; vd;Dk; ngah;
vd tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
Kjw;ngah;
fhuzk; fUjhJ xUnghUisf; Fwpf;Fk; ngah; Kjw;ngauhFk;. ,J ehd;fhf

mikAk;. mit>
Mz;ik Kjw;ngah; - rhj;jd;
ngz;ik Kjw;ngah; - rhj;jp
xUik Kjw;ngah; - Nfhij
gd;ik Kjw;ngah; - Nfhijfs;
rpidg;ngah;
cWg;gpd; fhuzkhf mikAk; ngah; rpidg;ngauhFk;. ,J ehd;fhf

mikAk;. mit>
Mz;ik rpidg;ngah; - Kltd;
ngz;ik rpidg;ngah; - Klj;jp
xUik rpidg;ngah; - nrtpyp
gd;ik rpidg;ngah; - nrtpypfs;
rpid Kjw;ngah;
cWg;igAk; cWg;ig cila Kjw;nghUisAk; fhuzkhff; nfhz;likAk;

ngah; rpid Kjw;ngauhFk;. ,J ehd;fhf mikAk;. mit>
Mz;ik rpid Kjw;ngah; - Klf;nfhw;wd;
ngz;ik rpid Kjw;ngah; - Klf;nfhw;wp
xUik rpid Kjw;ngah; - nfhLk;Gw kUjp
gd;ik rpid Kjw;ngah; - nfhLk;Gw kUjpfs;
Kiwg;ngah;
cwtpid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;likAk; ngah; Kiwg; ngauhFk;. ,J ,U

epiyapy; mikAk;. mit>
34
Mz;ik Kiwg;ngah; - je;ij
ngz;ik Kiwg;ngah; - jha;
vd;gdthFk;.
jd;ikg;ngah;
jk;ik czh;j;jf; fhuzkhf mikAk; ngah; jd;ikg; ngauhFk;. ,J

ehd;fhf mikAk;. mit>
ahd;> ahk;> ehd;> ehk;
vd;gdthFk;.
Kd;dpiyg; ngah;
Kd; epw;gtiu czh;j;jf; fhuzkhf mikAk; ngah; Kd;dpiyg; ngauhFk;.

,J Ie;jhf mikAk;. mit>
vy;yPh>; ePaph;> ePtph;> ePh;> eP
vd;gdthFk;.
vy;yhk;> jhk;> jhd;
vy;yhk;> jhk; vd;gd gd;ikiaAk;

jhd; vd;gJ xUikiaAk; czh;j;Jk;.
cah;jpiz> m/wpiz Mfpa ,Ujpizf;Fk; nghJthf mikAk;.
,j;jifa 26 ngah;fs; xt;nthd;Wk; ,U jpizapYk; jk;jk; ghy;fis
Vw;WtUk;. mjhtJ>
Mz;ikg; nghJg;ngah; cah;jpiz Mz;ghiyAk; m/wpiz Mz;ghiyAk;
ngz;ik nghJg;ngah; cah;jpiz ngz;ghiyAk; m/wpiz ngz;ghiyAk;
xUikg; nghJg;ngah; cah;jpiz Mz; ngz; xUikfisAk; m/wpiz

xUikiaAk;
xUikg; nghJg;ngah; cah;jpizg; gd;ikAk; m/wpiz gd;ikikiaAk;
Vw;W epw;Fk;. ,t;thNw jd;ik Kd;dpiyg; ngah;fSk; vy;yhk;> jhd;> jhk; vd;Dk;
ngah;fSk; mikAk;.
35
Kjw;ngah;
rhj;jdptd;> rhj;jdpt;ntUJ – Mz;ik Kjw; ngah; ,Ujpiz

Mz;ghYf;Fg;
nghJthapw;W.
rhj;jpapts;> rhj;jpapg; gR – ngz;ik Kjw; ngah; ,Ujpizg;
ngz;ghYf;Fg;
nghJthapw;W.
Nfhijaptd;> Nfhijapts;> NfhijapJ – xUik Kjw;ngah; ,Ujpiz
xUik
Mz;> ngz;> xd;wd; ghYf;Fg; nghJthapw;W.
Nfhijfspth;> Nfhijapit – gd;ik Kjw;ngah; ,Ujpizg; gd;ikf;Fg;

nghJthapw;W.
rpidg;ngah;
Kltdptd;> Kltdpt;ntUJ – Mz;ik rpidg;ngah;> ,Ujpiz

Mz;ghYf;Fg; nghJthapw;W
Klj;jpats;> Klj;jp> Klj;jpapg;gR - ngz;ik rpidg;ngah;> ,Ujpiz

ngz;ghYf;Fg; nghJthapw;W
nrtpypaptd;> nrtpypapts;> nrtpypapJ – xUik rpidg;ngah; ,Ujpiz

xUik %d;wpw;Fk; nghJthapw;W.
nrtpypfspth;> nrtpypfspit – gd;ik rpidg;ngah; ,Ujpiz gd;ikf;Fg;

nghJthapw;W.
rpid Kjw;ngah;
Klf;nfhw;wdptd;> Klf;nfhw;wdpt;ntUJ – Mz;ik rpid Kjw; ngah;

,Ujpiz Mz;ghYf;Fg; nghJthapw;W.
Klf;nfhw;wpapts;> Klf;nfhw;wpapg;gR – ngz;ik rpid Kjw; ngah;

,Ujpiz ngz;ghYf;Fg; nghJthapw;W.
nfhLk;Gw kUjpaptd;> nfhLk;Gw kUjpapts;> nfhLk;Gw kUjpapJ – xUik

rpid Kjw;ngah; ,Ujpiz xUik %d;wpw;Fg; nghJthapw;W.
nfhLk;Gw kujpfspth; nfhLk;Gw kUjpfspit – gd;ik rpid Kjw;ngah;

,Ujpizg; gd;ikf;Fg; nghJthapw;W.
36
Kiwg;ngah;
je;ijaptd;> je;ijapt;ntUJ – Mz;ik Kiwg;ngah; ,Ujpiz

Mz;ghYf;Fg; nghJthapw;W.
jhapts;> jhapg;gR - ngz;ik Kiwg;ngah; ,Ujpiz ngz;ghYf;Fg;

nghJthapw;W.
jd;ikg; ngah;
ahdk;gp> ahdq;if> ahd;G+jk; - ahd; vd;Dk; jd;ikg; ngah; ,Ujpiz

ehdk;gp> ehdq;if> ehd;G+jk; - ehd; vd;Dk; jd;ikg; ngah; ,Ujpiz

ahk;kf;fs;> ahk;G+jq;fs;> - ‘ahk;’ vd;Dk; jd;ikg; ngah; ,Ujpiz

xUikf;Fk; nghJthapw;W.
ehk;kf;fs;> ahk;G+jq;fs;> - ‘ehk;’ vd;Dk; jd;ikg; ngah; ,Ujpizg;

xUikf;Fk; nghJthapw;W.
Kd;dpiyg; ngah;
eP ek;gp> eP eq;if> eP kyh; - ‘eP’ vd;Dk; Kd;dpiyg; ngah; ,Ujpiz

ePh; kf;fs;> ePh; G+jq;fs; - ePh; vd;Dk; Kd;dpiyg; ngah; ,Ujpizg; gd;ik
%d;wpw;Fk; nghJthapw;W.
,t;thNw vy;yPh; ePaph;> ePtph; vd;gdTk; ,Ujpizf;Fk; nghJthf mikAk;.
vy;yhk;> jhk;> jhd;
mtnuy;yhk;> mitnay;yhk; - ‘vy;yhk;’ vd;gJ ,J jpizg; gd;ikf;Fk;

nghJthapw;W.
mth;jhk;> mitjhk; - ‘jhk;’ vd;gJ ,Ujpizg; gd;ikf;Fk; nghJthapw;W
mtd;jhk;> mts; jhd;> mJ jhd; - ‘jhd;’ vd;gJ ,Ujpiz xUik
%d;wpw;Fk; nghJthapw;W.
vdNt> ,Ujpizf;Fk; nghJthf miktd Kjw;ngah;> rpidg;ngah;> rpid
Kjw;ngah;> Kiwg;ngah;> jd;ikg;ngah;> Kd;dpiyg; ngah;> vy;yhk;> jhd;> jhk;
vd;Dk; ngah;fs; 26 vd;Wk; ,it xt;nthd;Wk; ,U jpizapYk; jj;jk; ghy;fis
Vw;W mikAk; vd;Wk; mwpayhk;.
37
Kjw;ngah; ehd;Fk; rpidg;ngah; ehd;Fk;
rpidKjw; ngah; ehd;Fk; Kiw ,uz;Lk;
jd;ik ehd;Fk; Kd;dpiy Ie;Jk;
vy;yhk; jhk;jhd; ,d;dd nghJg;ngah; (ed; : 282)
Mz;ik ngz;ik xUik gd;ikapy;

Mk; me;j ehd;ikfs; Mz;ngz; Kiwg;ngah; (ed; : 283)
mtw;Ws;
Xd;Nw ,Ujpiz jd;ghy; Vw;Fk; (ed; : 284)
vd;Dk; E}w;ghf;fs; thapyhf Nkw;Fwpj;j fUj;Jf;fis mwpayhk;.
jd;ik> Kd;dpiy> glh;f;ifg; ngah;fs;
ngah;r;nrhw;fs; jd;idNah Kd; epw;gtiuNah mayplj;jpy; cs;stiuNah

Rl;b epw;Fk; jd;ik cilad. ,jdbg;gilapy; ngah;fisj; jd;ikg; ngah;fs;>
Kd;dpiyg; ngah;fs;> glh;f;ifg; ngah;fs; vd %d;whff; nfhs;syhk;. vdNt ,J
%tplg;ngah; vdg;gLk;. ,jid>
%tplg; ngah;
jd;ikg; ngah; Kd;dpiyg; ngah; glh;f;ifg; ngah;
,t; ml;ltiz thapyhf tpsq;fpf; nfhs;syhk;.
ehd; ghlk; gbj;Njd; - ‘ehd;’ vd;Dk; ngah;r;nrhy; jd;idf; Fwpf;Fk;.
eP ghlk; gb - ‘eP’ vd;Dk; ngah;r;nrhy; Kd; epw;gtiuf; Fwpf;Fk;.
mtd; ghlk; gbj;jhd; - ‘mtd;’ vd;Dk; ngah;r;nrhy; jd;idNah Kd;

epw;gtiuNah Fwpf;fhJ. may; ,lj;jpYs;stiuf; Fwpf;Fk;.
jd;idf; Fwpf;Fk; ngah;fs; jd;ikg; ngah;fshFk;. mit>
ahd;> ahk;> ehd;> ehk; vd ehd;fhFk;.
Kd; epw;gtiuf; Fwpf;Fk; ngah;fs; Kd;dpiyg; ngah;fshFk;. mit>
vy;yPh;> ePaph;> ePthP ;> ePh;> eP vd Ie;jhFk;.
38
ahd;> ahk;> ehd;> ehk;> vy;yPh;> ePaph;> ePtPh;> ePh;> eP vd;Dk; xd;gJk; my;yhj
ngah;fs; glh;f;ifg; ngah;fshFk;.
vy;yhk; vd;Dk; ngah; jd;ik> Kd;dpiy> glh;f;if Mfpa %tplj;jpw;Fk;

chpa ngauhFk;.
vdNt ahd;> ahk;> ehd;> ehk; vd;Dk; ehd;Fk; jd;ikg; ngah;fs; vdTk;
vy;yPh>; ePaph;> ePthP ;> ePh;> eP vd;Dk; Ie;Jk; Kd;dpiyg; ngah;fs; vdTk; ,t; xd;gJk;
my;yhj ngah;fs; glh;f;ifg; ngah;fs; vdTk; ‘vy;yhk;’ vd;Dk; ngah;
%tplj;jpw;Fk; chpa ngah; vdTk; mwpayhk;.
jd;ik ahd;ehd; ahk;ehk; Kd;dpiy

vy;yPh; ePaph; ePtph; ePh; eP
my;yd glh;f;if vy;yhk; vdy;nghJ (ed; : 285)
njhopw; ngah; - tpidahyizAk; ngah;fs;
njhopw;ngah; vd;gJ njhopiyf; Fwpf;fhky; njhopy; nra;jtiuf; Fwpf;Fk;.

,g; ngah;r;nrhw;fs; fhyk; fhl;lhJ. Mdhy; ,g;ngah;fs; %tplj;jpw;Fk; nghUe;jp
tUk;.
tpidiar; nra;Ak; nghUSf;Fg; ngauhfpf; fhyk; fhl;Ltdha;>

Ntw;Wikfis Vw;W> %tplj;jpw;Fk; nghUe;jp tUtd tpidahyizAk; ngah;
MFk;.
Xjy;> XJtpj;jy;> Ntl;ly;> Ntl;gpj;jy;> <jy;> Vw;wy; vd;gd

me;jzh;fSf;Fhpa njhopy; MFk;. ,r; nrhw;fs; XJ> XJtp> Nts;> Ntl;gp> <> Vy;
vd;Dk; tpidg; gFjpfspd; mbahfg; gpwe;jit. My;> jy; vd;Dk; tpFjpfisg;
ngWk;nghOJ me;je;jj; njhopiy czh;j;Jk; ngauhfpd;wd. ,J glh;f;if
,lj;jpw;F chpajhf mikAk;.
v.fh- gR te;jJ - te;jJ Nghapw;W
rpWtd; Xb te;jhd; - te;jtidf; fz;lhs;
thrypy; epw;fpwhd; - epw;fpwtDf;F czT nfhL
,j;njhlh;fspy; ,lk;ngWk; te;jJ> te;jhd;> epw;fpwhd; vd;gd tpidKw;Wf;fs;

MFk;. ,it> te;jJ> te;jtid> epw;fpwtDf;F vd ngauhfp Ntw;Wik cUGfis
(mJ> I> F) Vw;Ws;sd.
39
tpidapd; ngaNu glh;f;if> tpidahy;
mizAk; ngaNu ahz;Lk; MFk; (ed; : 286)
gd;dpud;L nghJg;ngah;fs;
xUikg; ngah;fshfpa ehd;Fk; gd;ikg; ngah;fshfpa vl;Lk; ,ize;j
gd;dpuz;Lk; ,U jpizfis czh;j;Jk; nghJg; ngah;fshFk;.
xUikg; ngah;fshd jhd;> ahd;> ehd;> eP vd;Dk; ehd;Fk; ,Ujpiz

Mz;ghy;> ngz;ghy;> xd;wd;ghy; Mfpatw;wpw;Fg; nghJthf mikAk;.
jhk;> ahk;> ehk;> vy;yhk;> ePaph;> ePtph;> ePh; vd;Dk; vl;Lk; ,Ujpizf;Fk;
nghJthf mikAk; gd;ikg; ngah;fshFk;.
jhd;ahd; ehd;eP xUik gd;ikjhk;
ahk;ehk; vy;yhk; vy;yPh; ePaph;eP ePtph; (ed; : 287)
vd;Dk; E}w;gh thapyhf ,jid tpsq;fpf; nfhs;syhk;.

vz;zhy; tUk; cah;jpizg; ngaUf;Fg; Gweil
xd;W vd;Dk; vz;Zg; ngah; xUtd; vd tUk; top Mz;ghiyAk; xUj;jp
vd tUk; top ngz;ghiyAk; czh;j;Jk;.
xd;wpw;F Nkw;gl;l vz;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ,Utd;> ,Uj;jp>

%td;> %j;jp vd Mz;ghy;> ngz;ghy; ngah;fs; tuhJ. Mdhy; xd;wpw;F
Nkw;gl;lit ,Uth;> %th;> ehy;th; vd gyh;ghypy; ,lk;ngWk;.
vdNt xd;W vd;Dk; vz;Zg; ngah; xUtd;> xUj;jp vd Mz;ghy;> ngz;ghypy;

mikAk;. xd;wpw;F Nkw;gl;lit ,t;thW mikahJ.
xUtd; xUj;jp ngah;Nky; vz;zpy (ed; : 288)

xUtd; vd;gJ ,Ujpizf;Fk; nghJ
xUth; vd;gJ cah;jpiz ,UghYf;Fk; nghJtha; mj;jpizf;Fhpa gd;ik

KbTld; mikAk;.
v.fh- Mlth; xUth; te;jhh;

ngz;bh; xUth; te;jhh;
40
,j;njhlhpYs;s xUth; vd;Dk; nrhy; Mz;ghYf;Fk; ngz;ghYf;Fk; nghJthf
mike;Js;sJ. xUth; vd;gJ xUikiaf; Fwpf;Fk;. Mdhy; mJ ‘Mh’; vd;Dk;
gd;ik tpFjp ngw;Ws;sJ.
v.fh- rhj;jdhh; te;jhh;> Kltdhh; te;jhh;
,j;njhlhpy; rhj;jdhh;> Kltdhh; vd;gd ,Ujpizg; nghJg;ngah;fs; MFk;. ,it

‘h;’ vDk; tpFjp ngw;Wg; gd;ik KbT ngw;Ws;sd.
v.fh- ehpahh; te;jhh;
,j;njhlhpy; ehpahh; vd;gJ ,UghYf;Fk; chpa nghJg;ngah; MFk;. ,JTk; ‘Mh;’

tpFjp ngw;Wg; gd;ik KbT ngw;Ws;sJ.
v.fh- njhy;fhg;gpadhh; te;jhh;> ,iwtdhh; te;jhh;
,j;njhlhpYs;s cah;jpizg;ngah;fs; rpwg;G epiyapy; ‘Mh;’ tpFjp ngw;Wg; gd;ik

KbT ngw;Ws;sd.
xUth; vd;gJ cah;,U ghw;wha;g;

gd;ik tpidnfhSk; ghq;fpw;W vd;g (ed; : 289)
MFngah;
Xd;wd; ,aw;ngah; mjNdhL njhlh;Gila gpwpnjhU nghUSf;Fj; njhd;W

njhl;L Mfp tUtJ MFngah; vdg;gLk;.
cyfk; cUz;il
cyfk; tpae;jJ
Kjy; njhlhpYs;s ‘cyfk;’ vd;Dk; nrhy; ,lj;ijf; Fwpf;fpwJ. ,uz;lhk;

njhlhpYs;s ‘cyfk;’ epyj;ijf; Fwpf;fhJ. epyj;jpYs;s kf;fisf; Fwpf;fpwJ.
‘cyfk;’ vd;Dk; epyj;jpw;Fhpa ngah; kf;fSf;F Mfp te;Js;sJ. ,t;thW xd;wd;
ngah; mjNdhL njhlh;Gila nghUSf;F njhd;Wnjhl;Nl MfptUtJ
MFngauhFk;.
MFngah; nghUs;> ,lk;> fhyk;> rpid> Fzk;> njhopy; vd;Dk; mWtifg;

ngah;fspd; mbg;gilapYk; ehy;tif (vz;zy;> vLj;jy;> Kfj;jy;> ePl;ly;)
msitg; ngah;fspd; mbg;ilapYk; nrhy;> jhdp> fUtp> fhhpak;> fUj;jh> ctik
Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapYk; gythW gFj;J toq;fg;gLk;. ,J 16 tifg;gLk;.
41
nghUshF ngah;
Kjw;nghUspd; ngah; rpidg;ngaUf;F Mfp tUtJ nghUshF ngauhFk;.
v.fh- jhkiu Kfk;
,j;njhlhpYs;s ‘jhkiu’ vd;Dk; Kjw;nghUspd; ngah; mjNdhL njhlh;Gila

‘kyh;’ vd;Dk; cWg;gpw;Fg; ngauhfp te;Js;sJ.
,lthF ngah;
,lg;ngah; mjNdhL njhlh;Gila nghUSf;F Mfp tUjy; ,lthF

ngauhFk;.
v.fh- Ch; jpuz;lJ
,j;njhlhpYs;s ‘Ch;’ vd;gJ mjNdhL njhlh;Gila kf;fSf;Fg; ngauhfp

te;Js;sJ.
fhythF ngah;
fhyg;ngah; mjNdhL njhlh;Gila nghUSf;F Mfp tUtjhy; fhythF

ngauhFk;.
v.fh- fhh; mWj;jhd; (ney;)
,j;njhlhpYs;s fhh; vd;Dk; fhyg;ngah; mjNdhL njhlh;Gila tpisnghUSf;F
Mfp te;Js;sJ.
rpidahF ngah;
rpidg; ngah; mjNdhL njhlh;Gila Kjy; nghUSf;F Mfp tUtjhy;

rpidahF ngauhFk;.
v.fh- ntw;wpiy el;lhd;
,j;njhlhpy; ntw;wpiy vd;Dk; rpidg; ngah; mjNdhL njhlh;Gila nfhbf;F Mfp

te;jJ.
njopyhFngah;
njhopw;ngah; mjNdhL njhlh;Gila nghUSf;F Mfp tUtJ

njhopyhFngah; MFk;
v.fh- tWty; cz;lhd;
,j;njhlhpy; tWj;jy; vd;Dk; njhopw;ngah; mjNdhL njhlh;Gila tWty; vd;Dk;

czTf;F Mfp te;Js;sJ.
42
vz;zy; msit MFngah;
vz;zy; msitg; ngah; mjDld; njhlh;Gila nghUSf;F MfptUtJ

vz;zy; msit MFngah; MFk;.
v.fh- goq;fspy; ,uz;L nfhL
,j;njhlhpy; ,uz;L vd;Dk; vz;Zg;ngah; mjNdhL njhlh;Gila goj;jpw;F

Mfpte;Js;sJ.
vLj;jy; msit MFngah;
vLj;jy; msitg; ngah; mjDld; njhlh;Gila nghUSf;F MfptUtJ

vLj;jy; msit MFngah; MFk;.
v.fh- ,uz;L fpNyh nfhL
,j;njhlhpy; ,uz;L vd;Dk; vLj;jy; msitg; ngah; mjNdhL njhlh;Gila

nghUSf;F Mfpte;Js;sJ.
Kfj;jy; msit MFngah;
Kfj;jy; msitg; ngah; mjDld; njhlh;Gila nghUSf;F MfptUtJ

Kfj;jy; msit MFngah; MFk;.
v.fh- cz;gJ ehop
,j;njhlhpy; ehop vd;Dk; Kfj;jy; msitg; ngah; mjNdhL njhlh;Gila

ePl;ly; msit MFngah;
ePll
; y; msitg; ngah; mjDld; njhlh;Gila nghUSf;F MfptUtJ
ePll
; y; msit MFngah; MFk;.
v.fh- xU Kok; nfhL
,j;njhlhpy; Kok; vd;Dk; ePll

; y; msitg; ngah; mjNdhL njhlh;Gila
nrhy;yhF ngah;
nrhy;ypd; ngah; mjDld; njhlh;Gila nghUSf;F MfptUtJ

nrhy;yhFngah; MFk;.
43
v.fh- jpUf;FwSf;F ciu nra;jhh;
,j;njhlhpy; ciu vd;Dk; nrhy; mjNdhL njhlh;Gila tpsf;fj;jpw;F

Mfpte;Js;sJ.
jhdpahF ngah;
jhdpapd; ngah; mjDld; njhlh;Gila jhdj;jpw;F MfptUtJ

jhdpahFngah; MFk;.
v.fh- foiyr; Nrtpj;jhd;
,j;njhlhpy; foy; vd;Dk; jhdpg; ngah; mjNdhL njhlh;Gila jhdj;jpw;F

(,lj;jpw;F) Mfpte;Js;sJ.
fUtpahF ngah;
fUtpapd; ngah; mjDld; njhlh;Gila fhhpaj;jpw;F MfptUtJ

fUtpahFngah; MFk;.
v.fh- jpUthrfk; thq;fpNdd;
,j;njhlhpy; thrfk; vd;Dk; fUtpg; ngah; mjNdhL njhlh;Gila E}ypw;F

Mfpte;Js;sJ.
fhhpathF ngah;
fhhpaj;jpd; ngah; mjDld; njhlh;Gila fUtpf;F MfptUtJ fhhpathF

ngah; MFk;.
v.fh- ahg;G fw;Wf; nfhz;Nld;
,j;njhlhpy; ahg;G vd;Dk; fhhpaj;jpd; ngah; mjNdhL njhlh;Gila fUtpf;F

Mfpte;Js;sJ.
fUj;jhthF ngah;
fUj;jhtpd; ngah; mjDld; njhlh;Gila E}Yf;F MfptUtJ fUj;jhthF

ngah; MFk;.
v.fhfk;gidf; fw;Nwd;
,j;njhlhpy; fk;gd; vd;Dk; fUj;jhtpd; ngah; mjNdhL njhlh;Gila E}ypw;F

Mfpte;Js;sJ.
44
ctikahF ngah;
ctikg; ngah; mjDld; njhlh;Gila nghUSf;F MfptUtJ ctikahF

ngah; MFk;.
v.fh- ghit te;jhs;
,j;njhlhpy; ghit vd;Dk; ctikg; ngah; mjNdhL njhlh;Gila ngz;zpw;F

Mfpte;Js;sJ.
,it jtpu MF ngah; ,UkbahF ngah;> Kk;kbahF ngah;> milaLj;j

MFngah; vdTk; tug;ngWk;. Nkw;Fwpj;j MF ngah; tiffis gpd;tUk;
ml;ltiz thapyhf tpsq;fpf; nfhs;syhk;.
tif tpsf;fk; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;

nghUshF ngah; Kjw;nghUspd; ngah; rpidg; jhkiu Kfk; (G+ - Kjy;>
nghUSf;F MtJ Kfk; - rpid)
,lthF ngah; ,lj;jpd; ngah; ,lj;jpYs;s cyNf Nghw;wpaJ – kf;fs;
nghUSf;F MtJ
fhythF ngah; fhyj;jpd; ngah;> mf; fhyj;jpYs;s fhh; mWj;jhd; (ney;)
nghUSf;F MtJ
rpidahF ngah; cWg;gpd; ngah; (gFjp) Kjw; jiyf;F xU gok; nfhL
nghUSf;F MtJ
FzthF ngah; Fzj;jpd; ngah; mf;Fzj;ij nts;isiag; gpbj;Jf; fl;L
cila nghUSf;F MtJ (khL)
njhopyhF ngah; njhopypd; ngah;> mj;njhopiy tw;wy; cz;lhd;
cila nghUSf;F MtJ
vz;zy; msit vz;zpd; ngah;> mt; msTila ,uz;Nl ngWf (,uz;L
MFngah; nghUSf;F MtJ koiyfs;)
vLj;jy; msit Vil ngah; mt; msTila xU fpNyh nfhL (nghUs; -
MFngah; nghUSf;F MtJ rh;f;fiu)
Kfj;jy; msit Kff;Fk; msTf; fUtpapd; ngah; miu ypl;lh; nfhL (ghy;)
MFngah; msf;Fk; nghUSf;F MtJ
ePll
; y; msit ePsj;ij msf;Fk; - msTg;ngah;> ,uz;L Kok; nfhL (G+)
MFngah; msf;Fk; nghUSf;F MtJ
nrhy;yhFngah; nrhy;ypd; ngah; mjd; nghUSf;F vd; nrhy;iyf; Nfs; (nrhy; -
MtJ mwpTiu)
jhdp MFngah; ,lj;jpYs;s nghUspd; ngah;> ghiy tz;bapy; Vw;W (Flk;)
,lj;Jf;Fk; MtJ
45
fUtp MFngah; fUtpapd; ngah;> fUtpahy; Md Foy; Nfl;L kfpo;eN
; jd;
fhhpaj;Jf;F MtJ (,ir)
fhhpa MFngah; fhhpaj;jpd; ngah;> mjidr; nra;j myq;fhuk; fw;Nwd; (E}y;)
fUtpf;F MtJ
fUj;jh MFngah; nray; nra;jtd; ngah; nra;ag;gl;l fk;gidf; fw;Nwd;
nghUSf;F MtJ (fk;guhkhahzk;)
ctik ctikahfpa ngah; ctkpj;j kapy; Mbdhs; (ngz;)
MFngah; nghUSf;F MtJ
vdNt MFngah; nghUs;> ,lk;> fhyk;> rpid> Fzk;> njhopy;> vd;Dk;

mWtifg; ngah;fspd; mbg;gilapYk; vz;zy;> vOj;jy;> Kfj;jy;> ePll
; y; vd;Dk;
msitg; ngah;fspd; mbg;gilapYk; nrhy;> jhdp> fUtp> fUj;jh vd;gdtw;wpd;
mbg;gilapYk; Mjp vd;gjdhy; ctik> ,Ugb> Kk;kb milnaLj;j vd;Dk;
epiyfspYk; mjNdhL njhlh;Gila nghUSf;F njhd;Wnjhl;Nl MfptUk; vd;gij
mwpayhk;. ,jid>
nghUs; Kjy; MNwhL msit> nrhy;> jhdp

fUtp> fhhpak;> fUj;jd; MjpAs;
xd;wd; ngauhy; mjw;F ,ia gphpijj;
njhd;Kiw ciug;gd MFngaNu (ed; : 290)
vd;Dk; E}w;gh thapyhf mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;.
Ntw;Wik
xU ngah;r;nrhy; gadpiy nfhz;L KbAk;nghOJ nghUSf;F Vw;gj; jd;

mikg;gpy; Vw;gLj;Jk; khWghL Ntw;Wik vdg;gLk;. ,g;gFjpapy; Ntw;Wikapd;
,yf;fzk; - tif - cUGfs; - cah;jpiz> m/wpiz tpspNaw;Fk; ngah;fs; -
tpspAUGfs; - Gweil – Kjw;nghUs; rpidg;nghUs; gpz;lg;nghUs; - cUG
kaf;fk; Mfpad njspTgLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
,uhkd; ghh;j;jhd;
,uhkidg; ghh;j;jhd;
,t;tpU njhlh;fSf;F ,ilNa kpFe;j nghUs; NtWghL cs;sJ. ,g;nghUs;

NtWghl;ilj; jUtJ ‘,uhkid’ vd;gjpYs;s ‘I’ MFk;. ,t;thW xU
ngah;r;nrhy; gadpiy nfhz;L KbAk;nghOJ nghUSf;F Vw;gj; jd; mikg;gpy;
46
khWgl;Ls;sJ. ,k;khWghNl Ntw;Wik vdg;gLfpwJ. ,t; Ntw;Wik vl;L
tifg;gLk.;
Vw;Fk; vt;tifg; ngah;f;Fk; <wha;g; nghUs;

Ntw;Wik nra;td vl;Nl Ntw;Wik (ed; : 291)
vd;Dk; E}w;gh thapyhf ,jid mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;.
vz;tif Ntw;Wik
1. vOtha; Ntw;Wik (KUfd;)
2. ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik – I (KUfid)
3. %d;whk; Ntw;Wik - My; (KUfdhy;)
4. ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wik - F (KUfDf;F)
5. Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wik -,d; (KUfdpd;)
6. Mwhk; Ntw;Wik - mJ (KUfdJ)
7. Vohk; Ntw;Wik - fz; (KUfd;fz;)
8. tpsp Ntw;Wik (KUfh)
‘KUfd;’ vd;Dk; ngah;r;nrhy; mjd; <w;wpy; ,lk;ngWk; I> My;> F> ,d;>
mJ> fz; vd;gdtw;why; nghUs; NtWghl;ilg; ngWfpwJ. ,t;thW ngah;r;nrhy;ypd;
<w;wpy; ,lk;ngw;Wg; nghUis NtWgLj;Jk; ,it Ntw;Wik cUGfs; vdg;gLk;.
,t;Ntw;Wik cUGfspd; mbg;gilapy; Kjy; Ntw;Wik> ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik>
%d;whk; Ntw;Wik> ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wik> Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wik> Mwhk; Ntw;Wik> Vohk;
Ntw;Wik> vl;lhk; Ntw;Wik (tpsp Ntw;Wik) vdg; ngah; ngw;W vl;lhf tphpT
ngWk;.
,tw;Ws; Kjy; Ntw;Wik> vl;lhk; Ntw;Wikahfpa tpspNtw;Wik Mfpa

,uz;bw;Fk; cUGfs; ,y;iy. Vidait I> My;> F> ,d;> mJ> fz; vd;Dk;
cUGfis KiwNa ngWk;.
ngah;r;nrhy;Ny ,t;ntl;L Ntw;WikfSs; Kjy; Ntw;Wik> tpspNtw;Wik

jtpu Vida MW Ntw;Wik cUGfis Vw;Fk;.
ngaNu IMy; F,d; mJfz;

tpsp vd;whFk; mtw;wpd; ngah;Kiw (ed; : 292)
47
Mwd; cUGk; Vw;Fk; mt;TUNg (ed; : 293)
vd;Dk; E}w;ghf;fs; ,jid tpthpf;fpd;wd.
Ntw;Wik cUNgyhg; ngah;fs;
ePaph;> ePtph; vd;Dk; Kd;dpiyg; ngah;fs; ‘Ek;’ vdj; jphpe;Nj Ek;ik> Ekf;F>
Ek;khy;> EkJ vd Ntw;Wik cUGfis Vw;Fk;. Mdhy; ,it Neubahf Ntw;Wik
cUGfis Vw;gjpy;iy.
ahd; vd;Dk; jd;ikg;ngah; ‘vd;’ vdj; jphpe;Nj vd;id> vd;dhy;> vdf;F>

vdJ vd Ntw;Wik cUGfis Vw;Fk;. ,JTk; Neubahf Ntw;Wik cUGfis
Vw;gjpy;iy.
ehd; vd;Dk; jd;ikg;ngah; ‘ed;’ vdj; jphpjYk; Ntw;Wik cUGfis

Vw;gJk; ,y;iy.
ePaph;> ePtph; vd;Dk; Kd;dpiyg; ngah;fSk; ehd; vd;Dk; jd;ikg; ngaUk;

vOtha; my;yhj I Kjypa gpw Ntw;Wikfis Vw;fhJ vd;gJ mwpaj;jf;fJ.
ePaph;> ePtph; ehd;vOtha; myngwh (ed; : 294)
Kjy; Ntw;Wik
Kjy; Ntw;Wik vd;gJ vOtha; Ntw;Wik> fUj;jh Ntw;Wik> ngah;

Ntw;Wik vdTk; ngah; ngWk;. ,t;Ntw;Wikf;F cUG ,y;iy. ,J fUj;jhg;
nghUis Vw;W tUk; jphpgpy;yhj ngauhFk;. NkYk; tpidg;ngah;> tpdh
vd;gtw;iwg; gadpiyahf Vw;W tUk;.
v.fh- tpidg; gadpiy - rpw;gp nrJf;fpdhd;

ngah;g; gadpiy - mtd; rpw;gp
tpdhg; gadpiy - rpw;gp ahh;?
vdNt Kjy;Ntw;Wik vd;gJ fUj;jhg; nghUis Vw;WtUk; jphpgpy;yhg;
nganud;Wk; tpidiaAk; ngaiuAk; tpdhitAk; gadpiyahfg; nghUs; epiyapy;
nfhz;likAk; vd;Wk; mwpayhk;.
mtw;Ws;
vOtha; cUG jphpG,y; ngaNu
tpidg;ngah; tpdhf;nfhsy; mjd; gadpiyNa (ed; : 295)
48
,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik
,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik nrag;gL nghUis Vw;W ‘I’ vd;Dk; Ntw;Wik cUig

nfhz;likAk;. ‘I’ kl;LNk ,t;Ntw;Wikf;Fhpa cUghFk;.
v.fh- Flj;ij tide;jhd;.
,j;njhlhpy; tidjy; vd;gJ fUj;jhtpd; njhopiy czh;j;JfpwJ. fUj;jhthy;

nra;ag;gl;l nghUs; ‘Flk;’ MFk;.
,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik. Mf;fy;> mopj;jy;> miljy;> ePj;jy;> xj;jy;> cilik

Kjypa nghUspy; tUk;.
v.fh- Mf;fy; - rpw;gp rpiyiar; nrJf;fpdhd;

mopj;jy; - jr;rd; fhl;il mopj;jhd;
miljy; - Ntld; kiyia mile;jhd;
ePj;jy; - tPl;il tpl;Lg; Gwg;gl;lhd;
xj;jy; - tPud; Gypiag; Nghd;wtd;
cilik - ehd; nghd;id cilNad;
vdNt> ‘I’ vd;Dk; ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUG nrag;gLnghUis Vw;W Mf;fy;>

mopj;jy;> miljy;> ePj;jy;> xj;jy;> cilik Mfpa nghUspy; mike;jpUg;gij
mwpayhk;.
,uz;lh tjdcUG Ina mjd;nghUs;

Mf;fy; mopj;jy; miljy; ePj;jy;
Xj;jy; cilik MjpahFk; (ed; : 296)
%d;whk; Ntw;Wik
%d;whk; Ntw;Wik cUGfs; My;> Md;> xL> XL vd;gdthFk;. ,it fUtp>

fUj;jh> cld; epfo;r;rp Mfpa nghUs;fspy; ,lk;ngWk; vd;gij mwpayhk;.
v.fh thshy; ntl;bdhd;

thshd; ntl;bdhd;
,j;njhlh;fspy; ntl;Ljy; fUj;jhtpd; njhopiyAk; ‘ths;’ mjw;Ff; fhuzkhd
fUtpahf mikjiyAk; fhzyhk;. ,t;thW miktjidf; fUtpg;nghUs; vd;gh;.
v.fh- jr;rdhy; ehw;fhyp nra;ag;gl;lJ.
49
,j;njhlhpy; ‘jr;rd;’ vd;Dk; fUj;jhg; nghUs; nrag;gL nghUNshL nrag;ghl;L
tpidg; gadpiy nfhz;L KbfpwJ. ,t;thW miktijf; fUj;jhg; nghUs; vd;gh;.
v.fh- je;ijNahL te;jhd;

jhNahL te;jhs;
,j;njhlh;fspy; je;ij vd;gJ ‘tUjy;’ vd;Dk; tpid nfhz;L KbfpwJ.

mt;tpid jd;Dld; tpid epfo;j;Jk; kw;nwhd;wpidAk; Rl;LfpwJ. ,t;thW
miktjid cld; epfo;r;rpg; nghUs; vd;gh;.
v.fh- jiyahy; tzq;fpdhd;

jiyahd; tzq;fpdhd; fUtpg; nghUs;
fk;guhy; ,ad;w fhtpak;
fk;guhd; ,ad;w fhtpak; fUj;jhg; nghUs;
xL> XL vd;Dk; ,uz;Lk; cld; epfo;r;rpg; nghUspy; ,lk;ngWk;
ike;jndhL je;ij te;jhh;
ike;jNdhL je;ij te;jhh; cld; epfo;r;rpg; nghUs;
vdNt My;> Md;> xL> XL vd;gd %d;whk; Ntw;Wik cUGfs; vd;Wk; mtw;Ws;
My;> Md; vd;gd fUtp kw;Wk; fUj;jhg; nghUl;fspYk; xL> XL vd;gd cld;
epfo;r;rpg; nghUspYk; ,lk; ngWk; vd;gij mwpayhk;.
%d;wh tjd; cUG My;Md; xLXL

fUtp fUj;jh cld;epfo;T mjd;nghUs; (ed; : 297)
ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wik
ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wik cUG ‘F’ MFk;. ,J nfhil> gif> Neh;r;rp (el;G)>

jfT> mJthjy;> nghUl;L> Kiw Kjypa nghUspy; ,lk;ngWk;.
v.fh-GytDf;F Mil nfhL.
,j;njhlhpy; mike;Js;s ngah;r;nrhy;ypd; <w;wpy; ‘F’ ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ. ,jid

ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wik cUG vd;gh;. ,jw;F ,J vd;Dk; nghUspy; ,t;Ntw;Wik
mikAk;.
v.fh- nfhilg; nghUs; - Gyth;f;Fg; ghpR toq;fpdhd;
50
gifg; nghUs; - vypf;Fg; gif G+id
el;Gg; (Neh;rr
; p) nghUs; - ghhpf;F ez;gh; fgpyh;
jFjpg; nghUs; - murh;f;F chpaJ kzp kFlk;
mJthjy; nghUs; - jhypf;Fj; jq;fk;
nghUl;Lg; nghUs; - $ypf;Ff; Fw;Nwty; nra;jhd;
Kiwg; nghUs; - nrq;Fl;LtDf;Fj; jk;gp ,sq;Nfh
,it jtpu ‘F’ cUgpd; Nky; ‘Mf’ vd;Dk; nrhy; tUjYk; ‘F’ cUG epw;ww;Fhpa
,lj;jpy; ‘nghUl;L’> ‘epkpj;jk;’ vd;Dk; nrhy;YUGfs; tUjYk; cz;L.
v.fh- $ypf;fhf Ntiy - ‘F’ cUgpd; Nky; ‘Mf’ te;jJ
ghpR ngWtjd; nghUl;Lg; ghbdhd; - nghUl;L vd;Dk; nrhy;YUG

ghpR ngWtjd; epkpj;jk; te;jhd; - epkpj;jk; vd;Dk; nrhy;YUG
vdNt ‘F’ vd;gJ ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wik cUG vd;Wk; ,jw;F ,J vd;Dk; nghUs;gl
tUk; vd;Wk; nfhil> gif> Neh;r;rp> jfT> mJthjy;> nghUl;L> Kiw Kjypa
nghUl;fspy; ,lk; ngWk; vd;Wk; mwpayhk;.
ehd;fh tjw;F cUG MFk; Ft;Nt

nfhilgif> Neh;r;rp jfTmJ thjy;
nghUl;LKiw Mjpapd; ,jw;F,J vdy;nghUNs (ed; : 298)
Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wik
‘,y;’ ‘,d;’ vd;gd Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wik cUGfs; MFk;. mit ePq;fy;> xg;G>
vy;iy> VJ nghUl;fspy; tUk;. ‘,y;’ cUGfspd; Nky; ‘epd;W’> ‘,Ue;J’ vd;Dk;
nrhy;YUGfSk; ,lk; ngWk;.
v.fh- kiyapy; cs;s tPL

fz;zpd; kzp
,j;njhlh;fspYs;s ngah;r;nrhw;fspd; <w;wpy;; ‘,y;’> ‘,d;’ vd;gd ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd.
,it ,uz;Lk; Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wik cUGfs; MFk;.
v.fh- kiyapd; tPo; mUtp - ePq;fy; nghUs;
fhf;ifapd; fhpJ fshk;gok; - xg;Gg; nghUs;

51
kJiuapd; tlf;F rpjk;guk; - vy;iyg; nghUs;
fy;tpapw; nghpah; fk;gh; - VJg; nghUs;
ePq;fy; nghUspYk; vy;iyg; nghUspYk; ,y;> ,d; cUGfspd; Nky; epd;W> ,Ue;J
vd;gd ‘ck;’ <W ngw;Wk; ngwhkYk; nrhy;YUGfshf tUk;.
v.fh - fy;Y}hpapdpd;Wk; Nghdhd;

fy;Y}hpapypUe;J Nghdhd; - ePq;fy; nghUs;
tPlb
; dpd;Wk; fy;Y}hp xU ehopif
tPlb
; ypUe;J Neh; tlf;Nf Fsk; - vy;iyg;nghUs;
vdNt ‘,y;’ ‘,d;’ vd;gd Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wik cUGfs; vd;Wk; mit ePq;fy;> xg;G>
vy;iy> VJ nghUl;fspy; tUk; vd;Wk; ‘,y;’ cUGfspd; Nky; ‘epd;W’ ‘,Ue;J’
vd;Dk; nrhy;YUGfs; ,lk; ngWk; vd;Wk; mwpayhk;.
Ie;jh tjd;cUG ,y;Yk; ,d;Dk;

ePq;fy; xg;Gvy;iy VJg; nghUNs (ed; : 299)
Mwhk; Ntw;Wik
mJ> MJ vd;gd xUikf;Fk; ‘m’ vd;gJ gd;ikf;Fkhd Mwhk; Ntw;Wik

cUGfshFk;. Mwhk; Ntw;Wik fpoikg; nghUspy; tUk;. ,f;fpoik jw;fpoik>
gpwpjpd; fpoik vd ,U tifg;gLk;.
jw;fpoik vd;gJ jd;dpd; ePq;fhg; nghUspd; cwitf; Fwpf;Fk;.
gpwpjpd;fpoik vd;gJ jd;dpd; Ntwha nghUspd; cwitf; Fwpf;Fk;.
jw;fpoikg; nghUspy; gz;G> cWg;G> xd;wd; $l;lk;> gytpd; <l;lk;> jphpgpd;

Mf;fk; Mfpa Ie;Jk; ,lk; ngWk;.
jw;fpoik – gphpahj njhlh;G
gpwpjpd; fpoik – gphpe;J NtwhtJ
v.fh - gz;Gj; jw;fpoik - nropadJ fUik
cWg;Gj; jw;fpoik - ahidaJ je;jk;
xd;wd; $l;lj; jw;fpoik - Ml;L ke;ij
52
gytpd; <l;lj; jw;fpoik - gwitfsJ $l;lk;
jphpgpd; Mf;fj; jw;fpoik - ney;ypdJ mty;
gpwpjpd; fpoik %d;whFk;.
v.fh - nghUl; gpwpjpd; fpoik - vdJ tPiz

,lg; gpwpjpd; fpoik - vdJ tPL
fhyg; gpwpjpd; fpoik - jkpouJ jpUehs;
Mwhk; Ntw;Wik cUghfpa ‘mJ’> ‘MJ’ vd;gd xUikf;F mike;J tUk;.
v.fh – vdJ if
epdhJ jiy
Mwhk; Ntw;Wik cUghfpa ‘m’ gd;ikf;F mike;J tUk;.
v.fh – vd; iffs;

jd; nghUl;fs;
NkYk; Mwhk; Ntw;Wikf;F ‘cila’ vd;gJ nrhy;YUghf ,lk; ngWk;.
v.fh - ,uhkDila tPL
vdNt Mwhk; Ntw;Wik cUGfspy; mJ> MJ xUikf;Fk; ‘m’ gd;ikf;Fk;

nghUe;jp tUk; vd;Wk; ,t;Ntw;Wik jw;fpoik> gpwpjpd; fpoik vdf; fpoikg;
nghUspy; tUk; vd;Wk; gz;G> cWg;G> xd;wd; $l;lk;> gytpd; <l;lk;> jphpgpd;
Mf;fk; Mfpa Ie;J jw;fpoikg; nghUspYk; nghUs;> ,lk;> fhyk; Mfpa gpwpjpd;
fpoikg; nghUspYk; ,lk; ngWk; vd;Wk; ‘cila’ vd;gJ Mwhk; Ntw;Wikapd;
nrhy;YUghf mikAk; vd;Wk; mwpayhk;.
Mwd; xUikf;F mJTk; MJTk;

gd;ikf;Fk; mt;Tk; cUghk; gz;GcWg;G
Xd;wd; $l;lk; gytpd; <l;lk;
jphpgpd; Mf;fk; Mk;jw; fpoikAk;
gpwpjpd; fpoikAk; NgZjy; nghUNs (ed; : 300)
Vohk; Ntw;Wik
‘fz;’ ‘,y;’ Kjypad Vohk; Ntw;Wik cUGfshFk;. Vohk; Ntw;Wik ,lg;

nghUspy; tUk;. nghUs;> ,lk;> fhyk;> rpid> Fzk;> njhopy; vd;Dk; MWk;
jw;fpoik> gpwpjpd; fpoik vd;Dk; ,Utiff; fpoikfspy; ,lkhf mikAk;.
53
nghUs; ,lkhjy;
Kfj;jpd;fz; ,Uf;fpd;wJ Fsph;rr

; p - jw;fpoik
gidapd;fz; thOk; md;wpy; - gpwpjpd; fpoik
,lk; ,lkhjy;
Chpd; fz; cs;sJ tPL - jw;fpoik

flypd; fz; cs;sJ Kj;J - gpwpjpd; fpoik
fhyk; ,lkhjy;
fhiyapy; Njhd;Wk; fjputd; - jw;fpoik

thdpy; gwf;Fk; gwit - gpwpjpd; fpoik
rpid ,lkhjy;
ifapd;fz; cs;sJ tpuy; - jw;fpoik

tpuypy; cs;sJ Nkhjpuk; - gpwpjpd; fpoik
Fzk; ,lkhjy;
,sikapy; tha;j;jJ moF - jw;fpoik

,sikapy; tha;j;jJ nry;tk; - gpwpjpd; fpoik
njhopy; ,lkhjy;
Mlw;fz; cs;sJ jhsk; - jw;fpoik

Nghhpy; GFe;jd Nga;fs; - gpwpjpd; fpoik
Vohk; Ntw;Wikf;F cUGfshf mike;j fz;> ,y; vd;gtw;NwhL fhy;> fil>

,il> jiy> tha;> jpir> tapd;> Kd;> rhh;> tyk;> ,lk;> Nky;> fPo;> Gil> Kjy;>
gpd;> ghL> mis> Njk;> cio> tpop> cop> csp> cs;> mfk;> Gwk;> ,y; vd;gdTk;
,lg; nghUSf;Fhpa Vohk; Ntw;Wik cUGfshFk;.
NkYk; gf;fy;> ghq;fh;> Kfk;> khL> ghy;> ,d; vd;gdTk; ,lg;nghUSf;Fhpa

Vohk; Ntw;Wik cUGfshf mikAk;.
v.fh- rhj;jd; gf;fy;
fhl;Lg; ghq;fh;
Nghh; Kfj;J
54
ahth; khl;Lk;
mtd;ghy;
ehl;bd;
vdNt> fz;> ,y; vd;gdtw;NwhL ,ize;j ,Ugj;njl;Lk; Vohk; Ntw;Wikf;F

cUGfs; MFk; vd;Wk; nghUs;> ,lk;> fhyk;> rpid> Fzk;> njhopy; vd;Dk;
mWtifg; ngah;fSk; Vohk; Ntw;Wikf;Fhpa ,lk; MFk; vd;Wk; ,J mW tifg;
ngah;fspy; jw;fpoik> gpwpjpd;fpoik vd;Dk; ,uz;L epiyfspYk; mike;J tUk;
vd;Wk; mwpayhk;.
Vo DUGfz; zhjp ahFk;

nghUz;Kj yhW NkhhpU fpoikapd;
,ldha; epw;w ypjd;ngh nsd;g (ed; : 301)
fz;fhy; fil,il jiytha; jpirtapd;

Kd;rhh; tyk;,lk; Nky;fPo; GilKjy;
gpd;ghL misNjk; ciotop copcsp
cs;mfk; Gwk;,y; ,lg;nghUs; cUNg (ed; : 302)
vd;Dk; E}w;ghf;fs; ,lg;nghUs; czh;j;Jk; fz; Kjyhd cUGfisj; njhFj;Jf;

fhl;Lfpd;wd.
vl;lhk; Ntw;Wik (tpsp Ntw;Wik)
vl;lhk; Ntw;Wikf;F cUG ,y;iy. glh;f;ifg; nghUis Kd;dpiyg;gLj;jp

mioj;jy; ,jd; nghUs; MFk;. vdNt tpsp (tpspj;jy;) vl;lhk; Ntw;Wik MFk;.
ngah;fs; tpsp Vw;Fk;nghOJ ,ay;ghjy;> <W Fd;Wjy;> <W kpFjy;> <W

jphpjy;> <w;way; jphpjy; Kjypa ,ay;Gfisg; ngWk;. ,tw;iwNa vl;lhk; Ntw;Wik
cUGfshff; nfhs;th;.
v.fh - je;ij tUf ! jiytd; tUf - ,ay;ghjy;

kd;d! Vkf;fUs; - <W Fd;Wjy;
jhNa ! tzq;Ffpd;Nwd; - <W kpFjy;
gps;sha; ! ,jidf; nfhs; - <W jphpjy;
kf;fhs; ! ,q;Nf tk;kpd; - <w;way; jphpjy;
vdNt vl;lhk; Ntw;Wikf;F cUG ,y;iy vd;Wk; glh;f;ifg; nghUis
Kd;dpiyg;gLj;jp mioj;jy; ,jd; ngUs; vd;Wk; tpsp Vw;Fk;nghOJ ,ay;ghjy;>
55
<W Fd;Wjy;> <W kpFjy;> <W jphpjy;> <w;way; jphpjy; vd;Dk; jd;ikfis Vw;Fk;
vd;Wk; mwpayhk;.
vl;ld; cUNg va;Jngah; <w;wpd;

jphpG Fd;wy; kpFjy; ,ay;Gmay;
jphpGk; Mk;nghUs; glh;f;if Nahiuj;
jd;Kf khfj; jhdiog; gJNt (ed; : 303)
tpspf;fg;gL ngah;fs;
ngah;fs; cah;jpiz> m/wpiz> ,Ujpizg; nghJg;ngah; vd %d;W

tifg;gLk;. ,k;%tifg; ngah;fSk; rpy tud;Kiwf;Fl;gl;L tpspNaw;Fk; jd;ik
cilad.
ek;gp - , Iad; - d;
Nte; - c Nts; - s;
M^ - C Iah; - h;
tpliy - I Fhprpy; - y;
Nfh - X Nra; - a;
,t; czh;jpizg; ngah;fs; ,> c> C> I> X vd;Dk; caph;fSk; d;> s;> h;> y;> a;
vd;Dk; nka;fSkhfpa gj;J vOj;Jf;fisAk; <w;wpy; nfhz;L Kbe;Js;sd. ,it
tpspNaw;Fk;.
rhj;jp - , rhj;jhd; - d;
$w;W - c flTs; - s;
Ng^ - C gpjh - M
je;ij - I J}q;fy; - y;
Mz; - z; jha; - a;
cah;jpizf;F <whf mikAk; vOj;Jf;fSs; xfu> ufuk; vOe;j vl;Lld; zfu>

Mfhuk; ,ize;j gj;Jk; (,> c> C> I> z;> d;> s;> M> y;> a;) <whf mike;j
,Ujpizg; nghJg;ngah;fs; tpspNaw;Fk; jd;ik cilad.
kf - m ehiu - I eha; - a;
Gwh - M Nrh - x jfh; - h;
fpsp - , tz;L - c Fapy; - y;
56
(c – Fw;wpaYfuk;)
jP - < kz; - z; njt; - t;

Kf - c fuhk; - k; G+o; - o;
G+ - C mytd; - d; Gs; - s;
Nr - V
12 caph;fSk; Q> z> e> k> d> a> u> y> t> o> s vd;Dk; 11 nka;fSk;
Fw;wpaYfuKk; Mfpa 24 vOj;Jf;fSk; nkhopf;F <whFk;. ,tw;Ws; Qfu>
efuq;fSk; msngilapy; khj;jpuNk <whFk; vfu xfhu xsfhuk; ePq;fyhf cs;s
19 vOj;Jf;fisAk; ( m> M> ,> <> c> C> v> V> I> x> z;> k;> d;> a;> h;> y;> t;>
o;> s;> c ( Fw;wpaYfuk;) <w;wpy; nfhz;Ls;s m/wpizg; ngah;fs; tpspNaw;Fk;
jd;ik cilad.
vdNt ,> c> C> I> x vd;Dk; caph;fSk; d> s> u> y> a vd;Dk;
nka;fSkhfpa 10 vOj;Jf;fisAk; <whf cil cah;jpizg; ngah;fs; tpsp
Vw;Fk; vd;Wk;
,tw;Ws; Xfhu capUk; ufu nka;Ak; xope;j vl;Lld; zfuKk; MfhuKk; ,ize;j
10 vOj;Jf;fisAk; <whf cila nghJg;ngah;fs; tpsp Vw;Fk; vd;Wk;
nkhopf;F <whFk; 24 vOj;Jf;fSs; QfuKk; efuKk; msngilapy; khj;jpuNk

<whFk; vfu> xfu> xsfhuq;fs; xope;j 19 vOj;Jf;fisAk; <whf cila
,Ujpizg; nghJg; ngah;fs; tpsp Vw;Fk; vd;Wk; mwpayhk;.
,c CNthL Ix dsuy
at;tPw;W cah;jpizz xumy; ,tw;NwhL
d/fhd; M<W MFk; nghJg;ngah;
Qenthop midj;jPw;W m/wpiz tpspg;gd (ed; : 304)
%tifg; ngaUf;Fk; nghJthd tpspAUGfs;
cah;jpizg; ngah; ,ay;ghfTk; Vfhuk; kpFe;Jk; ,fu ePl;rp ngw;Wk;

tpspNaw;Fk;
ek;gp $wha;
ek;gpNa $wha;
ek;gP $wha;
57
,j;njhlh;fspYs;s ek;gp vd;Dk; cah;jpizg; ngah; ,ay;ghfTk; Vfhuk; kpFe;Jk;
,fu ePlr
; p ngw;Wk; tpspNaw;Ws;sijf; fhzyhk;.
,t;thNw m/wpizg; ngaUk; ,Ujpizg; nghJg; ngaUk; ,ay;ghfTk; Vfhuk;

kpFe;Jk; ,fu ePl;rp ngw;Wk; tpspNaw;Fk;.
v.fh – fpsp ey;yha; - m/wpizg; ngah; ,ay;G
fpspNa thuha; - m/wpizg; ngah; Vfhuk; kpFjy;
Jk;gp thuha; - m/wpizg; ngah; ,fu ePlr

; p
md;id $wha; - ,Ujpizg; nghJg;ngah; ,ay;G
md;idNa $wha; - ,Ujpizg; nghJg;ngah; Vfhuk; kpFjy;
rhj;jP $wha; - ,Ujpizg; nghJg;ngah; ,fu ePl;rp
,t;thW ,ay;ghfTk; Vfhuk; kpFe;Jk; ,fuk; ePl;rp ngw;Wk; tUjy; %tifg;

ngah;fSf;Fk; nghJtha; mikAk; tpspAUGfshFk;.
,k;Kg; ngah;f;fz; ,ay;Gk; VAk;

,fu ePl;rpAk; cUghk; kd;Nd (ed; : 305)
tpspAUg;gpw;Fhpa rpwg;G tpjp

md;id> mk;ik vd ‘I’ fhu ,Wjp ngw;Ws;s ,Ujpizg; nghJg;ngah;fs;
,ay;ghjy; kw;Wk; Vfhukhfj; jphpjy; ,d;wp ‘Ma;’ MfTk; ‘M’ thfTk; jphpe;J
tpspNaw;Fk;.
v.fh – md;id - md;dha; - Ma; Mfj; jphpjy;

mk;ik - mk;kh - Mthfj; jphpjy;
,t;thNw cah;jpiz m/wpizg; ngah;fs; ‘I’ fhu ,Wjp ngw;W tUk;nghOJ
‘Ma;’ Mf kl;LNk jphpe;J tpspNaw;Fk;.
v.fh – tpliy - tplyha; - Ma; Mfj; jphpjy;

ehiu - ehuha; - Ma; Mfj; jphpjy;
rpy ,lq;fspy; md;id> mk;ik ,Ujpizg; nghJg;ngah;fspd; ‘I’ fhuk;
Vfhukhfj; jphpe;Jk; tpspnaw;Fk;.
v.fh - md;id - md;N;d
58
mk;ik - mk;Nk
vdNt ‘I’ fhu ,Wjp ngw;Ws;s ,Ujpizg; nghJg;ngah;fs; ‘Ma;’ MfTk; ‘M’
thfTk; jphpe;J tpspAUGfs; Vw;Fk; vd;Wk; ‘I’ ‘fh’ ,Wjp ngw;Ws;s cah;jpiz
m/wpizg; ngah;fs; ‘M’ thfj; jphpe;J tpspAUGfs; Vw;Fk; vd;Wk; mwpayhk;.
IapW nghJg; ngah;f;F MAk;MTk;

cUGMk; my;ytw;W MAk; MFk; (ed; : 306)
‘d’ fu <w;W cah;jpizg; ngah; tpspNaw;Fk; Kiw
%tifg; ngah;fSk; tpspNaw;Fk;nghOJ ,ay;ghjy;> Vfhuk; kpFjy;> ,fu

; p ngwy; vd;gJ nghJ tpjpahFk;. Mdhy; ‘d’ fu cah;jpizg; ngah;fspy; rpy
ePlr
gpd;tUk; Kiwfspy; tpspAUG Vw;Fk;.
v.fh – fpohd; - fpoh md; - msngLj;jJ
Gytd; - Gyt - <W nfl;lJ
ngUkd; - ngUkhd; - <w;way; ePz;L <W nfl;lJ
kd;dd; - kd;Ndh - <w;way; ePz;L <W nfl;L Xfhuk; ePz;lJ
jpiuad; - jpiuaNth - <Wnfl;L Xfhuk; kpf;fJ
thapyhd; - thapyhg; - dfuk; afukhapw;W
thapyhd; - thapNyhNa - dfuk; afukhfp <w;way; Mfhuk;

Xfhukha;
Vfhuk; kpf;fJ
Iad; - INa - <wope;J may; mfuk; Vfhukhapw;W
vdNt nghJ tpjpahy; ,ay;Gk; VfhuKk; kpFjy; ,d;wp> dfu> nka;aPw;W

cah;jpizg; ngah;fSs; rpy msngLf;Fk;; rpy <W nfLk;. rpy <w;way; ePSk;>
rpy <w;way; ePz;L <W nfLk;. rpy <W nfl;L <w;way; ePz;L xfhuk; kpFk;. rpy
<Wnfl;L xfhuk; kpFk;.rpy dfu nka; afu nka;ahFk;. rpy <w;W dfunka; afu
nka;ahfj; jphpe;J Mfhuk; Xfhukhfp VfhukhFk;. rpy <W nfl;L may; mfuk;
VfhukhFk; Mfpa fUj;Jf;fis mwpayhk;. ,itNa mjd; tpspAUGfshFk;.
xUrhh; dt;tPw;W cah;jpizg; ngah;f;fz;

msG<W may;top ePl;rp mjNdhL
<WNghjy; mtw;NwhL xTwy;
59
<wope;J xTwy; ,Wjpay; thjy;
mjNdhL may; jphpe;J VTwy; <wope;J
many MjYk; tpspAUG MFk; (ed; : 307)
‘s’ fu <w;W cah;jpizg; ngah; tpsp cUNgw;Fk; Kiw

; p ngwy; vd;gJ nghJ tpjpahFk;. Mdhy; ‘s’ fu cah;jpizg; ngah;fspy; rpy>
ePlr
gpd;tUk; epiyfspy; tpspAUNgw;Fk;.
v.fh- Nts; - Ntvs; - msngLj;jJ
vy;yhs; - vy;yh - <W mope;jJ
kf;fs; - kf;fhs; - <w;way; ePz;lJ
Fioahs; - Fioaha; - sfuk; afukhapw;W
mbfs ; - mbNfs; - <w;way; mfuk; Vfhukhapw;W
vdNt nghJtpjpapd;wp sfu <w;W cah;jpizg; ngah;fSs; rpy msngLj;jYk; rpy

<WnfLjYk; rpy <w;way; ePsYk; rpy ,Wjp sfuk; afukhjYk; rpy <w;way;
mfuk; VfhukhjYk; cz;L vd;gij mwpayhk;. ,itNa mjd; tpspAUGfshFk;.
z/fhd; cah; ngah;f;F msT<W mopTmay;

ePl;rp ,Wjp at;nthw;W Mjy;
maypy; mfuk;V MjYk; tpspj;jJ (ed; : 308)
ufu <w;W cah;jpizg; ngah; tpsp cUNgw;Fk; Kiw

ePlr
; p ngwy; vd;gJ nghJ tpjpahFk;. Mdhy; ufu <w;W cah;jpizg; ngah;fSs;
rpy tpspAUGfis Vw;Fk;nghOJ gpd;tUk; Kiwapy; mikAk;.
v.fh- rpwhh; - rpwh mh; - msngLj;jJ
njt;th; - njt;tph; - <w;way; mfuk; ,fukhapw;W
tzpfh; - tzpfPh; - <w;way; mfuk; <fukhapw;W
rhd;Nwhh; - rhd;wPh; - <w;way; Mfuk; <fukhapw;W
60
fzpahh; - fzpaPNu - <w;way; Mfuk; <fukha; Vfhuk; kpf;fJ
ek;gpahh; - ek;gPNu - <w;way; Vfhuk; kpf;F may; ah nfl;L

mjd; may; ,fuk; <fukhapw;W
vkh; - vkhPh; - <h; Vw;wJ
vdNt nghJtpjpapd;wp sfu <w;W cah;jpizg; ngah;fSs; rpy msngLf;Fk;. rpy

<w;way; mfuk; ,fukhfTk; <fhukhfTk; jphpAk;. rpy mt;tPw;way; Mfhuk;
<fhukhFk;. rpy mjNdhL VfhuNkw;Fk;. rpy <w;wpy; Vfhuk; kpf;F maypy; ah nfl;L
mjd; may; ,fuk; <fhukhFk;. rpy <w;wpy; <h; MFk;. ,t;thW miktd
tpspAUGfs; MFk;.
ut;tPw;W cah;ngah;f;F msGvoy; <w;Wmay;

mfuk; ,< Mjy; Mz;il M
<ahjy; mjNdhL VAwy; <w;WV kpf;Fmay;
ahf;nfl;L mjd;may; ePly;
<w;wpd; <Uwy; ,itAk; <z;L cUNg (ed; : 309)
yfu afu <w;W cah;jpizg; ngah; tpsp cUNgw;Fk; Kiw

ePlr
; p ngwy; vd;gJ nghJ tpjpahFk;. Mdhy; yfu <w;W cah;jpizg; ngah;fs; rpy
msngLj;Jk; rpy <w;way; ePz;Lk; tpspAUNgw;Fk;.
v.fh – khy; - khmy; - msngLj;jJ

kltuy; - kltuhy; - <w;way; ePz;lJ
afu <w;W cah;jpizg; ngah;fs; msngLj;J tpspAWNgw;Fk;.
v.fh – Nra; - Nrva;
vdNt nghJ tpjpNaad;wp yfu nka;aPw;W cah;jpizg; ngah;fs; rpy msngLf;Fk;

vd;Wk; rpy <w;way; ePSk; vd;Wk; afu nka;aPw;W cah;jpizg; ngah;fs; rpy
msngLf;Fk; vd;Wk; mwpayhk;. ,t;thW tpspAUGfs; mikAk;.
yfu<w;W cah;ngah;f;F msGmay; ePl;rpAk;

afu <w;wpw;F msGkhk; cUNg (ed; : 310)

61
dfu ,Wjp m/wpizg; nghJg;ngah; tpsp cUNgw;Fk; Kiw

ePlr
; p ngwy; vd;gJ nghJ tpjpahFk;. Mdhy; dfu ,Wjp m/wpizg; ngah;fSk;
rpy nghJg; ngah;fSk; <Wnfl;Lk; <w;way; ePz;Lk; tpspAWNgw;Fk;.
v.fh – mytd; - mty - m/wpiz <Wnfl;lJ
mytud; - myth - m/wpizg; ngah; nfl;L <w;way; ePz;lJ.
rhj;jd; - rhj;j - nghJg;ngah; <Wnfl;lJ.
rhj;jd; - rhj;jh - nghJg;ngah; <Wnfl;L <w;way; ePz;lJ.
vdNt nghJ tpjpapd;wpr; rpy dfu nka;aPw;W m/wpizg; ngah;fSk; rpy

,Ujpizg; nghJg;ngah;fSk; <W nfl;Lk; <Wnfl;L <w;way; tpspAWNgw;Fk;
vd;gij mwpayhk;.
dt;tPw;W cah;jpiz my;,Y ngah;f;fz;

,Wjp mopTmj NdhLmay; ePl;rp (ed; : 311)
yfu> sfu m/wpizg; ngaUk; nghJg;ngah; tpsp cUNgw;Fk; Kiw

ePlr
; p ngwy; vd;gJ nghJ tpjpahFk;. MapDk; yfu> sfu <w;W m/wpizg;
ngah;fSf;Fk; nghJg; ngah;fSf;Fk; <w;way; ePSjy; tpspAUghk; vd;gij
mwpayhk;.
v.fh- fpspfs; - fpspfhs; - m/wpizg; ngah;
gps;isfs; - gps;isfhs; - nghJg;ngah;
vdNt yfu> sfu <w;W m/wpizg; ngah;fSf;Fk; nghJg;ngah;fSf;Fk; nghJ

tpjpNaad;wp <w;way; ePSjy; tpspAUghFk; vd;gij mwpayhk;.
ys<w;W m/wpizg; ngah;nghJg; ngah;f;fz;

<w;Wmay; ePl;rpAk; cUGM Fk;Nk (ed; : 312)
62
tpspAUGfSf;Fg; Gweil
tpspj;jy; vd;gJ nghJthf mUfpy; ,Ug;gtiu tpspj;jy;> J}uj;jpypUg;gtiu

tpspj;jy;> Ntjidapy; tpspj;jy; vd;Dk; epiyfspy; mikAk;. mit KiwNa
mz;ik tpsp> Nra;ik tpsp> Gyk;gy; vd;wiof;fg;gLk;.
Kd; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s tpspAUGfSs; mz;ikapy; ,Ug;gtiu

tpspf;Fk;nghOJ ,ay;ghAk; <Wnfl;Lk; mikAk;.
v.fh – jk;gp - mz;iktpsp ,ay;G

mur - mz;iktpsp <Wnfl;lJ.
J}uj;jpYs;stiu tpspf;Fk;nghOJ tpspAUGfs; msngLf;Fk;.
v.fh – rpwhmh;> khmy;> Nrva;
NtjidAld; ,ize;j Gyk;gypy; tpspAUGfs; Xfhu ePl;rpiag; ngWk;.
v.fh – IahNth> mg;ghNth
vdNt Kd;nrhy;yg;gl;l tpspAUGfSs; ,ay;ghjYk; <WnfLjYk; mz;ik

tpspapy; ,lk; ngWk; vd;Wk; msngLj;jy; Nra;ik tpspapy; ,lk; ngWk; vd;Wk;
Xfhuk; kpFjy; Gyk;gy; tpspapy; ,lk;ngWk; vd;Wk; mwpayhk;.
mz;ikapd; ,ay;Gk; <W mopTk; Nra;ikapd;

md;Gk; Gyk;gpd; XTk; MFk;. (ed; : 313)
tpspAUNgyhg; ngah;fs;
Et;nthLw;w d> s> u <w;Wg; ngah;fSk; d> s> u> it> J <w;W tpdhr;
Rl;Lg; ngah;fSk; d> s> u> it> J <w;W Rl;Lg; ngah;fSk; jhk;> jhd; vd;Dk;
ngah;fSk; gpwTk; tpspAUNgyhg; ngah;fshFk;.
v.fh- Ekd;> Eks;> Ekh; - Et;nthLw;w d> s> u <w;Wg; ngah;fs;
vtd;> vts;> vth;> vit> vJ - d> s> u> it> J
ahJ> ahtd;> ahth;> ahit> ahJ - <w;W tpdh
Vtd;> Vts;> Vth;> Vit> VJ - d> s> u> it> J
mtd;> mts;> mth;> mit> mJ - Rl;Lg; ngah;fs;
,td;> ,ts;> ,th;> ,it> ,J - d> s> u> it> J
63
ctd;> cts;> cth;> cit> cJ - <w;Wr; Rl;Lg; ngah;fs;
NkYk; kw;iwahd;> kw;iwahs;> kw;iwahh;> kw;iwaJ> kw;iwad> gpwd;> gpws;> gpwh;>

gpwpJ> gpw vd;gdTk; tpspAUNgyhg; ngah;fshFk;.
Et;nthU tpdhr;Rl;L vw;w d s u

it J jhk; jhd; ,d;ddp tpspah (ed; : 314)
vd;Dk; E}w;gh tpspNayhg; ngah;fisj; njhFj;Jr; Rl;LfpwJ.
Kjw;ngah; rpidg; ngah;fspd; Ntw;Wikf;Fg; Gweil
Kjw;ngaiu ‘I’ cUG nghUe;jpdhy; rpidg; ngaiuf; ‘fz;’ cUG

nghUe;Jk;. Kjw;ngaUf;F ‘mJ’ cUG thpd; rpidg; ngaUf;F I cUG tUk;.
v.fh- ahidiaf; fhypd;fz; ntl;bdhd;.
,j;njhlhpy; ahid vd;Dk; Kjw;ngah; ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUghfpa ‘I’ ngw;W

te;Js;sJ. mjdhy; fhy; vd;Dk; rpidg; ngah; Vohk; Ntw;Wik cUghfpa ‘fz;’
vd;gijg; ngw;W mike;Js;sJ.
v.fh- ahidaJ fhiy ntl;bdhd;.
,j;njhlhpy; ahid vd;Dk; Kjw;ngah; Mwhk; Ntw;Wik cUghfpa ‘mJ’

vd;gijg; ngw;Ws;sJ. mjdhy; fhy; vd;Dk; rpidg;ngah; ‘fz;’ vd;Dk; Vohk;
Ntw;Wik cUG ,d;wp mike;Js;sJ.
Kjiy IAwpd; rpidiaf; fz;cWk;
mJKjw; fhapd; rpidf;F I MFk;. (ed; : 315)

Kjy; rpidf;Fk; gpz;lg; nghUSf;Fk; Gwdil
cyfj;jpYs;s Kjw;nghUSk; rpidg;nghUSk; $wf; $bathpd; Fwpg;ghy;>

Kjw;nghUNs rpidg; nghUshfTk; rpidg; nghUNs Kjw;nghUshfTk; khWgl;L
tUk;.
if vd;gJ> kdpjid Nehf;Fk;nghOJ rpidg;nghUshfTk; tpuiy

Nehf;Fk;nghOJ Kjw;nghUshfTk; mikAk;.
mt;thNw gpz;lg; nghUs; (njhFjpg; nghUs;) njhFj;j nghUspit>

njhFf;fg;gl;l nghUspit vd ntt;NtW nghUs;fis ciladty;y. Fwpg;ghy;
njhFjpg; nghUshfTk; njhFf;fg;gl;l nghUshfTk; NtW Ntwhff; $wyhk;.
64
v.fh - ney;iyg; nghypapd;fz; thhpdhd;
nghypapd;;fz; ney;iy thhpdhd;
ney;ypdJ nghypia thhpdhd;
,t; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfshy; gpz;lg; nghUshfpa nghypf; Fg;igfSk; gpz;bj;j
nghUshfpa ney;Yk; Ntwhfhikia mwpayhk;.
vdNt Kjw;ngah; ,it rpidg;ngah; ,it vd NtWgl ciug;gJ

ciug;gthpd; Fwpg;igf; nfhz;Nl mikAk;. gpz;lg; nghUSk; mj;jd;ik
cilajhFk;.
Kjypit rpidapit vdNtW cstpy;

ciug;Nghh; Fwpg;gpd; mw;Nw gpz;lKk; (ed; : 316)
cUGfs; njhlh;ghd rpwg;G ,yf;fzq;fs;
vl;L Ntw;WikfisAk; mtw;Wf;fhd cUGfisAk; thpirahf tpsf;fpa

ed;D}yhrphpah; ngahpaypd; Kbtpy; Ntw;Wik cUGfs; njhlh;ghd rpwg;G
,yf;fzf; $Wfs; rpytw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;. mit cUG kaf;fk;> Kjw;ngah;>
rpidg; ngah;> cUG khw;wk; vd;gdthFk;. ,tw;iw mwptJ mtrpakhFk;.
cUG kaf;fk;
xt;nthU Ntw;Wikf;Fk; nghUSk; cUGk; tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. rpy

Ntw;Wikg; nghUl;fs; jkf;Fhpa cUig tpl;L NtW Ntw;Wik cUig Vw;W
tUjy; cz;L. mq;qdk; thpDk; nghUSf;F Vw;g cUG jphpANkad;wp
cUGf;Nfw;gg; nghUs; jphpahJ.
v.fh - fhyj;jpdhw; nra;j ed;wp
jFe;j fhyj;jpd; fz; nra;j cjtp vd;gJ nghUs;. ,jpy; Vohk; Ntw;Wik cUG
tuNtz;ba ,lj;J %d;wd; cUG te;Js;sJ. ,t;thW xU Ntw;Wik cUG epw;f
Ntz;ba ,lj;J NtnwhU Ntw;Wikapd; cUG te;J kaq;Ftij cUG kaf;fk;
vd;gh;.
ahjd; cUgpd; $wpw;W MapDk;

nghUs;nry; kUq;fpd; Ntw;Wik rhUk;. (ed; : 317)
65
rpy Ntw;Wik cUGfs; nra;Asps; jphpe;J tUk; Kiw
cah;jpizapy; I> Md;> F Mfpa %d;W Ntw;Wik cUGfSk; nra;Aspy;

mikAk;nghOJ mfukhfj; jphpAk;.
v.fh – fhtyNdhf; fspwQ;RNk - fhtNyhid

Gytuhd - Gytuhd;
fbepiyapd;Nw Mrphpaw;f - Mrphpaw;F
m/wpizapy; nra;Asplj;J ‘Md;’ cUG kl;LNk mfukhfj; jphpAk;.
v.fh – Gs;spdhd - Gs;spdhd;
vdNt I> Md;> F vd;Dk; Ntw;Wik cUGfs; nra;Aspy; cah;jpizg; nghUspy;

,lk;ngWk;nghOJ mfukhfj; jphpAk; vd;Wk; ,tw;Ws; Md; kl;Lk; nra;Aspy;
m/wpizg; nghUspy; ,lk;ngWk;nghOJ mfukhfj; jphpAk; vd;Wk; mwpayhk;.
IMd;Fr; nra;Al;F mt;Tk; MFk;

Mfh m/wpizf;F Md;my; yhjd. (ed; : 318)
vl;L Ntw;WikfSf;Fk; chpa Kbf;Fk; nrhy;
vy;iyg; nghUspy; tUk; Ie;jhk; Ntw;WikAk; fpoikg; nghUspy; tUk;

Mwhk; Ntw;WikAk; Kbf;Fk; nrhy;yhfg; ngaiuf; nfhz;likAk;.
vy;iyg; nghUs; xope;j epiyapy; mikAk; Vida Ntw;Wikfs;

tpidiaf; nfhz;L KbAk;.
v.fh- fUT+ud; fpof;F
,j;njhlh; vy;iyg; nghUis czh;j;Jk; Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wik ‘,d;’ cUG nfhz;L

Kbe;Js;sJ.
v.fh- rhj;jdJ if
,j;njhlh; jw;fpoikg; nghUSf;Fhpa Mwhk; Ntw;WikapdJ cUG nfhz;L

Kbe;Js;sJ.
v.fh – rhj;jd; te;jhd;

Flj;ij tide;jhd;
thshy; ntl;bdhd;.
66
ehd;fhk; Vohk; Ntw;Wikfs; tpidia md;wpg; ngaiuAk; Kbf;Fk; nrhy;yhfg;
ngWk;.
v.fh – kzpapd; fz;xsp
gpzpf;F kUe;J
,j;njhlh;fs; kzpapd;fz; (,Uf;Fk;) xsp vdTk; gpzpf;F (nfhLf;Fk;) kUe;J

vdTk; tpidia Ntz;b epw;gjdhy; tpidNahL nghUe;Jk; ngah;fshapd.
tpidiaf; nfhz;L KbAk; rpy Ntw;Wikfs; njhopw;ngaiuAk;

tpizahyizAk; ngaiuAk; nfhz;L KbAk;.
v.fh – rhj;jd; tUjy;
Flj;ij tide;jtd;
Kjy; Ntw;Wik> ngaiuAk; tpdhitAk; nfhz;L KbAk;.
v.fh – rhj;jd; ,td;

rhj;jd; ahtd;
vdNt vy;iyg; nghUspy; tUk; Ie;J kw;Wk; Mwhk; Ntw;Wikfs; ngah; nfhz;L
KbAk; vd;Wk; xope;j vOtha; Kjypa Ntw;Wikfs; tpidnfhz;L KbAk; vd;Wk;
mtw;Ws; ehd;fhk;> Vohk; Ntw;Wikfs; tpidad;wpg; ngaiuAk; nfhz;L KbAk;
vd;Wk; ngUk;ghYk; vd;gjdhy; tpidnfhz;L KbAk;. rpy Ntw;Wikfs; njhopw;
ngah;> tpizahyizAk; ngah;fisf; nfhz;L KbAk; vd;Wk; vOtha; Ntw;Wik>
ngaiuAk; tpdhiAk; nfhz;L KbAk; vd;Wk; mwpayhk;.
vy;iy vd;Wk; mJTk; ngah; nfhSk;

my;y tpidnfhSk; ehd;FVo; ,UikAk;
Gy;Yk; ngUk;ghYk; vd;kdhh; Gyth; (ed; : 319)
tpidapay;
tpidapaypy; tpidr; nrhy;ypd; ,yf;fzk; tpthpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,jd;fz;

tpidr; nrhy;ypd; tpsf;fk;> gFg;G - tpid Kw;wpd; ,yf;fzk;> gFg;G -
nganur;rk; - tpidnar;rk; - Kw;nwr;rk; Mfpad tphpthf tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
67
nghUspd; Gilg; ngah;r;rpNa tpidahFk;. ,J tpidab vdg;gLk;.
Kjdpiyapdbahfj; Njhd;wp> gy;NtW tbtq;fisg; ngWk;. el> Ngh> cz;> vO>
gL> nry; Kjypad tpidg; gFjpfshFk;. ,it gpd;tUk; epiyfspy; tphpT ngWk;
el - Vty; xUik tpidKw;W

elf;f - tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W
ele;jhd; - njhpepiy tpidKw;W
ele;j - nganur;rk;
ele;J - tpidnar;rk;
ele;jtd; - tpidahyizAk; ngah;
elj;jy; - njhopw;ngah;
,tw;wpy; ele;jtd;> elj;jy;> vd;Dk; ,uz;Lk; ngah;fshFk;.
tpid vd;gJ Ntw;Wik Vw;fhJ. njhopiyAk; fhyj;ijAk; fhl;Lk;. Mdhy; ngah;>

fhyk; fhl;lhJ. Ntw;Wik Vw;Fk;.
MapDk; elj;jy; vd;gJ ele;jid> elj;jyhy; vd Ntw;Wik Vw;Wk;

ele;jtd; vd;gJ fhyk; fhl;LtNjhL Ntw;Wik Vw;Wk; tUk;. elj;jy; vd;Dk;
njhopw;ngah; ele;jtd; vd;Dk; tpidabahfNt gpwe;Js;sd.
,it jtpu Vida MW tphpfSk; (el> elf;f> ele;jhd;> ele;j> ele;J)

Kw;Wtpid> nganur;rtpid> tpidnar;rtpid vd ghFgLj;jg;gLk;. ,k;%d;Wk;
njhpepiytpid> Fwpg;Gtpid vd NkYk; tphpT ngWk;.
njhpepiy tpid
fUj;jh> fUtp> epyk; (,lk;)> nray;> fhyk;> nrag;gLnghUs; vd;Dk;

MwpidAk; ntspg;gilahf czh;j;Jk; tpid njhpepiytpid MFk;.
‘gbj;jhd;’ vd;gJ njhpepiy tpidahFk;.
gbj;jhd; vd;gJ ‘Md;’ tpFjp ngw;W cah;jpiz Mz;ghiyf; fUj;jhthf

czh;j;JfpwJ. ‘gb’ vd;Dk; ,ilepiy ,we;j fhyj;ij ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ.
gbg;gjw;Ff; fz;> tha;> Mfpad fhuzkhfpd;wd. gbf;Fk; ,lk; ghlrhiy my;yJ
tPL vd;gJ czh;j;jg;gLfpwJ. ghl mwpT nrag;gL nghUshfpwJ.
68
nray; KOik ngw;W tpidKw;W ,we;j fhyk; (te;jhd;) epfo;fhyk;
(tUfpd;whd;) vjph;fhyk; (tUthd;) vd ahjhDk; xU fhyj;ijj; njspthfj;
njhptpg;gjhy; njhpepiy tpidKw;W MFk;.
vdNt gbj;jhd; vd;Dk; tpidr;nrhy; nra;gtd;> fUtp> epyk; (,lk;)> nray;>

fhyk;> nrag;gLnghUs; vd;Dk; MwpidAk; ntspg;gLj;Jtij mwpayhk;.
nra;gtd; fUtp epyk; nray; fhyk;

nra;nghUs; MWk; jUtJ tpidNa (ed; : 320)
vd;Dk; E}w;gh ,jid tpsf;Ffpd;wJ.
Fwpg;G tpid
nghUs;> ,lk;> fhyk;> rpid> gz;G> njhopy; vd;Dk; mWtifg; ngah;fspd;

mbahfj; Njhd;wp> fUj;jhit kl;Lk; ntspg;gilahf czh;j;jp fUtp> epyk;>
fhyk;> nray;> nrag;gLnghUs; Mfpatw;iwf; Fwpg;ghy; czh;j;Jk; tpid Fwpg;G
tpid MFk;.
v.fh- nghd;dd; - nghUs; Fwpg;Gtpid
rpjk;guj;jhd; - ,lf; Fwpg;Gtpid
Xzj;jhd; - fhyf; Fwpg;Gtpid
%f;fd; - rpidf; Fwpg;Gtpid
ey;ytd; - gz;Gf; Fwpg;Gtpid
eilad; - njhopy; Fwpg;Gtpid
,j;njhlh;fs; ‘md;’ tpFjp ngw;W cah;jpiz Mz;ghiyf; fUj;jhthf

ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. ,it njhpepiy tpidiag; Nghd;W ntspg;gilahf
mikatpy;iy. ,tw;iwg; gbg;gtNu Fwpg;ghy; czh;e;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
nghd;dd; vd;gJ ngah;rn

; rhy; Nghy; Njhd;wpDk; nghd;id cilatdhf
,Ue;jhd; vdj; njhopiy czh;j;Jtjhy; tpidr;nrhy; Mapw;W. Kd;G ,Ue;jhd;
vd Fwpg;ghff; nfhz;L fUtp> epyk;> fhyk;> nray;> nrag;gLnghUs; Mfpatw;iw
tUtpj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
nghd;dd; vd;gJ nghUl;ngaubahfTk; rpjk;guj;jhd; vd;gJ

,lg;ngaubahfTk; Xzj;jhd; vd;gJ fhyg;ngaubahfTk; %f;fd; vd;gJ
69
rpidg;ngaubahfTk; ey;ytd; vd;gJ gz;Gg;ngaubahfTk; eilad; vd;gJ
njhopw;ngaubahfTk; te;Js;sd.
nghUs;Kjy; MwpDk; Njhd;wpKd; MwDs;

tpidKjy; khj;jpiu tpsf;fy; tpidf;Fwpg;Ng (ed; : 321)
tpidr;nrhy; ghFghL
njhpepiy tpid> Fwpg;G tpid vd ghFgLj;jg;gl;l tpidr;nrhy;> Kw;W>

nganur;rk;> tpidnar;rk; vd %d;whfg; gFf;fg;gLk;. ,k;%d;Wk; jpiz> ghy;
,lq;fSs; xd;wpw;Fr; rpwg;ghfTk; gytw;wpw;Fg; nghJthfTk; tUk;.
tpid
Kw;W vr;rk;
nganur;rk; tpidnar;rk; Kw;nwr;rk;
vd;Dk; ml;ltiz thapyhf ,jid tpsq;fpf;nfhs;syhk;.
mitjhk;
Kw;Wk; ngah;tpid vr;rKk; Mfp
xd;ww; FhpaTk; nghJT khFk; (ed; : 322)
tpid Kw;W (Kw;W tpid)
tpidr; nrhw;fs; jpiz> ghy; fhl;Lk; tpFjpfNshL Kw;Wg; ngw;W epw;Fk;

tpidfisf; nfhz;Ls;sd. ,it Kw;Wtpid my;yJ tpidKw;W vdg;gLk;.
,jid njhpepiy tpidKw;W> Fwpg;G tpidKw;W vd ,Ugphpthff; nfhs;syhk;.
,jid>
tpidKw;W njhpepiy tpidKw;W
Fwpg;G tpidKw;W
,t;ml;ltiz tpsf;FfpwJ. nra;gtd; fUtp> epyk;> fhyk;> nray;> nrag;gLnghUs;

vd;Dk; MwpidAk; Kiwahf ntspg;gLj;jp mWtifg; ngah;fspd; mbg;gilapy;
jpiz> ghy; tpFjpfNshL Kw;Wg;ngw;W epw;Fk; tpid njhpepiy tpidKw;W MFk;.
70
nra;gtid kl;Lk; ntspg;gLj;jp fUtp> epyk;> fhyk;> nray;>
nrag;gLnghUs; mfpatw;iwf; Fwpg;ghy; ntspg;gLj;jp mWtifg; ngah;fspd;
mbg;gilapy; jpiz ghy; tpFjpfNshL Kw;W ngw;W epw;Fk; tpid Fwpg;G tpid
Kw;W MFk;.
v.fh- njhpepiy tpid Fwpg;G tpid mWtifg;ngah;
nra;jhd; ,uhkd; nghpad; ,uhkd; nghUs;
Fsph;e;jJ epyk; typaJ epyk; ,lk;
te;jJ fhh; fhpaJ fhh; fhyk;
Ftpe;j if rpwpaJ if rpid
te;jJ ed;ik cs;sJ ed;ik gz;G
xope;jJ gpwg;G nfhbaJ gpwg;G njhopy;
,j;njhlh;fs; nra;gtd; fUtp> epyk;> fhyk;> nray;> nrag;gLnghUs; vd;Dk;

MwpidAk; Kiwahf ntspg;gLj;jpAk; Fwpg;ghf ntspg;gLj;jpAk; mWtifg;
ngah;fspd; mbg;gilapy; mike;Js;sd.
nghJ,ay;G MiwAk; Njhw;wpg; nghUl;ngah;

Kjy;mW ngah;myJ Vw;gpyJ Kw;Nw (ed; : 323)
njhpepiy tpidKw;wpd; ghFghLfs;
njhpepiytpid Kw;Wfs; glh;f;if ,lj;jpy; mike;J tUk;. Ik;ghiyAk;

Kf;fhyj;ijAk; czh;j;Jk;. vdNt glh;f;if ,lj;jpy; mikAk; njhpepiy
tpidKw;Wf;fs; gjpide;J (1 E} 5 E} 3) MFk;. ,J Mz;ghy; tpidKw;W>
ngz;ghy; tpidKw;W> gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W> xd;wd;ghy; tpidKw;W> gytpd; ghy;
tpidKw;W vDk; 5 ghFghLfis cilaJ.
glh;f;if ,lj;jpy; mikAk; njhpepiy tpidKw;Wf;fs; gjpide;J MFk;.

mit jd;ik ,lj;jpy; xUik> gd;ik vz;fspy; mikAk;. ,j; njhpepiy
tpidKw;Wf;fs; MW MFk;. ,it glh;f;if ,lj;jpy; xUik> gd;ik vz;fspy;
mikAk; njhpepiy tpidKw;Wf;fs; MW MFk;. Mf nkhj;jk; %d;W ,lq;fspYk;
Ik;ghy;fspYk; xUik> gd;ik vz;fspYk; ,lk;ngWk; njhpepiy tpidKw;Wf;fs;
nkhj;jk; 27 MFk;.
71
,lk; ghy; ,we;jfhyk; epfo;fhyk;
vjph;fhyk;
glh;f;if Mz;ghy; ele;jhd; elf;fpwhd; elg;ghd;
ngz;ghy; ele;jhs; elf;fpwhs; elg;ghs;
gyh;ghy; ele;jhh; elf;fpd;whh; elg;ghh;
xd;wd;ghy; ele;jJ elf;fpd;wJ elg;gJ
gytpd;ghy; ele;jd elf;fpd;wd elg;gd
vdNt njhpepiytpid Kw;Wfs; glh;f;if ,lj;jpy; mike;J tUk;.

Ik;ghiyAk; Kf;fhyj;ijAk; czh;j;Jk;. vdNt glh;f;if ,lj;jpy; mikAk;
njhpepiy tpidKw;Wf;fs; gjpide;J (1 E} 5 E} 3) MFk; vd;gij mwpayhk;.
,lk; vz; ,we;jfhyk; epfo;fhyk; vjph;fhyk;
jd;ik xUik ele;Njd; elf;fpd;Nwd; elg;Ngd;
gd;ik ele;Njhk; elf;fpd;Nwhk; elg;Nghk;
,j;njhpepiy tpidKw;Wf;fs; jd;ik ,lj;jpy; mike;J xUik> gd;ik

vz;fisAk; Kf;fhyj;ijAk; czh;j;Jfpd;wd. vdNt jd;ik ,lj;jpy; mikAk;
xUik> gd;ik> njhpepiy tpidKw;Wf;fs; MW (2 E} 3) MFk;.
,lk; ghy; ,we;jfhyk; epfo;fhyk; vjph;fhyk;
Kd;dpiy xUik ele;jha; elf;fpwha; elg;gha;
gd;ik ele;jPh; elf;fpd;wPh; elg;gPh;
vdNt glh;f;if ,lj;jpy; mikAk; njhpepiy tpidKw;Wf;fs; gjpide;Jk; vd;Wk;

jd;ik ,lj;jpy; xUik> gd;ik vz;fspy; mikAk; njhpepiy tpidKw;Wf;fs;
MW vd;Wk;. glh;f;if ,lj;jpy; xUik> gd;ik vz;fspy; mikAk; njhpepiy
tpidKw;Wf;fs; MW vd;Wk; mwpayhk;. Mf nkhj;jk; %d;W ,lq;fspYk;.
Ik;ghy;fspYk; xUik> gd;ik vz;fspy; ,lk;ngWk; njhpepiy tpidKw;Wf;fs; 27
MFk;. ,jid>
xUtd;Kjy; Ie;ijAk; glh;f;if ,lj;Jk;

xUikg; gd;ikiaj; jd;ikKd; dpiyapYk;
Kf;fh yj;jpDk; Kuz KiwNa
72
%ite;J ,U%d;W Mwha; Kw;W
tpidg;gjk; xd;Nw Kxd; ghdhk; (ed; : 324)
vd ed;D}yhh; tpthpf;fpd;whh;.
glh;f;if tpidKw;W
glh;f;if tpidKw;W vd;gJ Mz;ghy; glh;f;if> ngz;ghy; glh;f;if>

gyh;ghy; glh;f;if xd;wd;ghy; glh;f;if> gytpd;ghy; glh;f;if vd gytifg;gLk;.
,jid
Mz;ghy; glh;f;if tpidKw;W
ngz;ghy; glh;f;if tpidKw;W
glh;f;if tpidKw;W gyh;ghy; glh;f;if tpidKw;W
xd;wd;ghy; glh;f;if tpidKw;W
gytpd;ghy; glh;f;if tpidKw;W
,t;ml;ltiz njspTgLj;JfpwJ. ,tw;iw tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tJ mtrpak;.
Mz;ghy; glh;f;if tpidKw;W
md;> Md; tpFjpfis ,Wjpahf cila tpidr; nrhw;fs; Mz;ghy;

glh;f;if njhpepiy tpidKw;Wk;> Fwpg;G tpidKw;Wk; MFk;.
v.fh- ele;jhd;> ele;jdd; - ,we;j fhyk;

elf;fpd;whd;> elf;fpd;wdd; - epfo;fhyk; njhpepiy
elg;ghd;> elg;gd; - vjph;fhyk;
Fioahd;> Fioahs; Fwpg;G tpidKw;W

Fioad;> Fioas;
,j; njhpepiy> Fwpg;G tpidKw;Wf;fs; md;> Md; vd;Dk; ,uz;L tpFjpfisg;
ngw;W glh;f;if ,lj;ijAk; cah;jpiz Mz;ghiyAk; Kf;fhyq;fisAk;
czh;j;Jfpd;wd.
vdNt md;> Md; tpFjpfis ,Wjpahf cila tpidr; nrhw;fs; Mz;ghy;

md;Md; ,Wnkhop Mz;ghy; glh;f;if (ed; : 325)
73
ngz;ghy; glh;f;if tpidKw;W

ms;;> Ms;; tpFjpfis ,Wjpahf cila tpidr; nrhw;fs; ngz;ghy;
glh;f;if njhpepiy tpidKw;Wk; Fwpg;G tpidKw;Wk; MFk;.
v.fh- ele;jhs;> ele;jds; - ,we;j fhyk;

elf;fpd;whs;> elf;fpd;wds; - epfo;fhyk; njhpepiytpid
elg;ghs;> elg;gs; - vjph;fhyk;
Fioas;> Fioahs; - Fwpg;G tpidKw;W
,j; njhpepiy Fwpg;G tpidKw;Wf;fs; ms;> Ms; vd;Dk; tpFjpfisg; ngw;W

glh;f;if ,lj;ijAk; cah;jpizg; ngz;ghiyAk; Kf;fhyq;fisAk;
czh;j;Jfpd;wd.
vdNt ms;;> Ms;; tpFjpfis ,Wjpahf cila tpidr; nrhw;fs; ngz;ghy;

ms;Md; ,Wjpnkhop ngz;ghy; glh;f;if (ed; : 326)
gyh;ghy; glh;f;if tpidKw;W
mh;> Mh;> g> khh; vd;Dk; ehd;F tpFjpfisAk; ngw;WtUk; nrhw;fs; gyh;ghy;
tpid Kw;WfshFk;.
v.fh- ele;jhh;> ele;jdh; - ,we;j fhyk;

elf;fpd;whh;> elf;fpd;wdh; - epfo;fhyk; - njhpepiy tpidKw;W
elg;g - vjph;fhyk;
elg;gh;> Fioah;
elg;ghh;> Fioahh;
elg;g - Fwpg;G tpidKw;W
nfhz;khh;
,j; njhpepiy Fwpg;G tpidKw;Wf;fs; mh;> Mh;> g> khh; vd;Dk; ehd;F
tpFjpfisg; ngw;W> glh;f;if ,lj;ijAk; cah;jpizg; gyh;ghiyAk; glh;f;if
,lj;ijAk; czh;j;Jfpd;wd.
74
,tw;Ws; mh;> Mh; gyh;ghy; glh;f;if njhpepiy tpidKw;whfTk; gyh;ghy;
glh;f;iff; Fwpg;G tpidKw;whfTk; Kf;fhyq;fisAk; czh;j;Jk;.
Vida ,uz;Lk; (g> khh;) jhNk fhyk; fhl;Ltjhy; gyh;ghy; glh;f;if Fwpg;G
tpidahfhJ.
vdNt mh;> Mh;> g> khh; vd;Dk; ehd;F tpjpfSk; gyh;ghy; glh;f;if
tpidKw;Wf;fs; vd;Wk;> ,tw;Ws; mh;> Mh; vd;gd gyh;ghy; glh;f;if ,lj;jpy;
njhpepiy tpidahfNth Fwpg;G tpidahfNth tUk; vd;Wk; g> khh; Mfpad jhNk
fhyk; fhl;Ltjhy; Fwpg;G tpid MfhJ vd;Wk; mwpayhk;.
mh;Mh; gt;t+h; mfukhh; <w;W

gy;Nyhh; glh;f;if khh; tpidNahL KbNk (ed; : 327)
xd;wd;ghy; glh;f;if tpidKw;W
J> W> L vd;Dk; %d;W tpFjpfisAk; cila nrhw;fs; xd;wd; ghy;

tpidKw;Wfs; MFk;.
v.fh- ele;jJ> Xbw;W - ,we;jfhyk;

elf;fpd;wJ> Mfpd;wJ - epfo;fhyk; njhpepiy tpid
elg;gJ - vjph;fhyk;
nghd;dJ> FioaJ> Mapw;W> nghUl;L - Fwpg;G tpid
,j; njhpepiy Fwpg;G tpidKw;Wf;fs; J> W> L vd;Dk; %d;W tpFjpfisAk;

cila nrhw;fs; Fw;Wfu tpFjpfisg; ngw;W m/wpiziaAk; xd;wd;ghiyAk;
glh;f;if ,lj;ijAk; czh;j;Jfpd;wd. ,J xd;wd; ghy; tpidKw;Wfs; MFk;.
,tw;Ws; ‘W’ tpFjp ,we;j fhyj;jpw;F kl;LNk tUk;. mt;thNw ‘L’ tpFjp
Kf;fhyj;jpw;Fk; tuhJ. Fwpg;G tpidf;F kl;LNk tUk;.
vdNt J> W> L Mfpait xd;wd; ghy; njhpepiy Fwpg;G tpidKw;Wfs;

vd;Wk; mtw;Ws; ‘W’ tpFjp ,we;j fhyj;jpy; kl;LNk tUk; vd;Wk; ‘L’ tpFjp
Fwpg;G tpidapy; kl;LNk ,lk;ngWk; vd;Wk; mwpayhk;.
JWLf; Fw;wpa Yfu <w;W

Xd;wd; glh;f;if Lf;Fwpg;gpd; MFk; (ed; : 328)
75
gytpd; ghy; glh;f;if tpidKw;W
Fwpg;G tpidKw;Wf;fs; m> M vd;Dk; ,uz;L tpFjpfisAk; ngw;W

m/wpiziaAk; gytpd;ghiyAk; glh;f;if ,lj;ijAk; czh;j;Jk;. ,J
gytpd;ghy; glh;f;if tpidKw;w MFk;.
v.fh- ele;jd> elf;fpd;wd> elg;gd - m njhpepiy tpid

Fioad - m Fwpg;G tpid
elth - M vjph;kiw tpid
,j; njhlhpy; Fwpg;G tpidKw;Wf;fs; m> M vd;Dk; ,uz;L tpFjpfisAk; ngw;W
m/wpizia cila nrhw;fs; gytpd;ghy; tpidKw;Wfs; MFk;. ,it gytpd;
ghiyAk; glh;f;if ,lj;ijAk; czh;j;Jfpd;wd.
,tw;Ws; ‘M’ tpFjp vjph;kiwg; nghUspy; kl;LNk ,lk; ngw;W ,we;j

fhyj;ijf; fhl;Lk;.
vdNt m> M m/wpizg; gytpd;ghy; glh;f;if njhpepiy Fwpg;G tpid

Kw;Wf;fs; vd;Wk; ‘M’ ,we;j fhyj;jpy; vjph;kiwg; nghUspy; kl;LNk ,lk;ngWk;
vd;Wk; mwpayhk;.
mM <w;w gytpd;ghy; glh;f;if

MNt vjph;kiwf; fz;z jhFk; (ed; : 329)
,Ujpizg; nghJ tpid
jd;ik> Kd;dpiy> tpaq;Nfhs; tpid Kw;Wf;fSk; NtW> ,y;iy> cz;L

vd;Dk; Fwpg;G tpidKw;Wf;fSk; njhpepiyAk; Fwpg;Gkhfpa nganur;r tpid
vr;rq;fSk; cah;jpiz> m/wpiz Mfpa ,UjpizfSf;Fk; nghJ tpidfshf
mikAk;. ,J ,Ujpizg; nghJtpid vdg;gLk;.
jd;ik Kd;dpiy tpaq;Nfhs; NtW,iy

cz;L <h; vr;rk; ,Ujpizg; nghJtpid (ed; 330)
jd;ik tpidKw;W
jd;ik tpidKw;W vd;gJ NgRNthh; jk;ikf; Fwpg;gjhFk;. ,t;tpidKw;W

xUik> gd;ik vd;Dk; ,U ghFghLfis cilaJ.
76
jd;ik tpidKw;W
jd;ik xUik tpidKw;W jd;ik gd;ik tpidKw;W
vd;Dk; ml;ltiz Nkw;Fwpj;j fUj;jpid tpsf;FfpwJ.
v.fh - ehd; te;Njd; - jd;ik xUik tpidKw;W
ehq;fs; te;Njhk; - jd;ik gd;ik tpidKw;W
,tw;iw mwpe;Jnfhs;tJ mtrpak;.
jd;ik xUik tpid Kw;W
jd;ikg; ngah;fshd ahd;> ahk;> ehd;> ehk; vd;gd F> L> J> W> my;> md;>
vd;> Vd; vDk; tpFjpfis <w;wpy; nfhz;Ls;s tpidr; nrhw;fisg; ngw;W xUik
vz;izr; Rl;Lk;. ,t;thW jd;ikg; ngah;fSld; ,t;tpFjpfisf; nfhz;L xUik
vz;izr; Rl;Lk; tpidr; nrhw;fs; jd;ik xUik tpid Kw;W vdg;gLk;.
F> L> J> W Mfpad ty;ypdj;jpd; Nky; cfuk; Vwpte;j Fw;Wfuq;fs;

MFk;. ,tw;iw <w;wpy; ngw;Ws;s tpidr; nrhw;fs; fhyk; fhl;Lk;. vdNt ,it
Fwpg;G tpidapy; tuhJ.
v.fh - F – ehd; cz;F (cz;Ngd;)– vjph;fhyj; jd;ik xUik tpidKw;W;
L – ehd; cz;L - ,we;j fhyj; jd;ik xUik tpidKw;W
J – ehd; tUJ - ,we;j fhy vjph;fhyj; jd;ik xUik tpidKw;W
W – ehd; NrW - ,we;j fhy vjph;fhyj; jd;ik xUik tpidKw;W
my; - ehd; nra;ty; - vjph;fhyj; jd;ik xUik tpidKw;W
‘my;’ tpFjp ,ilepiyNahL ,ize;J njhpepiyapy; vjph;fhyj;jpy; kl;LNk tUk;.

,J Fwpg;G tpidapy; tuhJ.
v.fh – ahd; nra;ty; - vjph;fhyj; jd;ik xUik tpidKw;W
md;> vd;> Vd; vd;gd njhpepiyapYk; Fwpg;G tpidapYk; ,lk;ngWk;.
njhpepiy tpid Fwpg;G tpid tpFjp
cz;ldd;> cz;fpd;wdd;> cz;gd; Fioad; md;
cz;lndd;> cz;fpd;nwdd;> cz;ngd; Fionad; vd;
77
cz;Nld;> cz;fpd;Nwd;> cz;Ngd; FioNad; Vd;
F> L> J> W> my;> md;> vd;> Vd; Mfpa vl;ilAk; tpFjpahff; nfhz;l
jd;ik tpidKw;Wf;fs; ,UjpizapYk; Mz;ghy;> ngz;ghy;> xd;wd;ghy; Mfpa
%d;W ghypYk; ,lk;ngw;W xUik vz;iz kl;LNk czh;j;Jk;.
vdNt F> L> J> W vd;Dk; ehd;F Fw;wpaYfu tpFjpfisAk; my;> md;>
vd;> Vd; vd;Dk; nka;aPw;W tpFjpfisAk; <w;wpy; nfhz;Ls;s tpidr; nrhw;fs;
,Ujpizf;Fk; Kg;ghYf;Fk; xUik vz;Zf;Fk; cl;gl;L mikAk; ,it
nghJthfpa jd;ik xUik njhpepiy Fwpg;G tpidKw;Wf;fshFk;.
FLJW vd;Dk; Fd;wpa YfuNkhL

My;md; vd;V MFk; <w;W
,Ujpiz Kf;$w;W xUikj; jd;ik (ed; : 331)
jd;ikg; gd;ik tpidKw;W
cld;ghl;Lj; jd;ik gd;ik tpidKw;Wf;fs;
tpFjpfs; ahTk; jd;ik ,lj;NjhL $ba Kd;dpiyiaAk; glh;f;ifiaAk;

jd;Dld; ,izj;J jd;ik ,lj;ijr; Rl;Lk;. vdNt ,jid cld;ghl;Lj; jd;ikg;
gd;ik vd;gh;.
,lk; njhpepiytpid Fwpg;G tpid tpFjp
Kd;dpiy cz;ldk;> cd;fpd;wdk;> cz;gd; Fioak; mk;

(ahDk;> ePAk;) cz;lhk;> cz;fpd;whk;> cz;ghk; Fioahk; Mk;
,j;njhpepiy Fwpg;G tpidKw;Wf;fs; mk;> Mk; tpFjpfis <w;wpy; ngw;W jd;ik>

Kd;dpiy ,lj;ijAk; gd;ik vz;izAk; Fwpf;fpd;wd.
njhpepiy Fwpg;G tpidKw;Wf;fs; vk;> Vk;> xk; tpFjpfis <w;wpy; ngw;Wg;

glh;f;if ,lj;ijAk; gd;ikiaAk; Fwpf;Fk;.
,lk; njhpepiytpid Fwpg;G tpid tpFjp
glh;f;if - cz;lndk;> cd;fpd;nwdk;> cz;ngk; - Fionak;

vk;
ahDk; ePAk; - cz;Nlk;> cz;fpd;Nwk;> cz;Ngk; - FioNak;

Vk;
78
ahDk; mtDk; - cz;Nlhk;> cz;fpd;Nwhk;> cz;Nghk; - FioNahk;
xk;
,j;njhpepiy Fwpg;G tpidKw;Wf;fs; vk;> Vk;> xk; tpFjpfis <w;wpy; ngw;Wg;

glh;f;if ,lj;ijAk; gd;ikiaAk; Fwpf;fpd;wd.
njhpepiy tpidKw;Wf;fs; Fk;> Lk;> Jk;> ck; tpFjpfis <w;wpy; ngw;W

Kd;dpiy> glh;f;if Mfpa ,U ,lq;fisAk; gd;ikiaAk; Fwpf;fpd;wd. ,it
jhNk fhyk; fhl;Ltjhy; Fwpg;G tpid MfhJ. NkYk; ,tw;wpy; ‘Fk;’ tpFjp
vjph;fhyj;ijAk; ‘Lk;’ ,we;j fhyj;ijAk; Jk;> ck; Mfpad ,we;j fhyj;ijAk;
vjph;fhyj;ijAk; fhl;Lk;.
,lk; ,we;j fhyk; vjph;fhyk; tpFjp
Kd;dpiy ------- cz;Fk; Fk;
-------- cz;Lk; --------------- Lk;
glh;f;if
(ahDk; mtDk;) te;Jk; tUJk; Jk;
(ahDk; ePAk;) nrd;Wk; NrWk; ck;
,j;njhpepiy tpidKw;Wf;fs; Fk;> Lk;> Jk;> ck; tpFjpfis <w;wpy; ngw;W

Kd;dpiy glh;f;if Mfpa ,U ,lq;fisAk; <w;wpy; ngw;W gd;ikiaf;
Fwpf;fpd;wd. ,it jhNk fhyk; fhl;Ltjhy; Fwpg;G tpid MfhJ. NkYk; ,tw;wpy;
‘Fk;’ tpFjp vjph;fhyj;ijAk; ‘Lk;’ ,we;j fhyj;ijAk; Jk;> ck; Mfpad ,we;j
fhyj;ijAk; vjph;fhyj;ijAk; fhl;Lk;.
,t;tpFjpfs; ahTk; jd;ik ,lj;NjhL $ba Kd;dpiyiaAk;

glh;f;ifiaAk; jd;Dld; ,izj;J jd;ik ,lj;ijr; Rl;Ltjhy; ,J
cld;ghl;Lj; jd;ikg; gd;ik MFk;.
v.fh - ahDk; ePAk; cz;ldk; - mk;

ahDk;> mtDk; cz;Nlhk; - xk; - njhpepiy
ahDk; ePAk; Fionak; - vk;
ahDk;> mtDk; Fioahk; - Mk; - Fwpg;Gtpid
vdNt mk;> Mk; vd;Dk; ,t;tpU tpFjpfisAk; ,Wjpapy; ngw;WtUk; nrhw;fs;

Kd;dpiy ,lj;jhiuAk; vk;> Vk;> xk; vd;Dk; ,k;%d;W tpFjpfis ,Wjpapy;
ngw;W tUk; nrhw;fs; glh;f;if ,lj;jhiuAk; Fk;> Lk;> Jk;> Wk; vd;Dk; ,e;ehd;F
tpFjpfis ,WjpapYila nrhw;fs; Kd;dpiy glh;f;if vd;Dk; <hplj;jhh;fisAk;
79
jd;Dld; Rl;Lk; cld;ghl;Lj; jd;ikg; gd;ikj; njhpepiy tpidKw;Wk; Fwpg;G
tpid Kw;Wk; MFk;.
mk;Mk; vd;gd Kd;dpiy ahiuAk;

vk;Vk; xk; ,itglh;f;if ahiuAk;
ck;Ch; fljw ,Ugh yhiuAk;
jd;ndhL gLf;Fk; jd;ikg; gd;ik (ed; : 332)
tpidAld; KbAk; jd;ik tpidKw;Wfs;
nra;F vd;Dk; jd;ik xUik tpidKw;Wk;> nra;Ak; vd;Dk; jd;ik

gd;ik tpidKw;Wk;> ngaUlNdad;wp tpidAlDk; KbAk;. mit tpidAld;
KbAk; jd;ik tpid Kw;Wf;fs; vd;wiof;fg;gLk;.
v.fh- cz;F ahd; - jd;ik xUik tpidKw;W

cz;Fk; ahk; - jd;ik gd;ik tpidKw;W
,j;njhlh;fspy; cz;F> cz;Fk; vd;Wk; tpidKw;Wf;fs; ngaiuf; nfhz;L
Kbe;Js;sd.
v.fh- cz;F te;Njd; - jd;ik xUik tpidKw;W
cz;Fk; te;Njhk; - jd;ik gd;ik tpidKw;W
,j;njhlh;fspy; cz;F> cz;Fk; vd;Dk; tpidKw;Wf;fs; tpidiaf; nfhz;L

Kbe;Js;sd.
vdNt cz;F> cz;Fk; vd;gd ngaiuAk; tpidiaAk; nfhz;L KbAk;

vd;gij mwpayhk;.
cz;F> cz;Fk; vd;gd vr;rg; nghUspy; te;Js;sd Nghyj; Njhd;wpDk;

,it vr;rq;fs; my;y. ,it tpidKw;Wf;fNs> cz;F vd;gJ nra;F vd;Dk;
tha;g;ghl;Lj; jd;ik xUik tpidKw;W vd;Wk; cz;Fk; vd;gJ nra;Ak; vd;Dk;
tha;g;ghl;Lj; jd;ik gd;ik tpidKw;W vd;Wk; ngah; ngWk;.
nra;Fvd; xUikAk; nra;Fk; vd; gd;ikAk;

tpidnahL KbapDk; tpsk;gpa Kw;Nw (ed; : 333)
80
cld;ghl;L Kd;dpiy gd;ik tpidKw;W
jd;ikAld; $ba Kd;dpiy> glh;f;ifj; jd;ikahjy; Nghd;W>

Kd;dpiyNahL $ba glh;f;if Kd;dpiyahFk;. ,it njhpepiy tpidapYk;
Fwpg;G tpidapYk; ,lk; ngWk;. ,jid
v.fh – cz;ldph;> cz;Bh;> cz;kpd; - njhpepiy - ePh; (ePAk; mtDk;)

Fioapdh;> FioaPh; - Fwpg;G
vd;Dk; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs; thapyhf mwpayhk;.
Kd;dpiy xUik tpidKw;W
I> Ma;> , vDk; %d;W tpFjpfis ,WjpapYila nkhopfSk; tpFjp

Fd;wpAk; Fd;whkYk; tUk; ,Ugj;J %d;W <w;W nkhopfSk; Mz;ghy;> ngz;ghy;>
xd;wd;ghy; vd;Dk; %d;Wf;Fk; nghJthfpa Kd;dpiy xUikj; njhpepiy
tpidKw;Wk; Fwpg;G tpidKw;W MFk;.
,lk; njhpepiytpid Fwpg;Gtpid tpFjp
Kd;dpiy cz;lid - cz;fpd;wid - cz;ig Fioia I
(eP) cz;lha; - cz;fpd;wha; - cz;gha; Fioaha; Ma;
cz;b - cz;zhepd;wp - Nrwp tpy;yp ,
,j;njhpepiy> Fwpg;G tpidKw;Wf;fs; I> Ma;> , vd;Dk; tpFjpfisg; ngw;W

Kd;dpiy ,lj;ijAk; xUik vz;izAk; Fwpf;fpd;wd.
tpFjp Fd;wpAk; Fd;whkYk; epw;gdthfpa Vty; nghUspy; tUk; ,Ugj;J

%d;W
(ed; : 137) <w;W tpidr; nrhw;fSk; Vty; Kd;dpiy xUik tpid Kw;Wf;fshFk;.
,it njhpepiyapy; kl;LNk ,lk;ngWk;.
v.fh - ele;jhd;> tt;tpdhd;> m/fpdhd; Kjypad
ma;> ,> ms;> Vy;> My; vd;Dk; tpFjpfis cila tpidr; nrhw;fSk;
‘Ma;’ tpFjp ,y;yhky; gFjp kl;LNk epw;Fk; tpidr; nrhw;fSk; Vty; xUik
tpidr; Kw;WfshFk;. ,tw;Ws; my;> Vy;> My; vd;gd vjph;kiwapy; kl;LNk tUk;
vd;gJ mwpaj;jf;fJ.
v.fh – cz;zha;> cz;Zjp> cz;

cz;zy;> cz;Nzy;> kwhy; - eP
81
vdNt I> Ma;> , vDk; %d;W tpFjpfis ,WjpapYila nkhopfSk; tpFjp
Fd;wpAk; Fd;whkYk; tUk; ,Ugj;J %d;W <w;W nkhopfSk; Mz;ghy;> ngz;ghy;>
xd;wd;ghy; vd;Dk; %d;Wf;Fk; nghJthfpa Kd;dpiy xUikj; njhpepiy
tpidKw;Wk; Fwpg;G tpidKw;Wk; MFk;.
IMa; ,fu <w;W %d;Wk;

Vtypd; tUck; vy;yh <w;wTk;
Kg;ghy; xUik Kd;dpiy nkhopNa (ed; : 335)
Vty; tpidKw;W
Kd;dpiy Vty; xU tpidKw;wpw;F Kd; <fhuKk; VfhuKk; mt;tplj;J

epw;gjw;Fhpa jd;ikapid cila VNjDk; xU nka;apd;Nky; VwptUk;.
v.fh- “nrd;wP ngUklepw; wiff;Feh; ahNu”

“ml;by; Xiy njhl;lid epd;Nk”
,j;njhlh;fspy; ,lk; ngWk; ‘nrd;w’P > ‘epd;Nk’ vd;gdtw;wpw;F <whf mikAk;

<fhuKk; VfhuKk; tpFjpfs; my;y. mit ‘Ma;’ tpFjp Fiwe;j Vtypy; tUk;
Kd;dpiy mirfshFk;. mit KiwNa ‘w’fu xw;iwAk; ‘k’fu xw;iwAk;
vOj;Jg;Ngwhff; nfhz;Ls;sd.
vdNt Kd;dpiy Vty; xU tpidKw;wpw;F Kd; <fhuKk; VfhuKk;

mt;tplj;J epw;ww;Fhpa jd;ikapid cila VNjDk; xU nka;apd;Nky; VwptUk;
vd;gJ mwpaj;jf;fJ.
Kd;dpiy Kd;dh; <Ak; VAk;

me;epiy kugpd; nka;Ch;e;J tUNk (ed; : 336)
Kd;dpiyg; gd;ik tpidKw;W
njhpepiy Fwpg;G tpidKw;Wf;fs; ,h;> <h; tpFjpfis <w;wpy; ngw;W

Kd;dpiy ,lj;ijAk; gd;ikiaAk; Fwpf;fpd;wd. ,it ,Ujpizf;Fk; nghJthf
mikAk;.
,lk; njhpepiytpid Fwpg;Gtpid tpFjp
Kd;dpiy - cz;ldph;> cz;fpd;wdph;> cz;gph; Fioaph; ,h;

cz;Bh;> cz;fpd;wPh;> cz;gPh; FioaPh; <h;
82
,j;njhpepiy Fwpg;G tpidKw;Wf;fs; ,h;> <h; tpFjpfis <w;wpy; ngw;W Kd;dpiy
,lj;ijAk; gd;ikiaAk; Fwpf;fpd;wd. ,it ,Ujpizf;Fk; nghJthf mikAk;.
‘kpd;’ tpFjpad;wp <h;> ck; tpFjpfSk; Kd;dpiyg; gd;ik VtYf;F tUk;.
v.fh – cz;kpd;> cz;zPh;> cz;Zk;
vdNt ,h;> <h; vd;Dk; ,uz;L tpFjpfis ,WjpapYila nrhw;fs; ,Ujpizf;Fk;

nghJthfpa Kd;dpiyg; gd;ikj; njhpepiy tpidKw;Wk; Fwpg;G tpidKw;Wk;
MFk;. ‘kpd;’ tpFjpAk; <h;> ck; tpFjpfSk; Kd;dpiyg; gd;ik Vtypy; ,lk;ngWk;
vd;gij mwpayhk;.
,h;<h;<w;W ,uz;Lk; ,U jpizg;

gd;ik Kd;dpiy kpd;mtw;(W) Vty; (ed; : 337)
tpaq;nfhs; tpidKw;W
tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W vd;gJ fhuzg;ngah;. mJ VTjiyf; nfhs;tJ vd

nghUs;gLk;.
v.fh- tho;f> thopa> thopah;
,it f> ,a> ,ah; vd;Dk; %d;W tpFjpfis ,Wjpapy; ngw;W tUk;
tpidKw;Wfs; MFk;. mit jd;ik> Kd;dpiy> glh;f;if ,lq;fspYk; xUik>
gd;ik> Ik;ghy; %tplq;fspYk; tUk;. tpaq;Nfhs; nghUisj; jUk; Kw;W
Mifahy; tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W vdg; ngah; ngw;wJ.
v.fh – ahd;> ahk;>

eP> ePtph;
mtd;> mts;> mJ> mit - tho;f> thopa> thopah;
,t; <Wfspd;wp ,> m> jy;> my;> vd;gdTk; tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;wpy; <Wfshf
,lk; ngWk;.
v.fh – Nghw;wp - ,
Xq;f - m
tho;jy; - jy;
gjb vdy; - my;
,tw;Ws; ‘my;’ <W cld;ghl;L vjph;kiwg; nghUl;fspYk; ,lk;ngWk;.
83
v.fh – kfnddy; - vjph;kiw
kf;fl;gjb vdy; - cld;ghL
,t; tpaq;Nfhs;> Ntz;bf;Nfhlw; nghUSld; tho;j;jy;> itjy;> Ntz;ly;> tpjpj;jy;

vd;Dk; nghUl;fspYk; mikAk;.
v.fh – mUSf> jUf - Nfhlw;nghUs;

nty;f> rpwf;f - tho;j;Jjy;
cz;f - tpjpj;jy;
xopf - itjy;
vdNt f> ,a> ,ah; vd;Dk; tpFjpfisAk; ,> m> jy;> my; vd;Dk;
tpFjpfisAk; <w;wpy; ngw;W Ntz;bf;Nfhly;> tho;j;Jjy;> itjy;> tpjpj;jy; vd;Dk;
nghUl;fisj; jhq;fp Ik;ghy; %tplq;fSf;Fk; tUk; tpidKw;W tpaq;Nfhs;
tpidKw;W MFk; vd;gij mwpayhk;.
fanthL jt;nthw;W <w;W tpaq;Nfhs;

,aYk; ,lk;ghy; vq;Fk; vd;g (ed; : 338)
Ik;ghy; %tplq;fspYk; tUk; Fwpg;G tpidKw;W
NtW> ,y;iy> cz;L vd;Dk; Fwpg;G tpidKw;Wf;fs; Ik;ghy;

%tplq;fSf;Fk; chpadthFk;.
ahd;> ahk;> eP> ePh;

mtd;> mts;> mJ> mit - NtW> ,y;iy> cz;L
,it ahd; NtW> eP NtW> mts; NtW> mit NtW> (,y;iy cz;L vd;gtw;iw
,J Nghy; mikj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.) vd Ik;ghy; %tplq;fspYk; xUikg;
gd;ikapYk; mikAk;.
,it jtpu Ntz;Lk;> jFk;> gLk; vd;gdTk; Fwpg;G tpidKw;Wf;fs; Ik;ghy;

%tplq;fSf;Fk; nghJthf tUk;.
v.fh- mth; Xj Ntz;Lk;
,J cz;zj; jFk;
mjd;fz; itf;fg;gLk;
84
vdNt NtW> ,y;iy> cz;L vd;Dk; Fwpg;G tpidKw;Wf;fs; Ik;ghy;
%tplq;fSf;Fk; chpadthFk; vd;gJ mwpaj;jf;fJ.
NtW,y;iy cz;LIk; ghy;% tplj;jd (ed; : 339)
vr;rk;
vr;rk; vdg;gLtJ Kw;Wg; ngwhky; vQ;rp epw;gjhFk;. ,J nganur;rk;

tpidnar;rk;> Kw;nww;wk; mtw;NwhL njhlh;Gila gpwTk; vd gytifg;gLk;.
nganur;rk;
tpidnar;rk;
vr;rk; Kw;nwr;rk;
gpwvr;rq;fs;
vDk; ml;ltiz thapyhf ,jid mwpayhk;. ,tw;iw tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tJ

mtrpak;.
nganur;rk;
ngah; nfhz;L KbAkhW vQ;rp epw;Fk; tpidr; nrhw;fs; ghy; fhl;Ltjw;Fhpa

<Wfisg; ngwhJ fUj;jh> fUtp> epyk;> nray;> fhyk; nrag;gLnghUs; vd;w
MWtifg; nghUs;fspd; mbg;gilapy; vQ;rp epw;gJ nganur;rkhFk;.
v.fh- NkAk; gR
cz;l fz;zd;
,j;njhlhpy; ,lk;ngWk; NkAk;> cz;l vd;Dk; nrhw;fs; tpidKw;whf ,y;yhky;
vr;r tpidahfg; gR> fz;zd; vd;Dk; ngah;fisf; nfhz;L Kbe;Js;sd. ,t;thW
ngah; nfhz;L KbAkhW vQ;rp epw;Fk; tpidr; nrhw;fs; ghy; fhl;Ltjw;Fhpa
<Wfisg; ngwhJ fUj;jh> fUtp> epyk;> nray;> fhyk; nrag;gLnghUs; vd;w
MWtifg; nghUs;fspd; mbg;gilapy; vQ;rp epw;Fk;.
nganur;rk; njhpepiyg; nganur;rk>; Fwpg;G nganur;rk; vd ,Utifg;gLk;.

mtw;Ws; njhpepiyg; nganur;rk; nra;j> nra;fpd;w> nra;Ak; vd;Dk; tha;g;ghl;by;
fhyKk; njhopYk; fhl;Lk;.
85
nganur;rk;
njhpepiyg; nganur;rk; Fwpg;G nganur;rk;
vd;Dk; ml;ltiz ,jid tpsf;FfpwJ.
njhpepiyg; nganur;rk;
njhpepiyg; nganur;rk; vd;gJ nra;j> nra;fpd;w> nra;Ak; vd;Dk;

tha;g;ghl;by; fhyKk; njhopYk; fhl;Lk; tifapy; miktjhFk;.
v.fh – (,wg;G) cz;L rhj;jd; - fUj;jh

fhyk; - fUtp
(epfo;T) cz;fpd;w ,lk; - epyk;
Cz; - njhopy;
(vjph;T) cz;Zk; ehs; - fhyk;
NrhW - nrag;gL nghUs;
,tw;wpd; thapyhf fhyj;ijAk; njhopiyAk; fhl;Lk; njhpepiyg; nganur;rj;ij
tpsq;fpf; nfhs;syhk;.
Fwpg;Gg; nganur;rk;
nghpa> rpwpa> ey;y> fhpa Kjypa Fwpg;G tpidfs; mWtifg; ngah;fspd;

mbg;gilapy; vr;rg; nghUis czh;j;jpg; ngah; nfhz;L KbAk;nghOJ Fwpg;Gg;
nganur;rkhf mikfpwJ.
rhj;jhd; - fUj;jh
fyk; - fUtp
,lk; - epyk;
v.fh – nghpa> rpwpa> ey;y Cz; - njhopy;
ehs; - fhyk;
NrhW - nrag;gLnghUs;
v.fh - ey;y khztd;
fhpa fhfk;
,tw;wpy; ,lk; ngw;w ey;y – fhpa – vd;Dk; nrhw;fs; Kw;Wg; ngwtpy;iy. vdNt
,it vr;rq;fNs MFk;. khztd;> fhfk; vd;Dk; ngah;r;nrhw;fisf; nfhz;L ,it
86
Kbe;Js;sd. nganur;rq;fs;> fhy ,ilepiyfisg; ngwTkpy;iy fhyj;ijj;
njspthff; fhl;lTkpy;iy. vdNt ,J Fwpg;Gg; nganur;rk; MFk;.
nganur;rk; njhpepiy> Fwpg;G Mfpa ,Uepiyfspy; vjph;kiwg; nghUspYk;

mikAk;. me;j tifapy; ,jid vjph;kiwj; njhpepiyg; nganur;rk;> vjph;kiwf;
Fwpg;Gg; nganur;rk; vd ,Utifg;gLj;jyhk;.
vjph;kiwg; nganur;rk;
vjph;kiwj; njhpepiyg; nganur;rk; vjph;kiwf; Fwpg;Gg; nganur;rk;
ml;ltiz czh;j;Jk; vjph;kiwg; nganur;rq;fis tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tJ mtrpak;.
cz;zhj Fjpiu
nra;ahj Fw;nwk; - vjph;kiwj; njhpepiyg; nganur;rk;
,y;yhj Ch;
my;yhj nghOJ - vjph;kiwf; Fwpg;Gg; nganur;rk;
,tw;wpy; cz;zhj> nra;ahj vd;gd vjph;kiwg; nghUspy; fhyk; fhyk;

fhl;ltpy;iy. Mdhy; cz;l> nra;j vd cld;ghl;Lg; nghUspy; fhyk; fhl;Lk;.
MfNt ,J vjph;kiwj; njhpepiyg; nganur;rk; MFk;. my;yhj> ,y;yhj vd;gd
fhyk; fhl;lhJ vjph;kiwg; nghUspy; Fwpg;Gg; nganur;rkhapw;W.
<Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg; nganur;rk;
vjph;kiwg; nganur;rk; <W nfl;L vjph;kiwg; nghUisj; je;J ngah; vQ;rp

epw;gjhFk;. ,J <Wnfl;l vjph;kiwj; njhpepiyg; nganur;rk;> <Wnfl;l vjph;kiwf;
Fwpg;Gg; nganur;rk; vd ,Utifg;gLk;.
<Wnfl;l vjph; kiwg; nganur;rk;
<Wnfl;l vjph;kiwj; njhpepiyg; nganur;rk; <Wnfl;l vjph;kiwf; Fwpg;Gg;

nganur;rk;
ml;ltiz fhl;Lk; <Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg; nganur;r tiffis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tJ

mtrpak;.
87
<Wnfl;l vjph;kiwj; njhpepiyg; nganur;rk;
<Wnfl;l vjph;kiwj; njhpepiyg; nganur;rk; vd;gJ <W nfl;L vjph;kiwg;

nghUspy; vr;rtpidfshfp ngah; nfhz;L Kbe;J fhyk; fhl;Lk; ,ay;GilaJ.
v.fh- Xlhf; Fjpiu

cz;zhg; igad;
,j;njhlh;fspYs;s Xlh> cz;zh vd;gd <W nfl;L vjph;kiwg; nghUspy;

vr;rtpidfshfp ngah; nfhz;L Kbe;Js;sd. ,it XLk;> cz;Zk; vd
cld;ghl;Lg; nghUspy; mike;J fhyk; fhl;Lk; vdNt ,it <Wnfl;l vjph;kiwj;
njhpepiyg; nganur;rk; MFk;.
<Wnfl;l vjph;kiwf; Fwpg;Gg; nganur;rk;
<Wnfl;l epiyapy; vjph;kiwg; nghUspy; fhyk; fhl;lhJ Fwpg;Gg; nghUspy;

miktd <Wnfl;l vjph;kiwf; Fwpg;Gg; nganur;rk; MFk;.
v.fh- ,y;yh Ch;

my;yhg; nghUs;
,j;njhlh;fspy; cs;s ,y;yh> my;yh nrhw;fs; <Wnfl;l epiyapy; vjph;kiwg;

nghUspy; fhyk; fhl;lhJ Fwpg;Gg; nghUspy; mike;J <Wnfl;l vjph;kiwf; Fwpg;Gg;
nganur;rkhfp cs;sd.
vdNt nra;j> nra;fpd;w> nrta;Ak; vd;Dk; tha;gg

; hl;by; fhyKk; nraYk;
fhl;b ghy;fhl;Lk; <W ngwhky; fUj;jh Kjypa mWtifg; ngaUk; vQ;RkhW
epw;Fk; vr;rtpid njhpepiyg; nganur;r tpid vd;Wk; ngahpd; mbahfj; Njhd;wp>
fhyk; fhl;lhky; ghy; ePq;f fUj;jh Kjypa mWtifg; ngaUk; nfhz;L KbAk;
vr;r tpid Fwpg;Gg; nganur;r tpid vd;Wk; ,t;tpU tifAk; vjph;kiwg;
nghUspYk; <Wnfl;l epiyapYk; mikAk; vd;Wk; mwpayhk;.
nra;j nra;fpd;w nra;Ak; vd; ghl;by;

fhyKk; nraYk; Njhd;wpg; ghnyhL
nra;t jhjp mWnghUs; ngaUk;
vQ;r epw;gJ nganur;r rk;Nk (ed;: 340)
88
nra;Ankd; vr;rj;jpd; rpwg;G tpjp
nra;Ankd;Dk; tha;g;ghl;Lg; nganur;rj;jpd; <w;W caph; nka; nfl;L

nra;Aspy; ‘ck;’> ‘ce;J’ vdj; jphpAk;. nra;Ak; vd;Dk; Kw;whapd; mjd; ,Wjp
capuhapDk; caph; nka;ahapDk; nfl;L tUk;. ,J nra;Ankd; vr;rj;jpd;
rpwg;ghFk;.
MFk; nghUs; - Mk; nghUs;
NghFk; nghUs; - Nghk; nghUs; - cyf tof;F
“Mk;nghUs; fshFkit ahh;f;Fk;” - nra;As; tof;F
,j;njhlh;fspy; mike;Js;s MFk;> NghFk; vd;Dk; nra;AnkDk; tha;g;ghl;Lg;

nganur;rq;fsp;d; <w;W caph;nka; cyf tof;fpYk; nra;As; tof;fpYk; nfl;L
te;Js;sd.
njd;fly; jpiukpirg; ghAk; (gha;eJ

; )
ePhf
; ;Nfhop $g;ngah;f; Fe;J
,r;nra;Asbfspy; mike;Js;s ghAk;> $g;ngah;f;Fk; Mfpa nra;Ankd;Dk;
tha;g;ghl;Lg; nganur;rq;fspd; <w;W ‘ck;’ vd;gJ ‘ce;J’ vdj; jphpe;J te;Js;sJ.
cyf tof;fpy; ,j;jifa jphpG Vw;glhJ.
rhuy; ehl vd; NjhopAk; fYONk
mk;gY}Uk; mtndhL nkhopNk
,r;nra;Asbfspy; mike;Js;s foYk;> nkhopAk; vd;Dk; nra;Ankd;Dk;

tha;g;ghl;Lg; nganur;rq;fs; Kw;whfpa ,lj;jpy; fyOk;> nkhopAk; vd capUk;
caph;nka;Ak; nfl;L mike;Js;sd. cyf tof;fpy; ,t;thW miktjpy;iy.
vdNt nra;Ankd;Dk; tha;g;ghl;Lg; nganur;rj;jpDila <w;W caph; nka;

nfLk;. nra;Aspy; ‘ck;’ vd;gJ ‘ce;J’ vdj; jphpAk;. nra;Ak; vd;Dk; Kw;whapd;
mjd; ,Wjp capuhapDk; caph; nka;ahapDk; nfLk; vd;gJ mwpayhfpwJ.
nra;Ankd; vr;rtPw;W caph;nka; nrwYk;

nra;As; ck;ce;J MfYk; Kw;Nwy;
capUk; caph;nka;Ak; VfYk; csNt (ed; : 341)
89
tpidvr;rk;
tpid vr;rk; vd;gJ njhopiyAk; fhyj;ijAk; fhl;b tpid Kbjw;F

Ntz;ba ghYk; tpidAk; vQ;RkhW epw;gJ MFk;. ,it njhpepiy tpidnar;rk;>
Fwpg;G tpidnar;rk; vd ,Utifg;gLk;.
tpidvr;rk;
njhpepiy tpidnar;rk; Fwpg;G tpidnar;rk;
vDk; ml;ltiz thapyhf ,jid mwpayhk;.
v.fh- ,uhkd; cz;L te;jhd;
,j;njhlhpy; ‘cz;L’ vd;gJ ghy; tpFjpapd;wp te;jhd; vd tpidiaf; nfhz;L

KbAkhW vQ;rp epw;fpwJ. NkYk; ,J cz;Zjy; vd;Dk; njhopiyAk; ,we;j
fhyj;ijAk; fhl;LfpwJ.
,t;thW njhopiyAk; fhyj;ijAk; fhl;b tpid Kbjw;F Ntz;ba ghYk;

tpidAk; vQ;RkhW epw;gJ tpidnar;rk; MFk;.
tpid vdg; nghJg;glf; $wpaikahy; cld;ghLk; vjph;kiwAk; gw;wp tUk;

njhpepiyAk; Fwpg;Gkhfpa tpidKw;Wk; nganur;rKk; tpidahyizAk; ngaUk;
njhopw; ngaUkhfpa Itif tpidr; nrhw;fSk; mlq;Fk;.
v.fh- fw;W te;jhd; - njhpepiy tpidKw;W
fw;W ty;yd; - Fwpg;G tpidKw;W
fw;W th - Vty; tpidKw;W
fw;W tho;f - tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W
fw;W te;j - njhpepiyg; nganur;rk;
fw;W ty;y - Fwpg;Gg; nganur;rk;
fw;W te;j - njhpepiy tpidnar;rk;
fw;W md;wp - Fwpg;G tpidnar;rk;
fw;W te;jtd; - njhpepiy tpidahyizAk; ngah;
fw;W ty;yd; - Fwpg;G tpidahyizAk; ngah;
fw;W tuy; - njhopw;ngah;

90
,it cld;ghl;Lg; nghUspy; Itif tpid tpfw;gq;fisf; nfhz;L
njhpepiyapYk; Fwpg;gpYk; mike;Js;sd.
,t;thNw vjph;kiwg; nghUspYk; Itif tpid> tpfw;gq;fisf; nfhz;L

njhpepiyapYk; Fwpg;gpYk; mikAk;.
v.fh- njhpepiy - Xbtuhd;> XbtNuy;> thbtjq;fw;f> Xbtuhj>

Xbtuhky;>
Xbtuhjts;> Xbtuhik
Fwpg;G - mwptpd;wp ,td;> mwptpd;wp ,y;yhj> mwptpd;wp

,y;yhJ>
mwptpd;wp ,y;yhjtd;> mwptpd;wp ,d;ik
vdNt njhopYk; fhyKk; ntspg;gilahfj; Njhd;wp tpid Kw;Wjw;F Ntz;Lk;.

ghYk; tpidAk; vQ;rp epw;gd njhpepiy tpid vr;rKk; Fwpg;Gtpid vr;rKk;
MFk;.
njhopYk; fhyKk; Njhd;wpg; ghy;tpid

xopa epw;gJ tpidnar; rk;Nk (ed;; : 342)
tpidnar;r tha;g;ghLfs;
nra;J> nra;G> nra;ah> nra;A+> nra;njd> nra> nrapd;> nra;apa> nra;aph;>

vd;Dk; xd;gJ tha;g;ghLfshy; tUtdTk; thd;> ghd;> ghf;F vd;Dk; %d;W
tpFjpfisg; ngw;W tUtdTk; ,it Nghy;td gpwTk; njhpepiy tpidnar;r
tha;g;ghLfshFk;. Kjy; Ie;Jk; ,we;j fhyj;ijAk; nra vd;Dk; tha;g;ghL
epfo;fhyj;ijAk; Vida MWk; vjph;fhyj;ijAk; czh;j;JtdthFk;.
v.fh- ele;J te;jhd;
cz;FG (cz;L) Nghdhd;
nga;ahf; (nga;J) nfhLj;J
fhZ} (fz;L) kfpo;ej

; hd;
cz;nldg; (cz;L) Nghdhd;
,it KiwNa nra;J> nra;G> nra;ah> nra;A+> nra;njd vd;Dk; tpidnar;r

tpidfshfp ,we;j fhyj;ij czh;j;Jfpd;wd. ,tw;Ws; nra;J vd;gJ
,ilepiyahYk; Vidait tpFjpahYk; fhyj;ijf; fhl;Lfpd;wd.
91
elf;f ty;yd; ‘elf;f’ vd;gJ nra vd;Dk; tpidnar;r tpidahfp
epfo;fhyj;ij czh;j;Jfpd;wJ.
thpd; (te;jhy;) nfhs;Sk;
Mba (MLjw;F) jUthd;
cz;zpah; (cz;Zjw;F) tUthd;
nfhy;thd; te;jhd; - thd;
jpd;ghd; te;jhd; - ghd;
nra;ghf;F te;jhd; - ghf;F
,it KiwNa nrapd;> nra;apa> nra;apah;> thd;> ghd;> ghf;F vd;Dk; tpidnar;r
tpidahfp vjph;fhyj;ij czh;j;Jfpd;wd.
‘,d;d’ vd E}w;gh Rl;Ltjhy; ,> a;> c vd;gd ,we;j fhyj;jpw;Fk; My;>

F> fhy;> Fil> top> ,lj;J vd;gd vjph;fhyj;jpw;Fk; ky;> ik> Nk vd;gd
vjph;kiwg; nghUSf;Fk; mwp> My; vd;gd Fwpg;G tpidnar;rj;jpw;Fk; gpwTk;
tpFjpfshf mikAk;.
epfo;fhyj;ijr; Rl;Lk; nra vd;Dk; tha;g;ghl;L tpidnar;rk;> fhuzg;

nghUshFk;nghOJ ,we;j fhyj;ijAk; cld; epfo;r;rpg; nghUshFk;nghOJ
epfo;fhyj;ijAk; fhhpag; nghUshFk;nghOJ vjph;fhyj;ijAk; fhl;Lk;.
v.fh- kio nga;a ney; tpise;jJ - fhuzg;nghUs; ,we;j fhyk;
#hpad; cjpf;fr; rhj;jd; te;jhd; - cld; epfo;r;rpg; nghUs;

epfo;fhyk;
ney;tpisa kio nga;jJ - fhhpag; nghUs; vjph;fhyk;
vdNt nra vd;Dk; tha;g;ghl;L tpidnar;rk; rpWghd;ik Kf;fhyj;jpw;Fk;

nghJthd tpidnar;rk; vdTk; Fwpg;gpLth;.
vdNt nra;J> nra;G> nra;ah> nra;A+> nra;njd> nra> nrapd;> nra;apa> nra;aph;>
vd;Dk; xd;gJ tha;g;ghLfshy; tUtdTk; thd;> ghd;> ghf;F vd;Dk; %d;W
tpFjpfisg; ngw;W tUtdTk; ,it Nghy;td gpwTk; njhpepiy tpidnar;r
tha;g;ghLfshFk;. Kjy; Ie;Jk; ,we;j fhyj;ijAk; nra vd;Dk; tha;g;ghL
epfo;fhyj;ijAk; Vida MWk; vjph;fhyj;ijAk; czh;j;Jk;.
nra;J nra;g nra;ahr; nra;A+r;

92
nra;njdr; nrar;nrapd; nra;apa nra;apah;
thd;ghd; ghf;fpd; tpidnar; rk;gpw
Ie;njhd;whWKf; fhyKk; KiwjUk; (ed; : 343)
tpidnar;rq;fSk; KbT NtWghL
nra;J> nra;G> nra;ah> nra;A+> vd;Dk; tha;g;ghl;L tpidnar;rq;fSk; thd;>

ghd;> ghf;F Mfpa tpFjpfis <w;wpYila tpidnar;rq;fSk; jd; fUj;jhtpd;
tpidiaf; nfhz;L KbAk;. nra;njd> nra> nrapd;> nra;apa> nra;apah; vd;Dk;
tha;g;ghl;L tpidnar;rq;fSk; gpwTk; jd; fUj;jhtpd; tpidia kl;Lkpd;wpg; gpw
fUj;jhtpd; tpidiaAk; Vw;Fk;.
,uhkd; ele;J te;jhd; - nra;J
nghd;dd; cz;FG nrd;whd; - nra;G
Gay; nga;ahf; nfhLf;Fk; - nra;ah
kfs; fhZ} kfpo;ej

; hd; - nra;A+
Gyp nfhy;thd; nrd;wJ - thd;
Ntlh; miyg;ghd; GFe;jdh; - ghd;
ts;sy; jUghf;F tUthd; - ghf;F
Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l nra;J> nra;G> nra;ah> nra;A+> thd;> ghd;> ghf;F vd;Dk; VO

tpidnar;r tha;g;ghLfs; jk; fUj;jhtpd; tpidiaf; nfhz;L Kbe;Js;sd.
rhj;jd; cz;nld kfpo;ej

; hd;
rhj;jd; cz;nld ahd; kfpo;eN
; jd; - nra;njd
,uhkd; cz;z tUfpwhd;

,uhkd; cz;z eP fhzha; - nra
,uhkd; cz;zpd; kfpo;thd;

twpad; cz;zpd; ts;sy; kfpo;thd; - nrapd;
kfd; cz;zpa tUthd;

kfd; cz;zpa jha; jUths; - nra;apa
93
je;ij cz;zpah; Nghthd;
gpwh; cz;zpah; jhd; jUthd; - nra;apah;
Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l nra;njd> nra> nrapd;> nra;apa> nra;apah; vd;Dk; Ie;J

tpidnar;r tha;g;ghLfSk; jk; fUj;jhitAk; NtW fUj;jhtpd; tpidiaAk;
nfhz;L Kbe;Js;sd.
‘gpw’ vd E}w;gh Rl;Ltjhy; Kd; E}w;ghf;fspy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s ,fu afu <w;W

tpidnar;rq;fSk; cld;ghl;Lf; Fwpg;G tpidnar;rKk; jk; fUj;jhtpd;
tpidiaAk; kw;wit jk; fUj;jhtpd; tpid> gpw fUj;jhtpd; tpidfisf;
nfhs;Sk;.
v.fh- kfd; Xb te;jhd;

kfs; Ngha;f; fz;lhs; jk; fUj;jhtpd; tpid nfhz;ld
jhd; typag; Ngrpdhd;
mtd; cz;lhy; ctf;Fk;

ahd; cz;lhy; grp jPUk; jk; fUj;jhtpd; tpidiaAk;
kioapd;wpg; ngha;g;gpd; gpw fUj;jhtpd; tpidiaAk;
tpUe;jpd;wp mtd; cz;zhd; nfhz;ld.
vdNt Kd; E}w;ghtpy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s gd;dpnuz;L tha;g;ghl;L tpidnar;rq;fSs;

nra;J> nra;G> nra;ah> nra;A+> vd;Dk; tha;g;ghl;L tpidnar;rq;fSk; thd;> ghd;>
ghf;F vd;Dk; tpFjpfis <w;wpYila tpidnar;rq;fSk; jd; fUj;jhtpd;
tpidiaf; nfhz;L KbAk;. nra;njd> nra> nrapd;> nra;apa> nra;apah; vd;Dk;
tha;g;ghl;L tpidnar;rq;fSk; gpwTk; jd; fUj;jhtpd; tpidia kl;Lkpd;wpg; gpw
fUj;jhtpd; tpidiaAk; Vw;Fk; vd;gij mwpayhk;.
mtw;Ws;
Kjypy; ehd;Fk; <w;wpd; %d;Wk;
tpidKjy; nfhs;Sk; gpwTk;Vw; Fk;gpw (ed; : 344)
tpid Kjy; nfhs;Sk; vd;gdtw;wpw;F xU Gweil
nra;J> nra;G> nra;ah> nra;A+ Mfpad Kjypy; ehd;fhfTk; thd;> ghd;>

ghf;F Mfpad <w;wpy; %d;whfTk; mikAk; tpidnar;rq;fs; MFk;. ,it
rpidtpidahapd; Kd;dh; tpid Kjw;nfhs;Sk; vd;Dk; tpjpapdhy;
rpidAlNdad;wp xw;Wik gw;wp KjYld; KbAk;.
v.fh- fhy; xbe;J tpOe;jJ
94
fz; rpte;J nehe;jJ
,j;njhlh;fspYs;s rpid tpidfs; mjNdhL njhlh;Gila Kjw;ngah;fspd;

tpidfNshL Kbe;Js;sd.
vdNt Kjypy; ehd;Fk; (nra;J> nra;G> nra;ah> nra;A+) <w;wpy; %d;Wk;

(thd;> ghd;> ghf;F) vd;w tpidnar;rq;fs; rpidtpidahapd; mit> Kd;dh;
tpidKjw;nfhs;Sk; vd;w tpjpapdhNy rpidAlNdad;wp xw;Wik gw;wp KjYld;
KbAk;.
rpid tpid rpidnahLk; KjnyhLk; nrwpAk; (ed; : 345)
tpidnar;r tha;g;ghLfspd; jphpG
Kjypy; ehd;Fk; <w;wpy; %d;Wkhd Kd; $wg;gl;l tpidnar;r tha;g;ghLfs;

NtW tha;g;ghLfshf khwp thpDk; mtw;wpd; nghUs; NtWglhJ.
v.fh - fjputd; te;J gdp tpyfpaJ
,J fjputd; tu gdp tpyfpaJ vd ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. nra vd;Dk; tpidnar;r

tha;g;ghl;Lf;Fg; gjpy; nra;J vd;Dk; tpid vr;r tha;g;ghL mike;jJ. vdpDk;
nghUs; khwtpy;iy.
v.fh- kio nga;J ney; tpise;jJ
,j;njhlhpy; ‘nga;a’ vd;Dk; fhuzg; nghUl;fshfpa ‘nra’ vd;Dk; tha;g;ghl;L

tpidnar;rk; ‘nra;J’ vdj; jphpe;Js;sJ.
v.fh- ahd; nfhs;thd; nghd; nfhLj;jhd;
,j;njhlhpy; ‘nfhs;’ vd;Dk; nrantd; tha;ghl;L tpidnar;rk; ‘nfhs;thd;’ vdj;

jphpe;Js;sJ.
vdNt Kjypy; ehd;Fk; <w;wpy; %d;Wk; vd;Dk; tpidnar;r tha;g;ghLfs;

NtW tha;g;ghLfshf khwp thpDk; mtw;wpd; nghUs; NtWglhJ vd;gij mwpayhk;.
nrhy; jphpapDk; nghUs; jphpah tpidf; Fiw (ed; :346)
95
Fwpg;G tpidf;F Gweil
ey;yd;> nghpad;> ty;yd; Nghd;wit Fwpg;G tpidr; nrhw;fs;. ,it rhj;jd;>

ey;yd;> nghpad;> ty;yd; vd mikAk;nghOJ vt;tpj milfisAk; ngwtpy;iy.
,t;thW miktJ ,aw;if tpidf; Fwpg;G MFk;.
,aw;if tpidf; Fwpg;G nrhw;fs; rhj;jd;> ey;yd; Mfpdhd;> fy;tpahy;

nghpad; Mapdhd;. fw;W ty;yd; Mapdhd; vd NtW nrhw;fis Mf;fkhff;
nfhz;L mikAk; nghOJ Mf;f tpidf; Fwpg;G vd ngah; ngWk;.
,t;thW Mf;fj;ijf; nfhz;likAk; tpidf; Fwpg;Gr; nrhw;fs; tphpe;jhapDk;

njhf;fhapDk; tUk;. Mf;fr; nrhy; ,y;yhky; tuhJ. ,jid>
Mf;f tpidf;Fwpg;G Mf;fkpd;W ,ayh (ed; : 347)
nra;Ak; vd;Dk; Kw;W
nra;Ak; vd;Dk; tha;g;ghl;L tpidKw;W glh;f;ifg; gyh; ghypYk;

Kd;dpiyapYk; jd;ikapYk; tuhJ.
v.fh- mtd; cz;Zk;

mts; cz;Zk;
mJ cz;Zk;
mit cz;Zk;
vdNt ,J glh;f;ifg; gyh;ghy; xope;j Mz;ghy;> ngz;ghy;> xd;wd;ghy;> gytpd;ghy;
Mfpa ehd;F ghy;fspYk; ,lk; ngWk; vd;gij mwpayhk;.
gy;Nyhh; glh;f;if Kd;dpiy jd;ikapy;

ry;yh jhFk; nra;Ankd Kw;Nw (ed;: 348)
ghy; nghJtpid
ahh; vd;Dk; tpdhg; nghUisj; jUk; Fwpg;G tpidKw;W cah; jpiz %d;W
ghy;fSf;Fk; nghJthdJ MFk;. ,it gyh; ghy; Kw;W md;W. ,it cah;jpizg;
nghJf; Fwpg;G Kw;W MFk;. ,jpy; ‘h;’ vd;gJ tpFjp MFk;.
v.fh - mtd; ahh;? mts; ahh;? mth; ahh;?
96
ehd; ahh?;> ehk; ahh;?> eP ahh?;> ePh; ahh;?
vdj; jd;ik Kd;dpiyfspy; tUjy;> Gjpad GFjy; Mfpatw;why; mikAk;.
ahh; vd;gJ ‘Mh;’ vd tpfhug;gl;L tUk;. nrhy;ypaJ ahh; vd;gJ ahth;

vd;Dk; cah;jpizg; gyh;ghy; nrhy;yhdJ tpfhug;gl;l ahh; vd;gJ md;W. ,J
tpdh tpidf; Fwpg;G MFk;. vdNt ahh; vd;Dk; tpdhg;nghUisj; jUk;
Fwpg;GtpidKw;W m/wpiz glh;f;if ,U ghy;fSf;Fk; nghJthFk;. ,jid>
ahh;vd; tpdhtpidf; Fwpg;Gcah; Kg;ghy; (ed; : 349)
vtd; vd;Dk; Fwpg;G tpid Kw;Wf;F rpwg;G tpjp
vtd; vd;gJ Mz;ghy; Kw;wd;W. ,J m/wpizg; nghJf; Fwpg;G Kw;W

MFk;. vtd; vd;gJ vJ vd;Wk; vit vd;Wk; nghUs;gLk;. mz; vd;gJ nghJ
tpjpahFk;.
v.fh – mJ vtd;
mit vtd;
,it ‘mJ vd;’ vd tpfhug;gl;Lk; mJ gpd;G vd;id> vd;d> vd;Nd> vd;Ndh> Vd;
vdg; gythW tpfhug;gl;Lk; tUk;.
vdNt vtd; vd;Dk; tpdhg; nghUisj; jUk; Fwpg;G tpidKw;W m/wpizg;

glh;f;if ,U ghy;fSf;Fk; nghJthFk;. ,jid>
vtndd; tpdhtpidf; Fwpg;G,op ,Ughy; (ed; : 350)
Kw;nww;wk;
tpidKw;W vr;rg; nghUspy; tUjy; Kw;nww;wk; MFk;. njhpepiy

tpidKw;W tpidnar;rkhfTk; Fwpg;G tpidnar;rkhfTk; Fwpg;G tpidKw;W
tpidnar;rkhfTk; nganur;rkhfTk; tUk;.
v.fh- fz;ldd; tzq;fpdhd;

fhzhd; Nghdhd;
,tw;wpy; fz;ldd; tzq;fpdhd; vd;gJ fz;L tzq;fpdhd; vd;Wk; fhzhd;

Nghdhd; vd;gJ fhzhkw; Nghdhd; vd;Wk; nghUs;gLk;.
97
fz;ldd;> fhzhd; vd;Dk; tpidKw;W tpid vr;r tpidahfp tzq;fpdhd;
Nghdhd; vd;Dk; tpidKw;iwf; nfhz;L Kbe;J njhpepiy tpidnar;rkhapw;W.
v.fh- rhj;jd; tpy;ypdd; te;jhd;
,J rhj;jd; tpy;iyAilatdha; te;jhd; vdg; nghUs;gLk;. tpy;ypdd; vd;Dk;

Fwpg;G tpid vr;rg; nghUspy; te;jhd; vd;Dk; tpidKw;iwf; nfhz;L Kbe;J
Fwpg;G tpidnar;rkhapw;W.
v.fh- Fioapdd; nfhw;wd; te;jhd;
,J Fioia cila nfhw;wd; te;jhd; vdg; nghUs;gLk;. Fioapdd; vd;Dk;

Fwpg;Gtpid vr;rg; nghUspy; nfhw;wd; vd;Dk; ngaiuf; nfhz;L Kbe;J Fwpg;Gg;
nganur;rkhapw;W.
,t;thW njhpepiy tpidKw;Wr; nrhy; tpidnar;rg; nghUshfp tUjYk;

Fwpg;G tpidKw;Wr; nrhy; tpidnar;rg; nghUspYk; nganur;rg; nghUspYk;
tUjYk; cz;L.
vdNt tpidKw;W vr;rg; nghUspy; tUjy; Kw;nww;wk; vd;gJk; njhpepiy

tpidKw;W> tpidnar;rk; Fwpg;G tpidnar;rkhfTk; Fwpg;G tpidKw;W>
tpidnar;rk; nganur;rkhfTk; tUk; vd;gJk; mwpaj;jf;fJ.
tpidKw;Nw tpidnar;rk; MfYk;

Fwpg;GKw;W <h;vr;rk; MfYk; csNt (ed; : 351)
nghJtpay;
ed;D}y; nrhy;yjpfhuj;jpd; %d;whk; ,ay; nghJtpay; MFk;. ,yf;fz

newpahd; ehy;tifg;gl;l nrhw;fs; xt;nthd;iwAk; jdpj;jdp ,ay;fspy;
tpsf;FtJ ed;D}ypd; mikg;G Kiw MFk;. mt;tbg;gilapNyNa ngahpay;>
tpidapay;> ,ilapay;> chpapay; vd;Dk; ,ay;fs; mike;jd. ngah; - tpid
vd;Dk; ,U ,ay;fSf;Fg; gpd;Dk; ,il – chp vd;Dk; ,U ,ay;fSf;F Kd;Dk;
nghJtpay; mike;Js;sJ.
ehd;F ,ay;fspYk; ,lk; ngwhj nghJr; nra;jpfs; gy nghJtpaypy;

tpsf;fg;gLfpd;wd. njhif epiy> njhfhepiy> tOtikjpfs;> nra;As;
njhlh;fSf;Fg; nghUs; nfhs;Sk; Kiw Kjyhd nghJtpay; nra;jpfs; njhlhpay;
vd;Dk; ,yf;fz newpapd; fPo; miktdthFk;.
98
nghJtpaypy; tpsf;fg;gLk; ,yf;fzr; nra;jpfis ehd;F gphpTfspy;
fhzyhk;.
njhifepiy – njhfhepiy
tO – toh epiy – tOtikjp
nghUs;Nfhs;
rpy rpwg;G tpjpfs; (njhFg;G) KjypadthFk;.
ghy; nghJik ePq;Fk; newp
,UjpizapYk; Mz;ghy; ngz;ghy;fSf;Fg; nghJthfpa ngah;r;nrhw;fSk;

mj;jifa tpidr; nrhw;fSk; mt; Mz;ghy;> ngz;ghy;fSs; xU ghiyf;
Fwpg;gpdhy; ePf;Fk;. ,J ghy; nghJik ePq;Fjy; MFk;.
v.fh- Mapuk; kf;fs; Nghh; nra;jdh;
,j;njhlhpYs;s kf;fs; vd;gJ cah;jpizg; nghJg;ngah;. nra;jdh; vd;Dk; tpid

,Ughy; nghJtpid MFk;. Nghh; vd;Dk; Fwpg;gpdhy; kf;fs; vd;gJ Mz;kf;fis
kl;Lk; Fwpj;jJ.
v.fh- ,g; ngw;wq;fs; ghy; nrhhpe;jd.
,j; njhlhpYs;s ngw;wq;fs; vd;gJ m/wpizg; ngah;. nrhhpe;jd vd;gJ ,Ughy;

nghJtpid MFk;. ghy; vd;Dk; Fwpg;gpdhy; ngw;wq;fs; vd;gJ ngz;ghiy kl;LNk
Fwpj;jJ. ,jid>
,Ujpiz Mz;ngZs; xd;wpid xopf;Fk;

ngaUk; tpidAk; Fwpg;gp dhNd (ed; : 352)
ngah; tpidaplj;J <w;way; jphpjy;
ngahplj;Jk; tpidaplj;Jk; dfu> sfu> afu <w;wpw;F mLj;Js;s Mfhuk;

Xfhukhfj; jphpjy; ngah; tpidaplj;J <w;way; jphpjy; MFk;. ,J nra;Asplj;J
chpajhFk;.
v.fh- tpy;yhd; - tpy;Nyhd;
njhbahs; - njhbNahs;
ey;yhh ; - ey;Nyhh;
99
nghpaha; - nghpNaha;
,g;ngah;r; nrhw;fs; d;> s;> h;> a; vd;Dk; <Wfis cilad. ,t; <w;iw mLj;Js;s
Mfhuk; Xfhukhfj; jphpe;J te;Js;sijf; fhzyhk;.
v.fh- gilj;jhd; - gilj;Njhd;
ngah;e;jhs; - ngah;e;Njhs;
nrd;whh; - nrd;Nwhh;
te;jha; - te;Njhh;
,t;tpidr; nrhw;fSk; d;> s;> h;> a; <w;wpidg; ngw;W mLj;Js;s Mfhuk; Xfhukhfj;
jphpe;J mike;Js;sd.
,t;thW Mfhuk; Xfhukhfj; jphpjy; nra;Aspy; kl;LNk ,lk; ngWk;.
NkYk; E}w;ghtpy; M XthfYk; vdf; Fwpg;gjhy; fpotd; - fpoNthd;> Gyth; -

GyNthh;> rpyh; - rpNyhh; vd rpy ,lq;fspy; mfuk; XfhukhjYk; nra;ASf;Nf
chpaJ vdf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
vdNt ngahplj;Jk; tpidaplj;Jk; dfu> sfu> afu <w;wpw;F mLj;Js;s

Mfhuk; Xfhukhfj; jphpjy; nra;Asplj;J chpajhFk; vd;gJ mwpaj;jf;fJ.
ngah;tpid aplj;J dsua <w;way;

M X thfYk; nra;ASs; chpj;Nj (ed; : 353)
cUGk; tpid <Wk; vjph;kiwapYk; jphpahik
vl;L Ntw;Wik cUGfSk; %tif tpidr; nrhw;fSk; vjph;kiwg; nghUis

czh;j;Jkplj;J jk;jk; tpFjpfspdpd;Wk; cUGfspdpd;Wk; NtWglhJ. ,j;jd;ikNa
cUGk; tpid <Wk; vjph;kiwapYk; jphpahik MFk;.
v.fh- ,uhkd; thuhd;

ghlj;ijg; gbahd;
fj;jpahy; vwpahd;
Gyth;f;Ff; nfhlhd;
epiyapd; ePq;fhd;
nghUspdJ ,d;ik
100
jPah;fz; Nruhd;
rhj;jh NghNfy;
,j;njhlh;fspy; vl;L Ntw;Wik cUGfisAk; KiwNa ngw;W vjph;kiwg;

nghUisj; je;J jk;jk; cUG khWglhjthW te;Js;sd.
v.fh- elthd;> elthj> elthf;fhy;
vd;gd vjph;kiwg; nghUspy; mike;j tpidKw;Wk; tpidnar;rKk; nganur;rKk;

MFk;. ,itAk; vjph;kiwg; nghUspy; jk; jk; tpFjp khWglhjthW te;Js;sd.
v.fh- ciuapw; Nfhlyhy; nra;a
nra;ahky;> nra;ahJ> nra;ahNk> nra;ahik vd tpidnar;rKk; elj;jy; -

elthik vd njhopw; ngaUk; cz;zha; - cz;Nzy;> cz;zhNj vd xUik
VtYk; kw;Wk; rpyTk; <W jphpe;J tUk;.
vdNt vl;L Ntw;Wik cUGfSk;. %tif tpidr; nrhw;fSk; vjph;kiwg;

nghUis czh;j;Jkplj;Jk; jk;jk; tpFjpfspdpd;Wk; cUGfspdpd;Wk; NtWglhJ
vd;gij mwpayhk;.
cUGk; tpidAk; vjph;kWj; Jiug;gpDe;

jphpah jj;jkPw; WUgp ndd;g (ed; : 354)
cUGk; tpidAk; mLf;fp Kbjy;
vl;L Ntw;Wik cUGfSk; tphpe;Jk; njhf;fpAk; gy mLf;fpthpDk; %tif

tpidr; nrhw;fs; ntt;NtW gy mLf;fpthpDk; jhk;jhk; nfhz;L KbAk; nrhy;
xd;W ,Wjpapy; tu vy;yhk; mjNdhL KbAk;. ,jid cUGk; tpidAk; mLf;fp
Kbjy; vd;gh;.
v.fh- ,uhkd; thshy; giftid ntl;bdhd;.
,j;njhlh; ‘I’ ‘My;’ vd ,U Ntw;Wik cUGfis ntspg;gilahff; nfhz;L

ntl;bdhd; vd;gJ xNu xU tpidAld; Kbtile;Js;sJ.
ths; iff;nfhz;lhd; (thspidf; ifapy; nfhz;lhd;)
,j;njhlhpy; Ntw;Wik cUGfs; (I> ,d;) njhf;fp epw;gijAk; xNu xU

tpidKw;Wld; Kbe;Js;sijAk; fhzyhk;.
Xbdhd; rhbdhd; ,uhkd;
101
,j;njhlhpYs;s njhpepiy tpidKw;Wf;fs; xNu xU ngahpidf; nfhz;L
Kbe;Js;sd.
,isay; nky;ypas; rPij
,j;njhlhpYs;s Fwpg;G tpidKw;Wf;fs; xNu xU ngaUld; te;Js;sd.
fw;W Nfl;l ,uhkd;
,j;njhlhpYs;s njhpepiyg; nganur;rq;fs; xNu xU ngaUld; Kbe;Js;sd.
neba nghpa ,uhkd;
,j;njhlhpYs;s Fwpg;Gg; nganur;rq;fSk; mt;thNw Kbe;Js;sd.
gbj;J Nfl;L mwpe;jhh;.
,it tpidKw;Wld; te;Js;sd.
tpUg;G ntWg;gpd;wp epd;whd;
,f;Fwpg;G tpidnar;rq;fSk; mt;thNw mike;Js;sd.
cUGgy mLf;fpDk; tpidNtW mLf;fpDk;

xUjk; vr;rk; <Ww KbAk; (ed;D}y; : 355)
,ilg;gpw tuy;
Ntw;Wik cUGfSk; tpidKw;WfSk; nganur;rq;fSk; tpidnar;rq;fSk;

nfhz;L KbAk; ngaUf;Fk; tpidf;Fk; ,ilapy; mt;tplq;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd
gpw nrhw;fs; tUjYk; cz;L. ,t;thW tUjy; Vw;fj; jf;fjhFk;. ,jid
,ilg;gpwtuy; vd;gh;.
v.fh- ,uhkd; (ed;whf) cz;lhd;
rhjid (moFwr;) nra;jhd;
fj;jpahy; (Xq;fp) ntl;bdhd;
Njth;f;Ff; (thOk; nghUl;L) nfhLj;jhd;
ejpapdpd;W (cUz;L) tPo;ej

; hd;
rhj;jdJ (tyf;if) ahid
Ch;f;fz; (cah;e;j) NfhGuk;
102
,uhkh (Ntfkhf) th
,it vl;L Ntw;Wikfspd; mbg;gilapy; nghUj;jkhd nrhw;fis milg;Gf;

Fwpf;Fs; ngw;W te;Js;sd.
v.fh- te;jhd; (New;Wg; Nghd) rhj;jd;

te;j (GfOila) kd;dd;
te;J (mofhfr;) Nrh;e;jhd;
,t;tpidKw;Wk; nganur;rKk; tpidnar;rKk; nghUj;jkhd nrhw;fis milg;Gf;
Fwpf;Fs; ngw;W te;Js;sd.
cUG Kw;W< nur;rq; nfhs;Sk;
ngah;tpid ,ilg;gpwt tuYkhk; Vw;gd (ed; : 356)
Kbf;Fk; nrhy; epw;Fkplk;
Ntw;Wik cUG> tpidKw;W> nganur;rk;> tpidnar;rk;> Mfpad nfhz;L

KbAk; ngah;r;nrhy;Yk; tpidr;nrhy;Yk; ,Wjpapy; tUk;. <w;wpDk; vd;Dk; vr;r
ck;ikahy; KjypYk; tUk; vd;gij mwpayhk;. ,jd; thapyhf Kbf;Fk; nrhy;
epw;Fkplj;ij tpsq;fpf; nfhs;syhk;.
<W Kjy;
,uhkd; te;jhd; te;jhd; ,uhkd;
Flj;ij tide;jhd; tide;jhd; Flj;ij
,uhkdhy; nrj;jhd; nrj;jhd; ,uhkdhy;
,uhkDf;Ff; nfhLj;jhd; nfhLj;jhd; ,uhkDf;F
rPijapd; ePq;fpdhd; ePq;fpdhd; rPijapd;
rhj;jdJ Mil -----------------
thypapd; fz; mile;jhd; mile;jhd; thypapd; fz;
tPlb
; y; tpsf;F ----------------
fz;zh th th fz;zh
te;jhd; rhj;jd; rhj;jd; te;jhd; (tpid Kw;W)
103
te;j uhij ------------------ (nganur;rk;)
te;J epd;whd; epd;whd; te;J (tpidnar;rk;)
,t; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfspy; <whf ,Ug;gJ KjyhfTk; Kjyhf ,Ug;gJ <whfTk; khwp

mike;jpUg;gijf; fhzyhk;. ,tw;Ws; Mwhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; Vohk; Ntw;Wik
cUGk; (,y;) nganur;rk; nfhz;L KbAk; ngah;r;nrhw;fSk; Vidait Nghd;W
khwp mikahJ. mt;thW miktJ rpwg;gd;W.
rhj;jdJ Mil vd;gJ Mil rhj;jdJ vd mikahJ. mt;thW

mike;jhy; rhj;jdJ vd;gJ Fwpg;G tpidKw;whfp tpLk;.
vr;rg; ngah;tpid va;Jk; <w;wpDk; (ed; : 357)
xUnkhop Ntnwhd;iw mikj;jy; (cgyl;rzk;)
ngah;> tpid> ,il> chp vd;Dk; ehy;tifr; nrhw;fSk; jd;id

czh;j;JtNjhL> xope;Jepd;w jk; ,dq;fisAk; jOtpf; nfhs;Sk;. ,jid
xUnkhop Ntnwhd;iw mikj;jy; (cgyl;rzk;) vd;gh;.
v.fh- Nrhw;iw cz;lhd;
,J Nrhw;iw kl;Lk; Fwpf;fhJ> mjNdhL ,ize;j midj;ijAk; Fwpf;Fk;.
v.fh- ntw;wpiy Nghl;lhd;
,J ntw;wpiyAld; njhlh;Gila ghf;F> Rz;zhk;G> Gifapiy Mfpatw;iwAk;

Rl;Lk;.
eQ;R cz;ltd; rhthd; vd;why; eQ;R cz;lts; rhths;> eQ;R cz;lth;

rhthh;> eQ;R cz;lit rhFk;> eQ;R cz;lJ rhFk; Mfpadtw;iw $whkNy
Ghpe;J nfhs;syhk;. cz;ltd;> rhthd; vd;Dk; Mz;ghw; ngah;tpidfs; Vida
ehd;F ghy; ngah; tpidfisAk; nfhs;tjw;F Vw;wjhf cs;sd.
xUnkhop xoPjd;,dk; nfhsw;F chpj;Nj (ed; : 358)
jpizghy; ,lg;nghJik ePq;Fk; newp
jpiz> ghy;> ,lk;> fhyq;fSf;Fg; nghJthfpa ngah;> tpidr; nrhw;fs; mtw;wpw;F

nghJthd jd;ikia mLj;J tUk;; ; rpwg;Gg; ngah;r;nrhw;fSk; tpidr; nrhw;fSk;
104
ePq;fp> xU jpiz> ghy; fhyj;Jf;Nf chpik nra;Ak;. ,J jpizghy; ,lg;nghJik
ePq;Fk; newp MFk;.
v.fh- rhj;jd; ,td;> rhj;jd; ,J> rhj;jd; te;jhd;> rhj;jd; te;jJ
,tw;wpy; rhj;jd; vd;gJ ,Ujpizg; nghJg; ngah;. rhj;jd; vd;gJ ,td;> te;jhd;
Mfpa rpwg;Gg; ngah; kw;Wk; tpidiaAk; nfhz;L KbAk;nghOJ cah;jpiziar;
Rl;Lk;. mJ te;jJ vd rpwg;Gg; ngah;> tpidiaf; nfhz;L KbAk;nghOJ
m/wpiziar; Rl;Lk;.
xUth; vd; Iah> xUth; vd; jhahh;
,tw;wpy; xUth; ,Ughw; ngah; MFk;. Iah vdr; rpwg;Giuf; nfhs;Sk;nghOJ

Mz;ghiyAk; jhahh; vDk;nghOJ ngz;ghiyAk; Fwpf;Fk;.
mt;thNw kuk; vDk; m/wpizg; nghJg;ngah;> tsh;e;jJ vDk;nghOJ

xd;wd; ghiyAk; tsh;ej
; d vDk;nghOJ gytpd; ghiyAk; Rl;Lk;.
%tplg; nghJg; ngah;fSf;F Kd; te;j rpwg;Gg; ngaUk; gpd; te;j rpwg;G
tpidiaAk; ePq;fp Xhplj;ij kl;LNk Fwpf;Fk;.
v.fh – ahnky;yhk; tUNthk; - jd;ik
ePnuy;yhk; tUtPh; - Kd;dpiy
mtnuy;yhk; tUthh; - glh;f;if
jpiz ghyplq;fSf;Fhpa nghJtpidfs; gpd; te;j rpwg;Gg; ngah;fs; ePf;fp

xU jpizghy; ,lj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk;.
mtd; - cah;jpiz Mz;ghy; glh;f;if

mts; - cah;jpiz ngz;ghy; glh;f;if
mth; - cah;jpiz gyh;ghy; glh;f;if
mJ - m/wpiz xd;wd;ghy; glh;f;if
tho;f mit - m/wpiz gytpd;ghy; glh;f;if
ehd; - cah;jpizj; jd;ik xUik
ehk; - cah;jpizj; jd;ik gd;ik
eP - cah;jpiz Kd;dpiy xUik
ePh; - cah;jpiz Kd;dpiy gd;ik
105
jpizghy; ,lj;jpw;Fhpa nghJtpidfs; gpd; te;j rpwg;G tpidfis ePf;fp
xd;Wf;F chpajhFk;.
te;jhd; - cah;jpiz Mz;ghy; glh;f;if ,we;jfhyk;

te;jhs; - cah;jpiz ngz;ghy; glh;f;if ,we;jfhyk;
te;jhh; - cah;jpiz gyh;ghy; glh;f;if ,we;jfhyk;
te;jJ - m/wpiz xd;wd;ghy; glh;f;if ,we;jfhyk;
cz;L - te;jd - m/wpiz gytpd;ghy; glh;f;if ,we;jfhyk;
te;Njd; - cah;jpiz Mz;ghy; jd;ik xUik ,we;jfhyk;
te;Njhk; - cah;jpiz gyh;ghy; jd;ik gd;ik ,we;jfhyk;
te;jha; - ,Ujpiz Kd;dpiy xUik ,we;jfhyk;
te;jPh; - ,Ujpiz Kd;dpiy gd;ik ,we;jfhyk;
nghJg; ngah; tpidfspd; nghJik ePf;Fk;
Nky;tUk; rpwg;Gg; ngah; tpid jhNk (ed; : 359)
vr;rq;fspd; KbT
vr;rq;fs; 10 tifg;gLk;. mit nganur;rk;> tpidnar;rk;> ck;iknar;rk;>

nrhy;nyr;rk;> gphpepiynar;rk;> vd vr;rk;> xopapirnar;rk;> vjph;kiwnar;rk;>
,irnar;rk;> Fwpg;ngr;rk; vd;gdthFk;. ,tw;iw tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tJ mtrpak;.
nganur;rk;
njhpepiy Fwpg;Gg; nganur;rq;fs; jk; vr;rq;fshfpa nra;gth;fsJ

ngah;fisf; nfhz;L KbAk;. ,J nganur;rk; MFk;.
v.fh- nra;j ,uhkd;
ey;y rhj;jd;
tpidnar;rk;
njhpepiy Fwpg;G tpidnar;rq;fs; jk; vr;rq;fshfpa tpidKw;Wf;fisf;

nfhz;L KbAk;. ,J tpidnar;rk; MFk;.
v.fh- nra;J te;jhd;
nky;y te;jhd;
106
ck;iknar;rk;
ck;iknar;rk; vd;gJ Kd;Ds;s vr;rj;ijAk; czh;j;Jk;.
v.fh- ,uhkDk; te;jhd;
,uhkDk; vd;gjpYs;s ck;iknar;rk; Kd;Nd gujDk; te;jhd; vd;Dk; vr;rj;ij

czh;j;JfpwJ.
nrhy;nyr;rk;
nrhy;nyr;rk; vd;gJ jk; vr;rj;ijf; nfhz;L mikAk;.
v.fh- ey;ytd; vd;whd;
,r;nrhy;nyr;rk; ey;ytd; vd;W nrhd;dhd; vd;Dk; jk; vr;rj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
gphpepiy vr;rk;
gphpepiy vr;rk; gpwh;nfhz;byh; vdj; jk; vr;rq;fisf; nfhz;L mikAk;.
v.fh- rhj;jNd nfhz;lhd;
rhj;jNdh nfhz;lhd;
,g;gphpepiy vr;rq;fs; gpwh;nfhz;byh; vdj; jk; vr;rq;fisf; nfhz;ld. rhj;jdpd;W

gphpf;fg;gl;lhh;. gpwuhjdpy; ,J gphpepiy Mapw;W.
vdntr;rk;
vd vd;Dk; vr;rk; jk; vr;rq;fshfpa tpidfisf; nfhz;L mikAk;. ,J

tpFjpg; nghUisj; jUk; ,ilr;nrhy;yhFk;.
v.fh- ,ir nky;nyd xypj;jJ.
jiy tpz;nzd typj;jJ
,j; njhlh;fspYs;s vd vd;Dk; vr;rq;fs; jk; vr;rq;fshfpa tpidfisf;

nfhz;ld. kpfTk; xypj;jJ> kpfTk; typj;jJ vd;gd ,tw;wpw;Fg; nghUshFk;.
vdNt ,t; vdntd;Dk; vr;rk;> tpFjpg; nghUisj; jUk; ,ilr;nrhy;yhFk;.
xopapir nar;rk;
xopapirnar;rk; jk; vr;rq;fis czh;j;jp epw;Fk;.
v.fh- $hpaNjhh; ths;kd;

gbj;jw;Nfh te;jhd;
107
,j;njhlh;fspYs;s xopapirnar;rq;fs; KiwNa ,g;nghOJ xope;jJ> tpisahl
te;jhd; vd jk; vr;rq;fis czh;j;jp epw;fpd;wd.
vjph;kiwnar;rk;
vjph;kiwnar;rk; jk; vr;rq;fis czh;j;jp epw;Fk;.
v.fh- kwg;gpDk; gbj;Jf; nfhs;syhFk;

ahNdh nra;Njd;
,j;njhlh;fspYs;s vjph;kiwnar;rq;fs; KiwNa kwf;fyhJ> nra;jpNyd; vdj; jk;
vr;rq;fis czh;j;jp epd;wd.
,irnar;rk;
xU njhlhpy; xU nrhy;Nyh gy nrhw;fNsh tUtpj;Jf; nfhs;Sjiy

,irnar;rk; vd;gh;. ,t; ,irnar;rKk; jk; vr;rj;ijf; nfhz;L KbAk;.
v.fh- fw;wjdhyha gandd;
vd;Dk;nghOJ E}iyf; fw;wjdhy; gandd; vd E}y; vd;Dk; nrhy;iy tUtpj;Jf;

nfhs;fpwJ. ,t;thNw xd;wpw;F Nkw;gl;l nrhw;fs; tUtpj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gLjYk;
cz;L. Fwpg;ngr;rk;
ngahpay; E}w;gh 259 ,y; xd;nwhop nghJr; nrhy; Kjyhf ,d;d gpwTk;
tiuf;Fk; $wg;gl;lit Fwpg;ngr;rkhFk;. ,jd; tpsf;fj;ij 259 Mk; E}w;ghtpy;
mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;.
gj;J vr;rq;fSs; nganur;rk;> tpidnar;rk;> vd vr;rk; vd;Dk; %d;wpw;Fk;

vr;rr; nrhw;fs; njhlh;fspy; ntspg;gl;L epw;Fk;. Vida vr;rq;fspy; vr;rr; nrhw;fs;
tUtpj;J ciuf;fg;gLk; vd;gJ mwpaj;jf;fJ.
ngah;tpid ck;iknrhy; gphpg;Gvd xopapir

vjph;kiw,irnaDk; nrhy;xopT xd;gJk;
Fwpg;Gk; jj;jk; vr;rk; nfhs;Sk; (ed; : 360)
vd;Dk; E}w;gh thapyhf ,jid tpsq;fpf;nfhs;syhk;.
njhif epiyj; njhlh;nkhopfs;
xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l nrhw;fs; Nrh;e;J cUthtJ njhlh; vdg;gLk;.
rhj;jd; ike;jd;
108
,j;njhlh; rhj;jDf;F ike;jd; vd tphpT ngWk;. ,q;F ‘F’ vd;Dk; ehd;fhk;
Ntw;Wik njhf;fp te;Js;sJ.
gtstha;
vd;gJ gtsk; Nghd;w tha; vdg; nghUs;gLk;. ‘Nghd;w’ vd;w ctik cUG
kiwe;J te;Js;sJ.
xU njhlhpd; ,ilapy; VNjDk; xU nrhw; $W kiwe;J tUtJ njhif

epiyj; njhlh; vdg;gLk;. mt;thwd;wp ntspg;gilahf mikAk; njhlh; - njhfh
epiyj; njhlh; vdg;gLk;.
(ngah;r; nrhy;NyhL ngah;r; nrhy;Yk;> tpidr; nrhy;Yk;Ntw;Wik Kjyhd

mWtifg; nghUl;Gzh;r;rpapy; mtw;wpDila cUGfs; eLtpy; njhf;fp epw;f ,uz;L
Kjyhfg; gy nrhw;fs; njhlh;e;J xU nrhy;Nghy; elg;git njhifepiyj; njhlh;
vdg;gLk;.)
ngaNuhL ngaUk; tpidAk; Ntw;Wik

Kjypa nghUspd; mtw;wpd; cUtpil
xopa ,uz;L Kjyhj; njhlh;e;njhU
nkhopNghy; elg;gd njhifepiyj; njhlh;r;nrhy; (ed; : 361)
njhif epiyj;njhlh;fs; (6)
njhlh;fspy; cUGfs; njhf;fp tUtJ njhif my;yJ njhifepiyj;

njhlh; vdg;gLk;. ,J Ntw;Wikj; njhif> gz;Gj; njhif> ctikj; njhif>
ck;ikj; njhif> md;nkhopj; njhif vd MW tifg;gLk;. ,jid>
Ntw;Wik> tpid> gz;G> ctik> ck;ik

md;nkhop vdmj; njhif MW MFk; (ed; :362)
vd;Dk; E}w;gh thapyhf mwpayhk;. ,tw;iw tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tJ mtrpak;.
Ntw;Wikj; njhif
Ntw;Wikj; njhlh;fspy; Ntw;Wik cUG kiwe;J tUtJ mjhtJ njhf;fp

tUtJ Ntw;Wikj; njhif MFk;.
v.fh- E}y; gbj;jhd; (I) ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif
jiy tzq;fpdhd; (My;) %d;whk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif

109
rhj;jd; ike;jd; (F) ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif
Ch; ePq;fpdhd; (,d;) Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif
rhj;jd; if (mJ) Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif
Fd;wf; Fif (fz;) Vohk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif
,t; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfspy; vOtha; Ntw;WikAk; tpsp Ntw;WikAk; jtpu gpw MW

Ntw;Wikfspd; cUGfs; njhf;fp mike;Js;sijf; fhzyhk;. ,t;thW Ntw;Wikj;
njhlh;fspy; Ntw;Wik cUG kiwe;J tUtJ mjhtJ njhf;fp tUtJ Ntw;Wikj;
njhif MFk;.
v.fh- iff; fspW – ifia cila fspW
nghw;Flk; - nghd;dhw; nra;ag;gl;l Flk;
fle;jhd; epyk; - fle;jhd; epyj;ij
,Ue;jhd; Fd;wj;J - ,Ue;jhd; Fd;wj;Jf; fz;
,t;thW ,Wjpapy; Ntw;Wik cUGfs; njhf;fp epw;wYk; cz;L. ,jidAk;

Ntw;Wikj; njhifahff; fUj Ntz;Lk;.
v.fh- fe;jid mbj;jhd;
fe;jNdhL te;jhd;
,j;njhlh;fspy; I cUGk; xL cUGk; tphpe;J epd;W nrag;gLnghUisAk;

cld;epfo;r;rpg; nghUisAk; jUfpd;wd.
v.fh- KUfd; te;jhd;
KUfd; mbj;jhd;
vd ,j;njhlh;fs; mikAkhapd; cUGfs; njhf;fp epw;gjhfg; nghUs; nfhz;lhy;

mit Nkw;Fwpj;j nghUisj; juhJ. ,j;jifa ,lq;fspy; cUGfs; njhf;fp
epw;gjhff; fUjf; $lhJ. Vnddpy; Ntw;Wik cUGfs; ,ilapNy njhf;fp epw;Fk;
vd $wpdhYk; mit tphpe;J epw;Fkplj;J vg;nghUs; gLNkh mg;nghUs; gLkplj;jpy;
kl;LNk njhf;fp epw;Fk;. mg;nghUs; glhj ,lj;jpy; njhf;fp epw;fhJ.
vdNt vOtha; Ntw;Wikf;Fk; tpsp Ntw;Wikf;Fk; ,ilNa epd;w ,uz;L Kjy;

MW Ntw;Wik cUGfSk; njhf;fp epw;Fk; njhlh;fs; Ntw;Wikj; njhlh;fs;
vdg;gLk;.
110
tpidj; njhif
%d;W fhyj;ijAk; fhl;Lk;. fhyk; fhl;Lk; tpidAUghfpa ,ilepiyAk;

tpFjpAk; Kjypad kiwe;J epd;w nganur;rq;fs; tpidj;njhif vdg;gLk;.
v.fh- gha;Gyp - gha;e;j Gyp> gha;fpd;w Gyp> ghAk; Gyp
tPo;Gdy; - tPo;e;j Gdy;> tPo;fpd;w Gdy;> tPOk; Gdy;

,it ,uz;Lk; ngah; vr;rj; njhlh;fs; MFk;. ,tw;wpy; %d;W fhyk;
kiwe;Js;sJ.
gha;e;j Gyp - - tPo;e;j Gdy; - ,we;jfhyk;

gha;fpd;w Gyp - tPo;fpd;w Gdy; - epfo;fhyk;
ghAk; Gyp - tPOk; Gdy; - vjph;fhyk;
vd ,uz;L cjhuzq;fisAk; tphpj;J vOJk;nghOJ %d;W fhyq;fSk;
kiwe;jpUg;gij czuyhk;. ,t;thW xU njhlhpy; fhyk; kiwe;J tUtij
tpidj;njhif vd;gh;.
nganur;r tpidapd; cUghfpa tpFjpAk; ,ilepiyAk; njhf;fp epw;f> gFjp

(gha;> tPo;) kl;Lk; epd;W Kf;fhyj;jpw;Fk; nghJthfp nganur;rg; nghUis czh;j;jp
ngaiuf; nfhz;L Kbe;Js;sd.
fhyk; fue;j nganur;rk; tpidj;njhif (ed; :364)
gz;Gj;njhif
gz;ig tpsf;Fk; cUG kiwe;J njhf;fp tUtJ gz;Gj;njhif MFk;.

tz;zk>; tbtk; msT> Rit> vdg; gz;G ehd;F tifg;gLk;.
v.fh- nrk;nkhop
ntz;nghq;fy;
,it nrk;ik Mfpa nkhop> ntz;ik Mfpa nghq;fy; vd tphpAk; nrk;ik>
ntz;ik vd;gd nkhop> nghq;fy; Mfpatw;wpd; gz;Gfs; MFk;. gz;NghL gz;gpid
,izf;Fk; ‘Mfpa’ vd;Dk; cUG kiwe;Js;sJ. ,t;thW gz;ig tpsf;Fk; cUG
kiwe;J njhf;fp tUtJ gz;Gj;njhif MFk;. ,J tz;zk>; tbtk; msT> Rit>
vdg; gz;G ehd;F tifg;gLk;.
v.fh- nre;jhkiu - nrk;ik Mfpa jhkiu - tz;zg; gz;Gj;njhif
111
tl;lg; gyif - tl;lk; Mfpa gyif - tbtg; gz;Gj;njhif
Kj;jkpo; - %d;W Mfpa jkpo; - msTg; gz;Gj;njhif
,d;nrhy; - ,dpik Mfpa nrhy; - Ritg; gz;Gj;njhif
,Unganuhl;Lg; gz;Gj; njhif
rpwg;GG; ngah; Kd;Dk; nghJg;ngah; gpd;Dk; mike;j Mfpa vd;Dk;

gz;GUG njhf;fp tUjy; ,Unganuhl;Lg; gz;Gj; njhif vdg;gLk;.
v.fh- mhpkh> ehpkh> rhiug;ghk;G
,it mhpahfpa kh> ehpahfpa kh> rhiuahfpa ghk;G vd tphpAk;. mhp> ehp> rhiu
vd;gd gz;Gfs; my;y. mit kh> ghk;G vd;gtw;wpd; rpwg;Gg; ngah;fs; MFk;.
vdNt gz;NghL gz;gpw;Fs;s xw;Wikia tpsf;Ftjw;F ‘Mfpa’ vd;Dk;

gz;GUG kiwe;J epw;gdTk; gz;GUG kiwe;J epw;f xU nghUSf;F rpwg;Gg;
ngaUk; nghJg;ngaUkhd ,U ngah;fSk; tUtdTk; gz;Gj;njhifahFk; vd;gij
mwpayhk;.
gz;ig tpsf;Fk; nkhopnjhf; nfdTk;

xUnghUl;F ,Ungah; te;jTk; Fzj;njhif (ed; : 365)
ctikj; njhif
ctNkaj;jpw;Fk; ctkhdj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNa ctik cUG kiwe;J (njhf;fp)

tUtJ ctikj; njhif vdg;gLk;.
v.fh- Gyp tPud;

Nty; tpop
,tw;iw Gyp Nghd;w tPud;> Nty; Nghd;w tpop vd tphpj;Jg; nghUs; nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;. Gyp> Nty; vd;gd ctkhdk;. tPud;> tpop vd;gd ctNkak; MFk;.
,t;thW ctNkaj;jpw;Fk; ctkhdj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNa ctik cUG kiwe;J
tUtJ ctikj; njhif MFk;. ,uz;bYk; Nghy (Nghd;w) vd;Dk; ctik cUG
kiwe;J te;Js;sJ.
ctik cUGfs; tpid (njhopy;)> gad;> nka; (tbtk;)> cU (epwk;) Mfpa

nghUz;ikfspy; mikAk;.
v.fh- Gyp nfhw;wd; - tpid ctikj;njhif

112
fw;gf ts;sy; - gaDtikj; njhif
Jb ,il - nka;Atikj; njhif
fhh; $e;jy; - cU ctikj; njhif
,t;thW ctik cUG kiwe;J tUtJ ctikj; njhif MFk;.
ctk cUG ,yJ ctkj; njhifNa (ed; :366)
ctik cUGfs;
Nghy> Giua> xg;g> cwo> khd> fLg;g> ,iaa> Va;g;g> Neu> epfu vd;Dk;
nrantd; vr;r nkhopfs; gj;Jk;
md;d> ,d;d vd;Dk; Fwpg;Gg; nganur;rq;fs; ,uz;Lk; gpwTk; ctik

cUGfshFk;.
Nghy> Giua Kjypa tpidabfSk; mt;tbahw; gpwj;jw;Fhpa kw;iw

tpidnar;rq;fSk; tpidKw;Wf;fSk; nganur;rq;fSk;
nghwht> Vw;g> mida> ,fy> vjpu> rpz> kiya KjypadTk; ctk cUGfshff;
nfhs;sj; jf;fdthFk;.
Nghyg; Giua xg;g cwo

khdf; fLg;g ,iaa Va;g;g
Neu epfu md;d ,d;d
vd;gdTk; gpwTk; ctkj;J cUNg (ed; : 367)
ck;ikj; njhif
vz;zpr; nrhy;Yk; ngah;fspy; kl;Lkpd;wp vz;zy;> vLj;jy;> Kfj;jy;> ePl;ly;

vd;Dk; ehd;F msTfs; njhlh;ghd njhlh;fspy; ‘ck;’ kiwe;J tUk;. mt;thW
‘ck;’ kiwe;J (njhf;fp) tUtJ ck;ikj; njhif MFk;.
v.fh- fgpy guzh;

eP ehd;
,it fgpyUk; guzUk;> ePAk; ehDk; vd tphpAk;. ,uz;bw;Fk; ,ilNa ck;
vd;Dk; ,ilr;nrhy; kiwe;J te;Js;sJ. ,t;thW ‘ck;’ kiwe;J tUtJ ck;ikj;
njhif MFk;.
113
v.fh- ghhp Ngfd; - ghhpAk; NgfDk; - vz;zy; ck;ikj; njhif
foQ;Nr fhy; - foQ;Rk; fhYk; - vLj;jy; (epWj;jy;) ck;ikj; njhif
gbNa kuf;fhy; - gbAk; kuf;fhYk; - Kfj;jy; ck;ikj; njhif
mb Kok; - mbAk; KoKk; - ePl;ly; ck;ikj; njhif
vdNt vz;zpr; nrhy;fpd;w ngah;fspy; kl;Lkpd;wp vz;zy;> vLj;jy;> Kfj;jy;>

ePll
; y; Mfpa ehd;F msTfs; njhlh;ghd njhlh;fspy; ck; kiwe;J tUk;.
vz;zy; vLj;jy; Kfj;jy; ePl;ly;

vDk;ehd;F msitAs; ck;,yJ mj;njhif (ed; : 368)
md;nkhopj; njhif
njhifr; nrhw;fSf;nfd tiuaWf;fg;gl;l cUGfs; jtpu mit my;yhj

gpwTk; kiwe;J tUjy; md;nkhopj; njhif (my; + nkhop) vdg;gLk;.
v.fh- G+q;Foy; te;jhs;
G+q;Foy; vd;gJ G+it mzpe;j $e;jy; vd ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhifiar;

Rl;Lk;. ,J te;jhs; vd;Dk; gadpiyia Nehf;f> G+it mzpe;j $e;jiy cila
ngz;izf; Fwpf;Fk;. ,jpy; ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; ngz; vd;gij czh;e;J
epw;Fk; <w;WnkhopAk; kiwe;J epw;gijf; fhzyhk;.
G+q;Foy; te;jhs;
,J ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhifg; Gwj;Jg; gpwe;j md;nkhopj; njhif MFk;.
nghw;nwhb
vd;gJ nghd;dhyhfpa njhbia cila ngz; vd tphpe;j %d;whk; Ntw;Wikj;

njhifg; Gwj;Jg; gpwe;j md;nkhopj; njhif MdJ.
mzp ,yf;fzk;
vd;gJ mzpf;F ,yf;fzk; $wpa E}y;fs; vd tphpe;J ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wikj;

njhifg; Gwj;Jg; gpwe;j md;nkhopj; njhifahdJ.
kiyaUtp Ve;jpdhs;
114
vd;gJ kiyapdpd;W tPOk; ePiu Ve;jpdhs; vd tphpe;J Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif
Gwj;Jg; gpwe;j md;nkhopj; njhifahdJ.
Nrud;Fb
vd;gJ NrudJ Fbkf;fs; FbapUf;Fk; ,lk; vd tphpe;J Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif

fPo; tapw;Wf; foiy
vd;gJ fPo;tapw;wpd; fz; foiy cilatd; vd tphpe;J Vohk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif

jho;Foy;
vd;gJ jho;e;j Foypid cila ngz; vd tphpe;J fhyk; fhl;Lk; ,ilepiyAk;

tpFjpAk; kiwe;J mit my;yhj gpwTk; njhf;fp te;Js;sjhy; tpidj; njhifg;
Mz;l if
vd;gJ Mz;ik Mfpa jd;ik cilatd; vd tphpe;J Mfpa vd;Dk; gz;GUG

kl;Lkpd;wp mit my;yhj gpwTk; njhf;fp te;Js;sjhy; gz;Gj;njhifg; Gwj;Jg;
gpwe;j md;nkhop njhifahdJ.
Jbapil
vd;gJ JbNghd;w ,ilia cila ngz; vd tphpe;J NghYk; vd;Dk; ctik

cUG kl;Lkpd;wp mit my;yhj gpwTk; njhf;fp epw;gjhy; ctikj;njhifg;
Gwj;Jg; gpwe;j md;nkhop njhifahdJ.
caph;nka;
vd;gJ capUk; nka;Ak; $bg; gpwe;j vOj;J vd tphpe;J ck; vd;Dk; ,ilr;nrhy;
kl;Lkpd;wp mit my;yhj gpwTk; njhf;fp epw;gjhy; ck;ikj;njhifg; Gwj;Jg;
gpwe;j md;nkhop njhifahdJ.
vdNt Ntw;Wikj; njhif> tpidj; njhif> gz;Gj; njhif> ctikj;

njhif> ck;ikj; njhif> vd;Dk; 5 njhiffSk; njhf;fj; njhifahw;wyhy;
mtw;wpd; Gwj;Nj Njhd;Wk; nkhop md;nkhopj; njhifahFk;.
Ie;njhif nkhop Nky; gpw njhfy; md;nkhop (ed; :369)

115
njhif epiyj; njhlh; nkhopfspy; nghUs; rpwf;Fk; ,lq;fs;
njhif epiyj; njhlh;fspy; Kd;epd;w nkhopfs; jk; ,dk; ,y;yhkNy

nghUl; rpwg;G ngWfpd;wd. ,j;njhifepiyj; njhlh;fs; Kd;nkhopfshy;
rpwg;GWfpd;wd. ,j;jd;ikia tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tJ mtrpak;.
Ntw;Wikj; njhif - Flk; tide;jhd;
tpidj; njhif - tphpG+
gz;Gj; njhif - nre;jhkiu
ctikj; njhif - Ntw;fz;
,it njhifepiyj; njhlh;fshFk;. ,tw;wpYs;s tide;jhd;> G+> jhkiu> fz;

vd;gd Kd;epd;w Flk;> tphp> nrk;ik> Nty; vd;gdtw;why; rpwg;GWfpd;wd.
,j;njhif epiyj; njhlh;fspy; Kd;epd;w nkhopfs; jk; ,dk; ,y;yhkNy
nghUl;rpwg;G milfpd;wd. vdNt ,j;njhifepiyj; njhlh;fs; Kd;nkhopfshy;
rpwg;GWtijf; fhzyhk;.
Ntw;Wikj; njhif - epyk; cOjhd;
tpidj; njhif - RLjP
gz;Gj; njhif - nrQ;QhapW
ctikj; njhif - Gyp gha;e;jhd;
,it njhif epiyj; njhlh;fshFk;. ,tw;wpYs;s cOjhd;> jP> QhapW> gha;e;jhd;

vd;Dk; gpd; nkhopfisf; $wpa khj;jpuj;jpy; epyk;> #L> nrk;ik> Gyp Mfpa
Kd;nkhopfs; jhNk te;J ,iae;J nghUs; jUfpd;wd. ,tw;wpd; Kd; nkhopfs;
jdpj;J epw;Fk; nghOJ nghUl; rpwg;G miltjpy;iy. vdNt ,it gpd;
nkhopfshy; nghUl;rpwg;igg; ngWtijf; fhzyhk;.
ck;ikj; njhif - ,uT gfy;

Nru Nrho ghz;bad;
nghw;nwhb
md;nkhopj; njhif - jho;Foy; te;jhs;
nts;shil
,t; md;nkhop njhifepiyj; njhlhpd; fUj;Jg; nghUs; ,tw;wpd; njhifr;

nrhw;fspy; ,y;iy. njhifr; nrhw;fspd; Gwj;Nj mike;j nkhopfspy; cs;sd.
116
,t;thW njhifepiyj; njhlh;fspd; nghUl;rpwg;G Kd;epd;w nkhopfs;> gpd;
epd;w nkhopfs;> midj;J nkhopfs;> Gw nkhopfs; vd ehd;F epiyfspy; mikAk;.
ck;ikj; njhifapy; midj;J nkhopfspYk; md;nkhopj; njhifapy; gpw

nkhopfspYk; Vida ehd;fpy; ,lj;jpw;F Vw;wthW Kd;nkhopfspYk;
gpd;nkhopfspYk; nghUl;rpwg;G mikAk;.
vdNt Kd;nkhop> gpd;nkhop> midj;J nkhop> midj;J nkhopf;Fk; Gwj;jpy;

tUk; nkhop Mfpa ,e;ehd;F ,lq;fSs; xd;wpy; njhif epiyj; njhlh; nghUs;
rpwe;J epw;Fk;.
Kd;nkhop gpd;nkhop gd;nkhop Gwnkhop

vd;Dk; ehd;F ,lj;Jk; rpwf;Fk; njhifg; nghUs; (ed; : 370)
,lj;njhif ngah;j; njhiffSf;F Ntw;Wik mwpAk; Kiw
epiynkhop tUnkhopfspd; ,ilNa ty;nyhw;W te;jhy; ,lk;nghUs;fz;

njhf;fp epw;Fk; Vohk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif MFk;. nky;nyhw;W te;jhy; ngahpd;fz;
njhf;fpa ,Unganuhl;Lg; gz;Gj;njhif MFk;.
v.fh- tLff; fz;zd; - tLf ehl;by; gpwe;j fz;zd;
JStr; rhj;jd; - JSt ehl;by; gpwe;j rhj;jd;
,t;Ntw;Wikj; njhifepiyj; njhlh;fspy; epiynkhopf;Fk; tUnkhopf;Fk; ,ilNa

ty;nyhw;W (f;) ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ. ,t;thW ty;nyhw;Wj; Njhd;w miktd Vohk;
Ntw;Wikapd; ,lk; nghUisr; Rl;Lk;. vdNt ,it Vohk; Ntw;Wikj;
njhifahFk;.
v.fh- tLfq; fz;zd; - tLfdhfpa fz;zd;
fd;dlq; nfhw;wd; - fd;dldhfpa nfhw;wd;
,g;gz;Gj; njhiffs; nky;nyhw;W (q;) ngw;W te;Js;sd. ,it nghJg; ngaiuAk;

rpwg;Gg; ngaiuAk; xUq;Nf nfhz;L gz;G cUG njhf;fp mike;Js;sd. vdNt
,it ,Unganuhl;Lg; gz;Gj;njhifahFk;.
ty;nyhw;W thpNd ,lj;njhif MFk;

nky;nyhw;W thpNd ngah;j;njhif MFk; (ed; : 371)
117
ck;ikj; njhiff;Fg; Gwdil
cah;jpiz xUikapy; tUk; ck;ikj; njhiffs; gyh;ghy; tpFjpfis

<w;wpYiladthf mikAk;.
v.fh- fgpy guzh;

Nru Nrho ghz;bah;
Njtd; Njtpfs;
,it cah;jpizg; ngah;fs; MFk;. ,it ck;ikj;njhif cah;jpiz xUikapy;

‘u’ fu nthw;Wk; ‘fs;’ vd;Dk; tpFjpAk; ngw;W te;Js;sd.
v.fh- ,uhg;gfy; - ,uhg;gfy;fs;

je;ij jha; - je;ij jhahh;
rhj;jd; rhj;jpah; - rhj;jd; rhj;jpfs;
,t; m/wpizg; ngaUk; ,Ujpizg; nghJg;ngah;fSk; xUik <whfshTk; gd;ik
<WfshfTk; mike;Js;sd. ,jidNa ‘gyh; <Nw’ vd E}w;gh Rl;LfpwJ.
cah;jpiz ck;ikj; njhifgyh; <Nw (ed; : 372)
njhifepiyj; njhlh;nkhopfs; gy nghUs;gLjy;
Ntw;Wik cUG Kjypad njhf;fp epw;Fkplq;fspy; nghUshy; kaq;fp epw;Fk;

,ay;Gila njhlh;nkhopfs; ,uz;lhk;> Vohk; Ntw;Wik <whd nghUs;fspy; kaq;fp
tUk;.
nja;t tzf;fk; - nja;tj;ij tzq;Fk; tzf;fk;

nja;tj;Jf;F tzf;fk;
vd ,U nghUs;gl kaq;Fk;.
jw;Nrh;e;jhh; - jd;idr; Nrh;e;jhh;

jd;ndhL Nrh;e;jhh;
jd; fz; Nrh;e;jhh;
vd %d;W nghUs;gl kaq;Fk;.
nrhy;ypd; ,yf;fzk; - nrhy;Yf;F ,yf;fzk;

nrhy;ypdJ ,yf;fzk;
nrhy;ypd; fz; cs;s ,yf;fzk;
nrhy;ypyf;fzk; $wpa E}y;
118
vd ehd;F nghUs;gl kaq;Fk;.
nghd;kzp - nghd;id cila kzp

nghd;dhyhfpa kzp
nghd;dpd; fz; cs;s kzp
nghd;Dk; kzpAk;
vd Ie;J nghUs;gl kaq;Fk;.
kuNtyp - kuj;ij fhf;Fk; Ntyp

kuj;jhyhfpa Ntyp
kuj;jpw;F Ntyp
kuj;jpdJ Ntyp
kuj;jpd; Gwj;J Ntyp
kukhfpa Ntyp
vd MW nghUs;gl kaq;Fk;.
nrhw; nghUs; - nrhy;yhy; mwpag;gLk; nghUs;

nrhy;Yf;Fg; nghUs;
nrhy;ypdJ nghUs;
nrhy;ypd; fz; nghUs;
nrhy;yhfpa nghUs;
nrhy;Yk; nghUSk;
nrhy;yhdJ nghUs;
vd VO nghUs;gl kaq;Fk;. Nkw; Fwpg;gpl;l njhlh;fspy; vspjpy; czUk;

nghUisj; jtpu NtW gy nghUs;fisAk; type;J nghUs; nfhz;Ls;sijf;
fhzyhk;. ,t;thW type;J nghUs; nfhs;Sk;nghOJ nghUspd; vy;iy tiuaiw
,y;yhky; VOf;F NkYk; gythfg; ngUfptpLk;.
njhf;Fop kaq;Fe ,uz;L Kjy;Vo;

vy;iyg; nghUspd; kaq;Fk; vd;g (ed; : 373)
njhfh epiyj; njhlh; nkhopfs;

epiynkhop> tUnkhop ,uz;bw;Fk; ,ilNa Ntw;Wik cUGfs; Kjypait
kiwahky; ntspg;gl;L tpsq;Fk; njhlh;fs; njhfhepiyj; njhlh;fshFk;. njhf;fp
epw;Fk; Mw;wypd;wp nrhw;fs; xd;nwhld;W njhlh;e;J epw;gJ njhfhepiyj; njhlh;
MFk;. ,J 9 tifahf mikAk;. mtw;iw mwptJ mtrpak;.
119
1. tpidKw;Wj; njhlh; - gbj;jhd; vopyd; - njhpepiy
ey;yd; Fkud; - Fwpg;G
2. ngah; vr;rj; njhlh; - gbj;j vopyd; - njhpepiy

ey;y ez;gd; - Fkud;
3. tpid vr;rj;njhlh; - gbj;J Kbj;jhd; - njhpepiy

tpUe;jpd;wp cz;lhd; - Fwpg;G
4. vOtha;j; njhlh; - vopyd; te;jhd;
5. tpspj;njhlh; - KUfh ! th!
6. Ntw;Wikj; njhlh; - E}iyg; gbj;jhd; - (,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik)

thshy; ntl;bdhs; - (%d;whk; Ntw;Wik)
7. ,ilr;nrhy; njhlh; - kw;W xd;W
8. chpr;nrhy; njhlh; - edp rpwe;jJ
9. mLf;Fj; njhlh; - ghL ghL
vdNt tpidKw;W> nganur;rk;> tpidnar;rk;> vOtha;> tpsp vd;Dk; Itifg;

nghUs; gw;wpg; GzUk; Gzh;r;rpAk; ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik Kjypa MW Ntw;Wik
cUGfSk; tphpe;J epw;fg; ngah; tpidfs; Gzh;eJ
; tUk; Gzh;rr
; pAk; njhfh
epiyj; njhlh;fshFk;.
Kw;W <nur;rk; vOtha; tpspg; nghUs;

MWUG ,il chp mLf;fpit njhfhepiy (ed; : 374)
vd;Dk; E}w;gh njhfh epiyj; njhlhpd; tiffis tpsf;FfpwJ.
tO> tohepiy> tO mikjp
nrhy;yjpfhuj;jpd; eLtpy; mike;j ,ay; nghJtpay; vd;gij mwpNthk;.

mt;tpay; ehy;tifr; nrhw;fSf;Fk; nghJthd nghUs; epiyfs; gytw;iw
tpsf;FtJ MFk;. mtw;wpy; xU gFjp tO vd;gJ gw;wpa ,yf;fzkhFk;. njhif
epiy> njhfhepiy> nghUs; Nfhs;> xd;nwhop nghJr; nrhy; Kjyhdtw;Wf;F
xg;ghf tO njhlh;ghd ,yf;fzq;fSk; njhlhpay; Nehf;Filait. XU njhlhpy;
Fw;wk; ,y;yhj nrhw;nghUs; mikg;ig cWjpg;gLj;Jtjhf ,g;gFjp tpsq;FfpwJ.
120
tOepiy – tohepiy
xU njhlh; Kiwahf ,yf;fz newpg;gb miktJk; mjhtJ Kbf;fg;gLk;

nrhw;fNshL Kbf;Fk; nrhw;fs; khWghL ,y;yhky; miktJk; toh epiy MFk;.
v.fh- KUfd; te;jhd;

KUfd; vd; jk;gp
,j;njhlh;fs; ,yf;fz Kiwapy; Kiwahf ,yf;fz newpg;gb mike;Js;sd.
m/jhtJ Kbf;fg;gLk; nrhw;fNshL Kbf;Fk; nrhw;fs; khWghL ,y;yhky;
njhlh;fpd;wd. vdNt ,it toh epiy vdg;gLk;.
v.fh- KUfd; te;jJ

KUfd; vd; jq;if
,j;njhlh;fs; vOtha;f;F Vw;w gadpiyapd;wpj; jpizAk; ghYk; tOtp ,yf;fz
newpapd;wp mike;Js;sd. ,J tO MFk;.
jUkh; mwj;ijr; nra;thh;

,uz;L fz;Zk; rpte;jJ
,j;njhlh;fs; ,yf;fz newpapd;wp mike;Js;sd. mjhtJ jUkh; vd;w ngah;
gyh;ghy; Kbtpitg; ngw;Ws;sJ. ,uz;L fz;Zk; rpte;jJ vdg; gd;ikf;F xUik
KbT te;Js;sJ vd;whYk; ,t;thW mikjy; mjpf Fw;wk; ,y;iy vdg;
nghpNahuhy; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,t;thW xU tOit tOtpd;wp
mikj;jpsahf Vw;Wf;nfhs;tJ tO mikjp MFk;.
tO – tiffs;
jpiz> ghy;> ,lk;> fhyk;> tpil> tpdh> kuG Mfpa VOk; Kiw jtwp
tUk;nghOJ mit tOthf mikAk;. ,jdbg;gilapy; tO VO tifg;gLk;.
mtw;iw mwptJ mtrpak;.
v.fh- mg;gh te;jJ - jpiz tO (cah;jpizf;F m/wpiz KbT te;jJ).
rpWtd; rphpj;jhs; - ghy; tO (Mz;ghYf;F ngz;ghy; KbT te;jJ).
ehd; nrhd;dhd; - ,ltO (jd;ikf;Fg; glh;f;if KbT te;jJ)
ehis te;Njd; - fhy tO (vjph;fhyj;Jf;F ,we;jfhy KbT te;jJ).
fwg;gJ gRth fhisah? - ,J tpdh tO (fwg;gJ vd;whNy gRthfNt

,Uf;f KbAk; tpdhNt gpio).
nrd;idf;F top Nfl;lhy;> vz;nza; vOgJ &gha; vd;gJ - tpil tO

121
(Nfl;l tpdhTf;Fg; nghUe;jhj tpiliar; nrhy;tJ).
ML Nka;g;gtidg; ghfd; vd;gJ – kuG tO (ML Nka;g;gtid ,ilad;

vd;gJ kuG. mJ khwp cs;sJ).
vdNt ,UjpizAk; Ik;ghYk; %tplKk; Kf;fhyKk; tpdhTk; tpilAk; gy;tif

kuGk; Mfpa VOk; kaq;fpj; jj;jk; Kiw khwp te;jhy; tOthFk;.
jpizNa ghyplk; nghOJ tpdhtpil

kughk; VOk; kaq;fpdhk; tONt (ed; : 375)
tpdh jpiz ghy;fspy; tOthik
xd;wpid fz;lJk; jpizapy; Iak; vOk;nghOJ ,uz;bw;Fk; nghJthd

nrhy;yhy; tpdTjy; Ntz;Lk;. jpiz my;yJ ghy; NtWghL Jzpa Kbahj
,lq;fspy; nghJr; nrhy;yhy; Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;.
mq;Nf Njhd;Wk; cU fy;yh? kdpjdh? (jpiz)
Mzh ngz;zh mq;Nf Njhd;Wgth;? (ghy;) - cah;jpiz
xd;wh gyth ,t;tay; GFe;j khL? (ghy;) - m/wpiz
,j;njhlh;fis ,U jpizf;Fk; nghJthfpa cU vd;Dk; nrhy;yhy; tpdTjy;

Ntz;Lk;.
kuf;fl;ilNah kfNdh?
,jpy; Njhd;Wk; cU mbg;gilapy; ,U jpizf;Fk; nghJthd nrhy;yhy; tpdTjy;

mtrpak;. ,t;thW $whky; kuf;fl;ilNah kfNdh Njhd;WfpwJ vd;Nwh
kuf;fl;ilNah kfNdh Njhd;Wfpwhd; vd;Nwh rpwg;Gr; nrhy;yhy; tpdtpdhy; mJ
jpiz tOTk; tpdh tOTkhf mikAk;.
MNzh ngz;Nzh vd ghypy; Iak; Njhd;Wk;nghOJ ,U ghYf;Fk;

nghJthd nrhy;yhy; tpdTjy; Ntz;Lk;. mjhtJ MNzh ngz;Nzh mq;Nf
Njhd;Wfpd;wth; vd;Dk; nghJr; nrhy;yhy; tpdTjy; Ntz;Lk;. my;yhky;
Njhd;Wfpd;wtd; vd;Nwh> Njhd;Wfpd;wts; vd;Nwh tpdtpdhy; mJ ghy; tOTk;
tpdh tOTkhf mikAk;.
Xd;wh gyth vd m/wpizapy; Iak; Njhd;Wk;nghOJ ,UghYf;Fk;

nghJthd nrhy;yhy; tpdTjy; Ntz;Lk;. mjhtJ xd;wh gyth ngw;wk;? vd
122
,UghYf;Fk; nghJthd ngw;wk; vd;Dk; nghJr; nrhy;yhy; tpdTjy; Ntz;Lk;.
khwhf xd;Nwh gyNth GFe;jJ vd;Nwh xd;Nwh gyNth GFe;jd vd;Nwh rpwg;Gr;
nrhy;yhy; tpdtpdhy; mJ ghy; tOTk; tpdh tOTkhf mikAk;.
tpil jpiz ghy;fspy; tOthik
Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l tpdhf;fSf;F tpil tOthky; mika Ntz;Lkhapd; jpiz

Iaj;jpd;fz; cz;ikahfj; Jzpag;gl;l nghUspd; Nky; my;yhj jd;ik itj;J
tpil $Wjy; Ntz;Lk;.
v.fh- kfdd;W kuf;fl;il
,jpy; kuf;fl;il my;y kfd; vd jpiz Iaj;jpd;fz; cz;ikahfj; Jzpag;gl;l

nghUspd; Nky; my;yhj jd;ik itj;J tpil $Wjy; Ntz;Lk;.
mt;thNw cah;jpizapy; ghy; Iaj;jpdhy; vOk; tpdhtpw;F tpilahf

ngz;kfsy;ys; Mz;kfd;> Mz;kfdy;yd; ngz;kfs; vd tpil mikjy;
Ntz;Lk;.
m/wpizg;ghy; Iaj;jpdhy; vOk; tpdhtpw;F tpilahf gytd;W xd;W

vd;Wk; xd;wy;y gy vd;Wk; tpil gfh;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,t;tpilNa tOtpd;wp
mikAk;
vdNt jpizg; nghUspYk; ghy; nghUspYk; Iak; Njhd;wpatplj;J mjid

mfj;jpizfSf;Fk; ghy;fSf;Fk; nghJr; nrhy;yhYk; cz;ikahfj; Jzpe;j
nghUspd;Nky; my;yhj jd;ikia itj;Jk; tpsq;ff; $wNtz;Lk;.
Iak; jpizghy; mt;tg; nghJtpDk;

Nkajphp nghUs;Nky; mz;ikAk; tpsk;Gt (ed; : 376)
jpiztO mikjp
cah;jpiz vOtha;f;Fhpa gadpiyNahL nghUs;> ,lk;> fhyk;> rpid>

Fzk;> njhopy; vd;Dk; Mwpd; mbahfg; gpwf;Fk; m/wpiz vOthAk; cah;jpiz
vOthNahL Nrh;j;J Kbf;fg;gLk;. ,J jpiz tOtikjp MFk;.
v.fh- fz;zg;gd; md;G nghpad;
,yf;Ftd; kdk; J}ad;
123
,q;F ‘md;’ vd;Dk; m/wpiz vOtha; fz;zg;gd; vd;Dk; cah;jpiz
vOthapdJ gadpiyahfpa ‘nghpad;’ vd;Dk; cah;jpizf; Fwpg;G tpidKw;W
nfhz;L Kbe;jJ. kdk; vd;gJk; mt;thNw Kbe;jJ.
v.fh - ek;gp nghd; nghpad; - nghUs;
ek;gp ehL nghpad; - ,lk;
ek;gp tho;ehs; nghpad; - fhyk;
ek;gp %f;Ff; $hpad; - rpid
ek;gp Fbik ey;yd; - Fzk;
ek;gp eil fbad; - njhopy;
vdNt cah;jpiz vOthiar; rhh;e;J tUk; m/wpizg; nghUshjp MWk; mt;

cah; jpizNahL rhh;j;jpf; $wpd; cah;jpiz Kbitg;ngWk;.
cah;jpiz njhlh;e;j nghUs; Kjy;MWk;

mjNdhL rhh;j;jpd; mj;jpiz Kbgpd; (ed; : 377)
jpiz ghy; kuG tOtikjp
xU njhlhpy; gynghUs; fye;J tUk;nghOJ jpiz> ghy;> kuG Mfpad

tOtikjp ngWk;. mtw;iw mwptJ mtrpak;.
jpiz
KUfDk; kapYk; te;jdh;
,j;njhlhpy; cah;jpizAk; m/wpizAk; fye;J rpwg;gpdhy; te;jdh; vd;w

cah;jpiz Kbitg; ngw;Ws;sJ.
ghh;g;ghh; mwNthh; gR gj;jpdpg; ngz;bh;

%j;Njhh; Fotp naDkptiuf; iftpl;L
,j;njhlhpy; m/wpiziaf; (gR) fhl;bYk; cah;jpizg; ngah;fs; kpFjpahf
te;Js;sjhy; ‘,th;’ vd cah;jpiz Kbitg; ngw;W te;Js;sJ.
%h;f;fDk; KjiyAk; nfhz;lJ tplh
124
vd;gjpy; ,UjpizAk; fye;J ,optpdhy; tplh vd m/wpiz KbT ngw;Ws;sJ.
,t;thW cah;jpizAk; m/wpizAk; kaq;fp epw;Fkplj;J tOtpd;wp Vw;Wf;
nfhs;sg;gLtJ jpiz tOtikjp MFk;.
ghy;
‘ehDk; NjUk; ghfDk; te;njd; eyDz;lhd;’
vd;gjpy; Mz;ghYk; xd;wd;ghYk; tputpr; rpwg;ghy; Mz;ghy; KbT mike;Js;sJ.

,t;thW ghy; tOTk;nghOJ tOtpd;wp Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gltJ ghy; tOtikjp
MFk;.
kuG
fwpAk; NrhWk; cz;lhd;

khiyAk; KbAk; ftpj;jhd;
vd;gtw;wpy; ntt;NtW tpidfSf;F chpa gy nghUl;fs; fye;J rpwg;gpdhy;

cz;lhd;> ftpj;jhd; vd xU nghUSf;Fhpa KbT mike;Js;sJ. ,jpy; kuG tO>
tOtpd;wp mikjpahf Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg; gl;Ls;sjhy; kuG tOtikjp MFk;.
vdNt jpizfSk; ghy;fSk; ntt;NtW tpidfSf;Fhpa gy nghUl;fSk;

xd;Nwhld;W fye;J xU njhluhf tUkhapd; mit rpwg;gpd; fhuzkhfTk; kpFjp
fhuzkhfTk; ,opT fhuzkhfTk; xU Kbitg; ngWkhapd; mJ jpiz> ghy;>
kuGfSf;Fhpa tOtikjpahFk;.
jpizghy; nghUs;gy tputpd; rpwg;gpDk;

kpftpDk; ,opgpDk; xU Kb gpdNt (ed; : 378)
jpiz ghy; tOtikjp
jpizAk; ghYk; tOtikjp ngWtJ jpiz ghy; tOtikjp vdf;

Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. ,jid mwptJ mtrpak;.
jpiz
‘vd; mk;ik te;jhs;’ vd xU gRitf; Fwpg;gpLtJ ctg;gpdhy; cah;jpiz

ngw;wJ.
‘jk; nghs nsd;g jk;kf;fs;’ vd;gJ rpwg;gpdhy; cah;jpiz m/wpizahapw;W
125
‘Ngh ksT Nkhh; Neha;’ vd;gJ Nfhgj;jpdhy; cah;jpiz m/wpizahapw;W.
‘ehk; murdJ cilik’ vd;gJ ,optpdhy; cah;jpiz m/wpizahapw;W
ghy;
‘vd; mk;ik te;jhs;’ vd jd; Gjy;tidf; $Wjy; xUikg; ghy; Mz;ghy;

ngz;ghyhapw;W.
‘xUtid mth; te;jhh;’ vd;gJ cah;tpdhy; xUikg;ghy; gd;ikg;ghyhapw;W
‘jha; %Nto; cyFf;Fk; jhNa’ vd;gJ rpwg;gpdhy; Mz;ghy;

ngz;ghyhapw;W.
‘vidj; JizauhapD nkd;dhk; jpidj; JizAk; Njuhd; gpwdpy; Gfy;

vd;gJ Nfhgj;jpdhy; xUik Kbitg; ngw;Ws;sJ.
ngz; topr; nry;gtid ,td; nghl;il (ngz;)
vd;gJ ,optpdhy; ngz;ghyhapw;W
vdNt kfpo;r;rp> cah;T> rpwg;G> rpdk;> vs;sy; fhuzkhfj; jpizAk; ghYk;

tOtp tUjy; cz;L. mt;thWthpd; mjid ,ay;ghfNt nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
ctg;gpDk; cah;tpDk; rpwg;gpDk; nrwypDk;

,opg;gpDk; ghy;jpiz ,Of;fpDk; ,ay;Ng (ed; : 379)
vz; ,l tOtikjp
xUikg; ghypy; gd;ikg; ghy; nrhy;iyAk; gd;ikg; ghypy; xUikg;ghy;

nrhy;iyAk; %tplq;fspy; xd;wpw;Fhpa nrhy;ypy; gpw ,lq;fSf;Fhpa nrhw;fisAk;
tputpf; $WtJ vz; kw;Wk; ,l tOtikjp MFk;.
vz;
,yf;fzj;jpy; xUikg; gd;ik vd;Dk; ,uz;Lk; vz; vdg;gLk;. ,jpy;

Vw;gLk; gpio vz; tO MFk;. ,jid tOtpd;wp Vw;Wf; nfhs;tJ
tOtikjpahFk;. ,jid rhd;W fhl;b tpsf;fyhk;.
ntapy; vy;yhk; kiwj;jJ Nkfk;
126
vd;gjpy; ntapy; vd;Dk; xUikg;ghypy; vy;yhk; vd;Dk; gd;ikg;ghy; Nrh;j;Jf;
$wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J xUik gd;ik kaf;fk; MFk;. NkYk;
,uz;L fz;Zk; rpte;jJ
vd;gjpy; ,uz;L vd;Dk; gd;ik rpte;jJ vd xUik KbTld; te;Js;sJ. ,JTk;

xUikg; gd;ik kaf;fk; MFk;. ,t;thW tOthd xUikg; gd;ik kaf;fk;
tOtpd;wp Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;lhy; mJ vz; tOtikjp MFk;.
,lk;
jd;ik> Kd;dpiy> glh;f;if Mfpait ,yf;fzj;jpy; %tplkhFk;. ,k;

%tplq;fis czh;j;Jk; nrhw;fspy; Vw;gLk; gpio ,l tOthFk;. ,jid
mikjpahf Vw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;F ,l tOtikjp vd;W ngah;.
mKjd; jha; ,it nra;tNjh
vd;Dk; njhlh; mKjd; jhahfpa ahd; vd jd;ik ,lkhf tUjy; Ntz;Lk;.

Mdhy; jha; vd glh;f;if ,lj;jpy; te;Js;sJ. ,J jd;ik gd;ik kaf;fk;
MFk;.
vk;gpia <q;f ngw;Nwd;
vd;gJ epd;id <q;f ngw;Nwd; vd Kd;dpiyg; nghUspy; tUjy; Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy;

vk;gp vd glh;f;if ,lj;jpy; te;Js;sJ. vdNt ,J Kd;dpiy glh;f;if kaf;fk;
MFk;.
ePNah mtNdh ahhpJ nra;jhh;
ahNdh mtNdh ahhpJ nra;jhh;
ePNah ahNdh ahhpJ nra;jhh;
ePNah mtNdh ahNdh ahhpJ nra;jhh;
,tw;wpy; ,lk; vd;gJ tputp Xh; ,lj;jpw;Fg; gjpyhf gpw ,lk; te;Js;sijf;
fhzyhk;. ,t;thW xUikg; ghypy; gd;ikg; ghy; nrhy;iyAk; gd;ikg; ghypy;
xUikg;ghy; nrhy;iyAk; %tplq;fspy; xd;wpw;Fhpa nrhy;ypy; gpw ,lq;fSf;Fhpa
nrhw;fisAk; tputpf; $Wjy; ,l tOtikjp MFk;. ,jid>
xUikapw; gd;ikAk; gd;ikapd; xUikAk;

Xhplk; gpwtplk; jOtYk; csNt (ed; : 380)
vd;Dk; E}w;gh thapyhf tpsq;fpf;nfhs;syhk;.

127
,lk; tOthik fhj;jy;
%tplq;fis czh;j;Jk; nrhw;fspy; gpioapd;wp my;yJ kaf;fkpd;wp fhj;jy;

,yf;fzj;jpy; Kf;fpa ,lk; ngWfpwJ.
juy;> tuy;> nfhil> nryy; vd;Dk; ehd;F nrhw;fSk; glh;f;if Vw;Fk;.

,tw;wpy; juy;> tuy; vd;gdtw;iw jd;ik Kd;dpiyfs; Vw;Fk;. ,t;thW miktJ
,lk; tOthky; fhf;Fk;. ,jid>
juy; tuy; nfhil nryy; rhUk; glh;f;if

vOtha; ,uz;Lk; vQ;rpa Vw;Fk; (ed; : 381)
vd;Dk; E}w;gh thapyhf tpsq;fpf;nfhs;syhk;.
mtDf;Fj; je;jhd; ---------- juy;
mtdplj;J te;jhd; ---------- tuy; glh;f;if
mtDf;Ff; nfhLj;jhd; ---------- nfhil
mtdplj;Jr; nrd;whd; --------- nryy;
vdf;Fj; je;jhd; ---------- juy;
vd;dplj;J te;jhd; ---------- tuy; jd;ik
cdf;Fj; je;jhd; ---------- juy;
cd;dplj;J te;jhd; ----------- tuy; Kd;dpiy
,tw;wpd; thapyhf juy;> tuy;> nfhil> nryy; vd;Dk; ehd;fpDs; glh;f;ifapy;

,lk; ngWk;. MapDk; nfhil nryy; vd;Dk; ,uz;Lk; glh;f;iff;Nf rpwg;ghf
miktdthFk;.
juy;> tuy; vd;gd glh;f;iff;F rpwg;Gilad my;y. vdpDk; mit jd;ik

Kd;dpiyapy; mike;J tUk;.
mt;thNw nfhil> tuy; vd;gd jd;ik Kd;dpiyapy; ,lk; ngwhJ. NkYk; ,it
mhpjhf Kiwjtwp vdf;Ff; nfhLj;jhd;> epd;ghy; nrd;whd; vd tUk;. ,J ,l
tOtikjp MFk;.
fhyk;
,yf;fzj;jpy; fhyk; vd;gJ ,we;j fhyk;> epfo; fhyk;> vjph; fhyk; vd

%tifg;gLk;. ,jid xh; ml;ltiz thapyhf tpsf;fyhk;.
128
fhyk;
,we;j fhyk; epfo; fhyk; vjph; fhyk;
,jid
,wg;G vjph;T epfo;ntd fhyk; %d;Nw (ed; : 382)
vDk; E}w;gh tpthpf;fpd;wJ.
fhy tOtikjp
xU fhyj;ij czh;j;j Ntz;ba nrhy;Yf;Fg; gjpyhf kw;nwhU fhyj;ij

czh;j;Jk; nrhy; vLj;jhsg;gLtJ fhy tOthFk;. ,jid tOtpd;wp Vw;Wf;
nfhs;tJ fhy tOtikjpahFk;. nghJthf jk; njhopypy; ,ilawhky; %d;W
fhyq;fspYk; xNu jd;ik ciladthf epfOk; nghUl;fis epfo; fhyj;jpy;
Fwpg;gJ tof;fkhFk;.
v.fh – kiy epw;fpd;wJ
flTs; mspf;fpd;whh;
nja;tk; ,Uf;fpd;wJ
,q;F kiyf;F epw;wYk; flTSf;F mspj;jYk; nja;tj;jpw;F ,Uj;jYk;

Kf;fhyj;jpw;Fk; nghUe;Jk; ,ay;ghFk;. Mdhy; epfo; fhyj;jpy; Fwpj;jpUg;gJ
tOtikjpahf Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. vdNt %d;W fhyq;fspYk; epfOk;
njhopiy epfo; fhyj;jpy; Fwpg;gJ tOtpd;ik MFk;. ,jid>
Kf;fh yj;jpdk; xj;jpay; ngUisr;

nrg;Gth; epfOk; fhyj;jhNd (ed; :383)
vd;Dk; E}w;gh tpthpf;fpd;wJ.
fhy tOtikjp mikAk; Kiw
fhy tOtikjp mikAk; Kiwapid rpy rhd;Wfs; thapyhf tpsq;fpf;

nfhs;syhk;.
‘,e;jf; fhl;L topapy; nry;thahapd; ifg; nghUis ,oe;jha;’
vd;gjpy; fhl;L topapy; Nruyhy; ifg; nghUs; ,oj;jy; ngUk;ghYk;

eilngWtjhFk;. vdNt ,q;F vjph;fhyk; ,we;j fhykhff; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
129
,t;thW xU fhyj;jpw;Fhpaij kw;nwhU fhyj;jpdhy; Fwpg;gJ tOthapDk; mJ
tOtikjpahff; nfhssg;gLk;.
v.fh – 1. mioj;Jg; Nghf te;jtd; cz;L nfhz;bUg;gtid ‘eP ,d;Dk;

cz;ztpy;iyah’ vd Nfl;Fk; nghOJ mtd;> ‘,Njh cz;L tpl;Nld;’
vd;ghd;. cz;zg; NghfpwtDk; mt;thNw $Wthd;. ,jpy; tpiuT
mbg;gilapy; vjph; fhyKk; epfo; fhyKk; ,we;j fhykhf
mike;Js;sd.
2. ‘fsT nra;a epidapd; ifaWg;Gz;lhd;’ vd;gJ kpFjp mbg;gilapy;

vjph;fhyk; ,we;j fhykhf te;Js;sJ.
3. ‘vWk;G Kl;il nfhz;L jpl;ilNawpd; kio nga;jJ’ vd;gJ njspT

mbg;gilapy; vjph;fhyk; ,we;j fhykhapw;W.
4. ‘ahk; gz;L tpisahLtJ ,r;Nrhiy> ahk; gz;L tpisahLfpwJ

,r;Nrhiy’. ,jpy; fhuzk; VJkpd;wp ,ay;gpdhy; ,we;j fhyk; vjph;
fhykhfTk; epfo; fhykhfTk; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
vdNt kpFjp> tpiuT> njspT> ,ay;G Kjypatw;why; xU fhyj;ij kw;nwhU

fhykhff; $WtJ fhy tOthapDk; fhy tOtikjpahff; nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.
,jid
tpiutpDk; kpFtpDk; njsptpDk; ,ay;gpDk;
gpwTk; ngW}ck;Kf; fhyKk; Vw;Gop (ed; : 384)
tpdh
tpdh MW tifg;gLk;. ,jid mWtif tpdh vd;gh;. ,jid
mwptpdh
mwpahtpdh
mWtif tpdh Iatpdh
nfhsy;tpdh
nfhiltpdh
Vty;tpdh
130
vd;Dk; ml;ltiz thapyhf mwpayhk;. ,tw;iw tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tJ mtrpak;.
mwpT mwpahik IAsy; nfhsy;nfhil

Vty; jUk;tpdh MWk; ,Of;fhh;. (ed; : 385)
mwptpdh
jdf;Fj; njhpe;j xd;iw mwpe;Jnfhs;s njhpahjthplk; tpdTjy; mwptpdh

MFk;.
v.fh – Mrphpah; khzthplk; jdf;Fj; njhpe;j xd;iw mwpAk; nghUl;L> ‘,jd;

nghUs;
ahJ?’ vd tpdTjiyf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
mwpah tpdh
jdf;Fj; njhpahj xd;iw mwpe;Jnfhs;s njhpe;jthplk; tpdTjy; mwpahtpdh

MFk;.
v.fh – khztd; Mrphpahplk; jdf;Fj; njhpahj xd;iw mwpAk; nghUl;L> ,jd;

nghUs; ahJ ? vd mikAk; tpdhf;fisf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
Iatpdh
Iak; Vw;gLj;Jk; xd;iw mwpAk; nghUl;L tpdTjy; Iatpdh MFk;.
v.fh – mq;Nf fplg;gJ ghk;Ngh fapNwh? vd mikAk; tpdhf;fisf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
nfhsy;tpdh
xU nghUisg; ngWtjw;fhf tpdTjy; nfhsy;tpdh MFk;.
v.fh – xUth; filapy; nrd;W ‘cg;G cs;sNjh tzpfNu?’ vd tpdTtijf;

Fwpg;gplyhk;.
nfhiltpdh
xU nghUis kw;nwhUtUf;Ff; nfhLf;Fk; nghUl;L tpdTjy; nfhiltpdh

MFk;.
v.fh – xUth; kw;nwhUthplk; ‘cdf;F czT Ntz;Lkh?’ vd tpdTjiyf;

Fwpg;gplyhk;.
131
Vty;tpdh
xUth; kw;nwhUtiu xU gzpapd; nghUl;L VTjy; nghUspy; tpdTjy;

Vty;tpdh MFk;.
v.fh – xUth; kw;nwhUthplk; ‘eP ,d;Dk; czT cz;ztpy;iyah ?’ vd

tpdTjiyf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
mwpjYk; mwpahikAk; Iag;gLjYk; nfhs;SjYk; nfhLj;jYk; VTjYk;

Mfpa mWtifg; nghUisAk; jUtjhy; mWtif tpdhf;fs; vd
miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
tpil
xUth; tpdTk; tpdhtpw;F kw;nwhUth; gjpy; $WtJ tpil MFk;. ,J vl;L

tifg;gLk;. vdNt ,jid vz;tif tpil vd Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdh;. ,jid Xh;
ml;ltiz thapyhf mwpayhk;.
Rl;L tpil
Neh; tpil
kiw tpil
vz;tif tpil Vty; tpil
tpdhjy; tpil
cw;wJ ciuj;jy; tpil
cWtJ $wy; tpil
,dnkhop tpil
,tw;iw rhd;Wld; tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tJ mtrpak;. ,jid
Rl;Lkiw Neh; Vty; tpdhTjy;

cw;wJ ciuj;jy; cUtJ $wy;
,dnkhop vDk;vz; ,iwAs; ,Wjp
epytpa Ie;Jk; mg;nghUz;ikapd; Neh;g (ed; : 386)
Rl;L tpil
xU nghUis Rl;bf; fhl;Lk; tpil Rl;L tpil MFk;.
v.fh – gy;fiyf; fofj;;jpw;F top ahJ? vd;Dk; tpdhtpw;F ‘top ,J’ vd Rl;bf;
132
fhl;LtJ Rl;Ltpil MFk;.
Neh; tpil
xU tpdhtpw;F Neubahf tpil $WtJ Neh; tpil MFk;.
v.fh – eP tUthah? vd;Dk; tpdhtpw;F ‘ehd; tUNtd;’ vd $WtJ Neh; tpil

MFk;.
kiw tpil
xU tpdhtpw;F kiwKfkhf tpil $WtJ kiw tpil MFk;.
v.fh – eP gbg;ghah? vd;Dk; tpdhtpw;F ‘gbNad;’ vd $WtJ kiw tpil MFk;.
Vty; tpil
xU tpdhtpw;F Vty; nghUspy; tpil $WtJ Vty; tpil MFk;.
v.fh – eP gbg;ghah vd;Dk; tpdhtpw;F ‘eP gb’ vd $WtJ Vty; tpil MFk;.
tpdhjy; tpil
xU tpdhtpw;F kw;nwhU tpdhtpid tpilahff; $WtJ tpdhjy; tpil

MFk;.
v.fh – eP gbg;ghah? vd;Dk; tpdhtpw;F ‘ehd; gbg;Ngdh’ vd $WtJ tpdhjy;

tpil
MFk;.
cw;wJ ciuj;jy; tpil
xU tpdhtpw;F jdf;F Vw;gl;l epiyapid tpilahff; $WtJ cw;wJ

ciuj;jy; tpil MFk;.
v.fh – eP tUthah? vd;Dk; tpdhtpw;F ‘fhy; typj;jJ’ vd $WtJ cw;wJ

ciuj;jy; tpil MFk;.
cWtJ $wy; tpil
xU tpdhtpw;F jdf;F Vw;gLk; epiyapid tpilahff; $WtJ cWtJ

$wy; tpil MFk;.
v.fh - eP tUthah? vd;Dk; tpdhtpw;F ‘fhy; typf;Fk;’ vd $WtJ cWtJ $wy;

tpil MFk;.
133
,d nkhop tpil
xU tpdhtpw;Fj; njhlh;Gila kw;nwhU nraiy tpilahff; $WtJ

,dnkhop tpil MFk;.
v.fh - eP tUthah? vd;Dk; tpdhtpw;F ‘Ntz;Lkhdhy; tPl;Lf;Fr; nry;fpNwd;’ vd

$WtJ ,dnkhop tpil MFk;.
Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l vz;tif tpilAs; Rl;L> Neh;> kiw Mfpa %d;Wk; tpilia

ntspg;gilahfj; jUtdthFk;. vdNt ,tw;iw nrt;tz; ,iw vd;gh;. Vty;>
tpdhjy;> cw;wJ ciuj;jy;> cWtJ $wy;> ,dnkhop Mfpa Ie;Jk; Fwpg;ghf
tpil jUtdthFk;. vdNt ,iw gag;gd vd;gh;. vz;tif tpilfspy; <w;wpy;
,lk;ngWk; Ie;Jk; mt;tpilg; nghUisj; jUtjhy; mtw;iwAk; mwpQh;fs;
tpilfshfNt mikj;Jf; $Wfpd;wdh;.
tpdh tpilfspd; Kd; Kjy; rpid tOthik
tpdTjypd; NghJk; tpil $Wjypd; NghJk; rpidAk; KjYk; kaq;fp

epw;gjpy;iy. ,jid
tpdhtpDk; nrg;gpDk; tputh rpid Kjy; (ed; : 387)
vd;Dk; E}w;gh thapyhf tpsq;fpf; nfhs;syhk;. ,J tpdh – tpil ,uz;bYk;

rpidAk; KjYk; kaq;Fjy; (khWjy;) $lhJ vd;gij typAWj;JfpwJ.
v.fh – fz; gpwo;ej

; Njh
ek;gp ey;yNdh?
vd tpdtpdhy; fz; gpwo;e;jJ. ek;gp ey;yd; vd tpil mikAk;.
fz; gpwo;ej
; Njh vd rpidia tpdTthd; mjid xopj;Jf; fz;
cilahisf; fUj;jpy; nfhz;L ,ts; gpwo;ej
; hNsh vdf; Nfl;lYk; ,ts;
gpwo;e;jhs; vdf; $wYk; tpilahf mikAk;nghOJ tOthFk;. ,t;thW
tpdTthDk; nrg;GthDk; Kjiy xopj;J rpidia tpdTjYk; nrg;GjYk;
tOty;y.
vdNt tpdTjw; fz;Zk; tpilnfhLj;jy; fz;Zk; rpidAjk; KjYk; xw;Wik

fUjp kaq;ff; $wg;gLtjpy;iy vdyhk;.
134
kuG
kuG vdg;gLtJ fhyk; fhykhf khwhky; rhd;Nwhh;fshy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLk;

tof;fhWfs; MFk;. cah;e;Njhh; ve;jg; nghUis ve;jr; nrhy;yhy; $wpdhh;fNsh
mt;thNw njhlh;e;J $WtJ kughFk; vd ed;D}yhh; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;. ,jid
vg;nghUs; vr;nrhypd; vt;thW cah;e;Njh;

nrg;gpdh; mg;gbr; nrg;Gjy; kuNg (ed; :388)
vd;Dk; E}w;ghthy; mwpayhk;.
v.fh – gRf;fd;W> njd;dk;gps;is> Fjpiuf;Fl;b> vypf;FQ;R Kjypad

njhd;W njhl;L toq;fp tUk; kuG. ,it gpioahd nrhw;nwhluhf ,Ug;gJ Nghy;
mikapDk; kughf toq;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.
kuG tohepiy
kuG khwhky; nrhw;fs; toq;fg;gLtij typAWj;JtJ kuG tohepiy

MFk;. ,jw;F rpy tpjpfs; cs;sd. mit kuG tohepiyapid njspT
gLj;Jfpd;wd. mtw;iw mwptJ mtrpak;.
ntt;NtW tpidf;Fhpa gy nghUl;fis cs;slf;fp epw;Fk; nghJr;

nrhy;Yf;F nghJ tpid nfhz;L Kbf;f Ntz;Lk;.
v.fh - mzp mzpe;jhh;
mzp vd;gJ ftpj;jy;> fl;Ljy;> ,Ljy;> njhLjy;> G+Zjy; Kjypatw;wpw;Fg;

nghJthf mikfpwJ. vdNt ntt;ntW tpidfSf;Fhpa gy nghUl;fisAk; jOtp
epw;Fk; nghJr; nrhy;Yk; rpwg;ghd gytw;iw vz;zp epw;Fk; gy nrhw;fSk; xU
nghJ tpidapdhy; Kbf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,J tOthky; fhj;jy; vDk; epiyapy;
ifahsg;gLfpwJ. ,jid
NtWtpid gy;nghUs; jOtpa nghJr;nrhy;Yk;

NtWmtw;W vz;Zk;Xh; nghJtpid Ntz;Lk; (ed; : 389)
vd;Dk; E}w;gh tpthpf;fpd;wJ. mbrpy; mapd;whh; (czT cz;lhh;) vd;gJk;

mt;thNw nghJ tpid KbthFk;.
rpwg;G tpid tohepiy
gynghUs; xU nrhy;iy NtWgLj;jp mwptjw;Fr; rpwg;Gr; nrhy;yhfpa

milnkhop nfhLj;J $WtJ kuG tohky; fhj;jy; MFk;. ,it Rl;Lk; nghUisj;
njspthf mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;. ,jid>
135
tpidr;rhh;G ,dk;,lk; Nktp tpsq;fhg;
gynghUs; xUnrhy; gzpg;gh; rpwg;G vLj;Nj (ed; : 390)
vDk; E}w;ghtpdhy; mwpayhk;.
v.fh - kh XbaJ (kh – tpyq;F)

kh G+j;jJ (kh – kuk;)
kh tPo; kyh; (kh – tz;L)
gha; kh (tpyq;F)
fha; kh (kuk;)
,tw;wpy; kh vd;gJ gy nghUs; xU nrhy; MFk;. ,jDld; rpwg;Gr; nrhy; NrUk;

nghOJ ,tw;wpw;fpilapyhd NtWghL Gyg;gLfpwJ.
Xyp NtWghl;lhy; nghUs; JzpT
nrhy;Yk; nghUSk; njsptpd;wp epw;Fk; njhlh; nkhopfis ,ir eak;

Njhd;wg; gphpj;Jf; $Wjy; kughFk;. vOj;jpd; jd;ik NtWglhky; nghhUs;
NtWgl;L nrhy;Yk; nghUSk; IAw epw;Fk; Kiwapdhy; mjd; nghUs; KbT
nra;ag;gLk;. ,jid>
vOj;jpay; jphpah nghUs;jphp Gzh;nkhop

,irj;jphp ghy;njsp nta;Jk; vd;g (ed; : 391)
vd;Dk; E}w;ghtpdhy; mwpayhk;.
v.fh – Fd;W Vwh kh – Fd;W VW Mkh
FWk;gh mk;G – FWk;guk;G
nrk;nghd; gjpd; njhb - nrk;G xd;gjpd; njhb
vd ,uz;L epiyfspy; nghUs; tpsq;fp epw;Fk;. ,tw;wpy; ,ir mWj;Jf;

$Wk;nghOJ mit Rl;Lk; nghUis njspthf mwpe;J nfhs;s KbAk;.
kuG tohepiyAk; tOtikjpAk;
xU nghUs; Nky; gy ngah;fs; mLf;fpf; $Wk; nghOJ nghUs; xd;Nw

vDk; epiyapy; Kbf;Fk; nrhy; xd;iwf; nfhLj;Jf; $WtJz;L. ,J kuG tohky;
fhj;jy; MFk;. ,jid>
xUnghUs; Nkw;gy ngah;thpd; ,Wjp

xUtpid nfhLg;g jzpAk; xNutop (ed; : 392)
136
v.fh - Mrphpad; gd;D}w; Gytd; nre;jkpo;f;Fhprpy; ,sq;Fkudhh; te;jhh;.

ghz;bad; gy;ahf rhiy KJFLkpg; ngUtOjp ,td;.
,j;njhlh;fis Mrphpad; te;jhd;> gd;D}w; Gytd; te;jhd;> nre;jkpo;f;Fhprpy;

te;jhd;> ,sq;Fkud; te;jhd; vd;Nwh ghz;bad; ,td;> KJFLkp ,td;> ngUtOjp
,td; vd;Nwh. jdpj;jdp nrhy;yhy; Kbj;jhy; mit gy nghUs; cilajhfptpLk;.
vdNt ,j;njhlh;fs; te;jhd;> ,td; vd;Dk; xU nrhy;yhy; Kbf;fg;gl;L xNu
nghUis kl;LNk czh;j;jpd.
,aw;ngah; tUk; ,lk;
xU nghUs; njhlh;ghd gy ngah;fs; tUkhdhy;> midj;Jk; xd;Nw vd;gJ

Njhd;w ,Wjpapy; Kbf;Fk; nrhy; xd;W kl;Lk; mikj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. jpizAk;
epyKk; FyKk; FbAk; cilajhf ,Uf;Fk; nghUSk; FzKk; nraYk; fy;tpAk;
gw;wp tUk; rpwg;G ngah;fSk; ,aw;ngaiu Vw;Fkhapd; mJ gpd; tUtJ rpwe;j
kughFk;. ,jid>
jpizepyk; rhjp FbNa cilik

Fyk; njhopy; fy;tp rpwg;ghk; ngNuhL
,aw;ngah; Vw;wpbd; gpd;tuy; rpwg;Ng (ed; : 393)
vDk; E}w;gh tpthpf;fpwJ.
gpd; ,aw;ngah; Kd; ,aw;ngah;
jpiz - Fd;wtd; nfhw;wd; nfhw;wd; Fd;wtd;
epyk; - Nrhopad; rhj;jd; rhj;jf; Nrhopad;
rhjp - ghh;g;ghd; JNuhzd; JNuhzd; ghh;g;ghd;
Fb - ghz;bad; FyNrfud; FyNrfud; ghz;bad;
cilik - nghd;dd; ek;gp ek;gp nghd;dd;
Fzk; - fhpad; fk;gd; fhpad; fk;gd;
njhopy; - eilad; ehfd; eilad; ehfd;
fy;tp - Gytd; ts;Std; ts;Std; Gytd;
137
,j;njhlh;fspy; ,aw;ngah; vd;gJ rpwg;Gg; ngah;fSf;F Kd;Dk; gpd;Dk;
te;Js;sd. ,aw;ngah; gpd; tUtJ toh epiyahFk;. ,JNt rpwg;G vd fUjg;gLk;.
,aw;ngah; Kd;tUtJ tOtikjp MFk;. ,t;thW jpiz> epyk;> rhjp> Fb>
cilik> Fzk;> njhopy;> fy;tp>vdg; gy epiyfspy; rpwg;Gg; ngah;fs; mikAk;.
Rl;Lg; ngah; mikAk; Kiw
Rl;Lg; ngah; vd;gJ ,aw;ngaUf;Fg; gpd; mike;J tUk;. ,aw;ngah;

%tifg;gLk;. mit cah;jpiz ,aw;ngah;> m/wpiz ,aw;ngah;> nghJg;ngah;
vd;gdthFk;. ,jid vLj;Jf;fhl;L thapyhf mwpayhk;.
1. ek;gp te;jhd; mtDf;F cztspf;f - cah; jpiz ,aw;ngah; gpd; Rl;L
2. G+id te;jJ mjw;Fg; ghy; NrhwpLf - m/wpiz ,aw;ngah; gpd; Rl;L
3. rhj;jd; te;jhd; mtDf;F cztspf;f

- nghJg; ngahpd; gpd; Rl;L
rhj;jd; te;jJ mjw;Fg; Gy; ,Lf
rpy njhlh;fspy; Kbf;Fk; nrhy;yhf tpidr; nrhy; ,y;yhikahy; Rl;Lg; ngah;

Kd;Dk; gpd;Dk; miktJk; cz;L. ,J cyf tof;fhFk;.
v.fh jk;gp mtd; - mtd; jk;gp

mJ fhfk; – fhfk; mJ
nra;Aspy; Rl;Lg; ngah; tiuaiw ,d;wp Ntz;bathW Kd;Dk; gpd;Dk; mikAk;.

glh;f;if ,lj;jpw;Fhpa cah;jpiz m/wpiz nghJg;ngah;fNshL Rl;Lg; ngah;
NrUk;nghOJ mq;F Kbf;Fk; nrhy; tpidahf tUkhdhy; mk;%tifg; ngaUf;Fk;
gpd;dhy; Rl;Lg; ngah; tuNtz;Lk;. mk;Kbf;Fk; tpidr; nrhy; ,y;iyahdhy; Rl;Lg;
ngah; %tifg; ngaUf;F Kd;Dk; gpd;Dk; tUk;. ,k;kuG cyf tof;fj;jpw;FhpaJ.
nra;Aspy; tiuaiwapd;wp Ntz;bathNu tUk;.
v.fh mtdzq;F Neha;nra;jh dhapioaha; Ntyd;

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
jd;id ayh;flg;ge;j jhuzpapndd;id nfhy;
gpd;id ajd;fz; tpioT
,r;nra;Aspy; ‘mtd;’ vd Kd;dUk; ‘mjd;’ vdg; gpd;dUk; tiuaiwapd;wpr;

Rl;Lg;ngah; mike;Js;sJ. ,jid
glh;f;ifKg; ngaNuhL mizapd; Rl;Lg;

ngah;gpds; tUk;tpid vdpd; ngah;f;F vq;Fk;
kUTk; tof;fpilr; nra;Al;F Vw;Gop (ed; : 394)
138
vd;Dk; ed;D}y; E}w;gh thapyhf mwpayhk;.
,ul;ilf; fpstp (,ul;ilr;nrhy;)
xNu nrhy; ,U Kiw te;J gphpj;jhy; nghUs;; juhky; toq;Fk; ,ul;ilr;

nrhy; ,ul;ilf; fpstp MFk;. ,r;nrhy; gphpahky; ,uz;buz;lhfNt ,lk; ngwy;
Ntz;Lk;. ,jid
,ul;ilf; fpstp ,ul;bw; gphpe;J ,irah (ed; :396)
vd;Dk; E}w;gh tpsf;FfpwJ. ,jid kuG tohepiy vd;gh;.
v.fh - fpis klklntd Kwpe;jJ
$iu nghynghyntd cjph;e;jJ.
kio ryryntd nghope;jJ
mtd; tstsntdg; Ngrpdhd;
,j;njhlh;fspd; thapyhf ,ul;ilf; fpstpia milahsk; fhzyhk;. ,jid kuG

tohepiy vdTk; toq;Fth;.
mLf;Fj; njhlh;
xU nrhy; ,U Kiwf;F Nky; mLf;fp tUtJk; gphpj;jhy; nghUs;

jUtJkhd nrhw;fs; mLf;Fj; njhlh; MFk;. xU nrhy;iy gy Kiwf; $WtJ
tOthFk;. Mdhy; mirepiy> tpiuT> ntFsp> mr;rk;> mtyk;> ctif Mfpa
nghUs; epiyfspy; ,ir epiwf;Fk; xU nrhy; ,uz;L Kjy; ehd;F Kiwtiu
mLf;fpf; $wg;gLk; ,J tOthapDk; tOtikjpahFk;. mLf;fp tUk; ,j;jifa
nrhw;fis mLf;Fj; njhlh; vd;gh;.
v.fh md;Nw md;Nw - mirepiy
th th> Ngh Ngh - tpiuT
xopf xopf - ntFsp
ghk;G ghk;G> jP jP - mr;rk;
INah INah - mtyk;
tho;f tho;f - ctif
V V> X X - ,irepiw
139
vdNt xU nrhy; Nkw;Fwpj;j nghUz;ikapd; mbg;gilapy; mLf;fp
te;Js;sikahy; ,tw;iw mLf;Fj; njhlh; vdyhk;.
mLf;Fj; njhlh; ,ul;ilf; fpstp NtWghL
1. mLf;Fj; njhlh; tOtikjpahFk; 1. ,ul;ilf; fpstp toh epiyahFk;.
2. mLf;Fj; njhlh; kf;fspul;ilAk; 2. ,ul;ilf; fpstp G+ ,ul;ilAk; ,iy

tpyq;fpul;ilAk;Nghd;W gphpe;J ,ul;ilAk; Nghy gphpf;f Kbahky;
jdpj; jdp nghUs; jUk;. ,ize;J epd;W nghUs; jUk;.
3. mLf;Fj; njhlh; ,uz;L Kjy; 3. ,ul;ilf;fpstp ,uz;Lf;F Nkw;gl;L

ehd;F Kiw tiu mLf;fp tUk;. mLf;fp tuhJ
4. mLf;Fj; njhlh; gphpj;jhy; 4. ,ul;ilf; fpotp ghpj;jhy;

nghUs; jUk;. nghUs; juhJ.
xUnghUs; gd;nkhop
xU nghUis czh;j;Jk; nghUl;L gy ngah;fisf; $wp Nfl;gth;

mg;nghUis czUk; tifapy; mikg;gJ xU nghUs; gd;nkhop MFk;. gphpT
,y;yhky; gy nghUs;fs; xU nghUspd; Nky; mLf;fp tUk;.
v.fh ghz;bad; gy;ahfrhiy KJFLkp ngUtOjp ngUtOjp te;jhd;
Mrphpad; Ng&h; fpohd; rhj;jd; te;jhd;
,tw;wpy; ghz;baidAk; MrphpaidAk; Fwpf;f gy ngah;fs; mLf;fp te;Js;sd.

,t;thW xU nghUs; Nky; gy ngah;fs; Fwpg;gpLk;nghOJ mg;nghUspy; ,Ue;J
gphptpy;yhjtw;iw ePq;fhky; nfhs;tJ mtrpak;. ,jid
xUnghU gy;ngah; gphptpy; tiuahh; (ed; : 397)
vd;Dk; ed;D}y; E}w;gh thapyhf mwpayhk;.
kuG tOtikjp
gy nrhw;fs; xU nghUs; je;J ,d;gk; gag;gjhf tUkhapd; mit

nra;Aspy; tOtikjpahf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLk;.
v.fh- kPkpir QhapW
cah;eN
; jhq;F kiy
140
ehfpsq; fKF
,j;njhlh;fspy; xU nghUis Fwpj;J tUk; nrhw;fs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f fhuzkpd;wp

nrtpfpd;gk; jUk; Nehf;fpy; te;jpUg;gjhy; mJ tOthFk;. MapDk; mJ
tOtikjpahf Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gLk;. vdNt ,J kuG tOtikjp MFk;. ,jid
xU nghUs; gd;nkhop rpwg;gp dpd;toh (ed; : 398)
vd;Dk; E}w;gh mwpTWj;JfpwJ.
kuG tohepiy
msT ,t;tsTjhd; vd;w njspthfj; njhpe;j ,lj;jpYk; mwpag;gl;l

nghUl;fshfpa ,iwtd; ehw;jpir Mfpatw;iw tpidg;gLj;jpr; nrhy;Ykplj;jpYk;
cyfpy; ,y;yhj nghUisg; gw;wpr; nrhy;Yk; ,lj;jpYk; Kw;Wk;ik nfhLj;J
Kbj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ck;ik gytifg;gLk;. KbT ngw;w epiyia czh;j;JtJ
Kw;Wk;ik vdg;gLk;. cyfpy; vf;fhyj;Jk; vt;tplj;Jk; ,y;yhj nghUisAk;
,t;tsTilaJ vd mwpag;gl;l nghUisAk; Kbf;Fk; nrhy;Yld; Nrh;j;Jf;
$Wk;nghOJ Kw;Wk;ik mikg;gJ kuG tOthky; fhj;jy; MFk;.
v.fh Ntjk; ehd;fpDk; nka;g; nghUshtJ
ehjd; ehkk; ekr;rpthaNt
Mfhag; G+ kzj;jy; vd;Wk; ,y;iy
,iwtDf;Ff; fz; Td;Wk; Kr;Rlh;
ehw;wpirapYk; xsp gutpaJ
ghYk; NjDk; Mwhf XLjy; ,y;iy
,j; njhlh;fs; thapyhf kuG tohepiyia mjhtJ Kw;Wk;ik ngw;W tUtij

mwpayhk;. ,jid
,izj;J vd;W mwpnghUs; cyfpy; ,y;yh nghUs;

tpidg;gLj;J ciug;gpd; ck;ik Ntz;Lk;. (ed; : 399)
vd ed;D}yhh; tpthpf;fpd;whh;.
kuG tOtikjp – tpsf;fk;
kuG tOtikjp vd;gJ tOthd xd;iw tOtikjpahf;fp Vw;gJ kughf

,Ug;gpd; mjid kuG tOtikjpahff; nfhs;th;.
141
v.fh ,g;gRit ahd; thq;fpNdd;
,e;E}iy ahd; gbj;Njd;
vd;Dk; njhlh;fs; tohepiyj; njhlh;fs; MFk;.
,g;gR ahd; thq;fpaJ
,e;E}y; ahd; gbj;jJ
,j;njhlh;fspy; thq ;fpa njhopiyr; nra;jJ gR vd;Wk; gbj;j njhopiyr; nra;jJ

E}y; vd;Wk; nghUs;gl;L tUk;. ,J tOthFk;. Mdhy; ,t;tOit mikjpahf;fpf;
$WtJ kughFk;. vdNt ,J kuG tOtikjp MFk;.
fUtp> epyk;> nray;> fhyk; Mfpad rpy ,lq;fspy; fUj;jhthf mike;J

tUk;. ,t;tOTk; kuG tOtikjpahf tof;fpy; cs;sJ.
v.fh ,t;ntOJNfhy; ahd; vOjpaJ – fUtp
,j;njhopy; ahd; nra;jJ - nray;
,g;gs;sp ahd; gbj;jJ - ,lk; (epyk;)
,e;ehs; mth; gpwe;jJ - fhyk;
,j;njhlh;fspy; nrag;gL nghUis fUj;jhitg; Nghd;W itj;J mjd;Nky;

tpidia Vw;wp $Wtjhy; kuG tOthapDk; tOtikjpahFk;. ,jid
nrag;gLnghUis nra;jJ Nghyj;

njhopw;glf; fpsj;jYk; tof;fpDs; chpj;Nj (ed; : 400)
kuG tOthky; fhj;jYk; kuG tOtikjpAk;
rpy nghUs;fis milnkhopapd;wp Fwpg;gpl;lhy; Fwpj;j nghUis tpsf;FtJ

mwpjhFk;. vdNt ,dKs;stw;iw milnkhopahf nfhs;tJ mtrpakhFk;. ,J
kuG tOthky; fhf;Fk; Kaw;rpahFk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf rpytw;iw Fwpg;gplyhk;.
nghUs; mbg;gil – nea;f; Flk;
,lk; mbg;gil - tay; ney;
fhyk; mbg;gil - fhh;j;jpif tpsf;F
rpiz mbg;gil - G+ kuk;
142
Fzk; mbg;gil - nre;jhkiu
njhopy; mbg;gil - Cd;W Nfhy;
rpy milnkhop Njitg;glhj ,lj;jpYk; milnkhopAld; tUtJz;L.

vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf rpytw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
nghUs; mbg;gil – cg;gsk;
,lk; mbg;gil - Ch; kd;W
fhyk; mbg;gil - ehsUk;G
rpiz mbg;gil - ,iy kuk;
Fzk; mbg;gil - nrk;Nghj;J
njhopy; mbg;gil - Njha; japh;
,t;thNw nra;As; tof;fpYk; ,dk; cs;sitAk; ,dk; ,y;yhjitAk;

milnkhopNahLk; milnkhopapd;wpAk; tUtJ cz;L.
,dKs;sit ,dkpy;yhjit
nghUs; mbg;gil – nghUs; ngz;bh; nghw;Nfhl;b

kak;
,lk; mbg;gil - fhz; ahW tl Ntq;flk;
fhyk; mbg;gil - Ke;ehl;gpiw
Ntdpw;Nfhq;fpd;G+ rpid mbg;gil - fytkhkapy;
rpwfh; tz;L
Fzk; mbg;gil - rpWNfhl;Lg;ngUk;gok; nrQ;QhapW
njhopy; mbg;gil - MlwT Koq;F fly;
,tw;wpy; nghUs;> ,lk;> fhyk;> rpid> Fzk;> njhopy; Mfpa MWk; mil
nkhopfshfp milnaLj;J tUk; nkhopfs; cyf tof;fpYk; nra;As; tof;fpYk;
,dKs;sit> ,dkpy;yhjit vd ,U tifapy; mike;Js;sd. ,tw;wpy;
,dKs;stw;iw mil nfhLj;Jf; $WtJ tohepiy vd;Wk; ,dkpy;yhjtw;iw
mil nfhLj;Jf; $WtJ tOtikjp vd;Wk; toq;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,jid
nghUs; Kjy; Mwhk; milNrh; nkhop,dk;

cs;sTk; ,y;yTk; Mk;,U tof;fpDk; (ed; : 404)
143
vd;Dk; E}w;gh mwpaj; jUfpwJ.
Fwpg;Gg; nghUs; kuG tohepiy
ngah;r; nrhy;iyr; rpwg;gpf;fTk; tif NtWgLj;jp ,dk; gphpj;Jf; fhl;lTk;

mr; nrhy;ypd; Kd; ,lk; ngWk; nrhy; milnkhop vdg;gLk;.
mil nkhopfs; ,dj;ijj; jUtJ NghyNt nghUe;jp tUfpd;w ,lq;fspy;

mt; milnkhop ,dk; my;yhj xd;iwAk; czh;j;Jk;. ,J rpwg;G kughf
mikfpwJ.
v.fh - cioj;jhy; ntw;wp ngWthd;
,j; njhlh; ciof;fhjtd; ntw;wp ngwkhl;lhd;. vd;w cz;ikiaAk;

czh;j;JfpwJ. mJ ,dj;ijj; jUtJ MFk;. xUtd; ntw;wpf;fhd fhuzk; vJ
vd;gijNa mwpahjtdhf ,Uf;fpwhd; vd;gJ ,dk; my;yhjij czh;j;jpaJ
MFk;.
v.fh – Nfhop $tpw;W - ,jpy; Vida gwitfs; $ttpy;iy vDk;

,dk; rhh;ej
; nghUisAk; nghOJ tpbe;jJ vDk; ,dk; rhuhg; nghUisAk;
ngwKbfpwJ. ,jid
milnkhop ,dk; my;yJ j&ck;

Mz;L cwpd; (ed; : 402)
mil> rpid> Kjy; tOtikjpAk; tOthky; fhj;jYk;
cyf tof;fpidg; Nghd;W nra;As; tof;fpYk; mil> rpid> Kjy;

Mfpatw;iw rpwg;gpj;jy; cz;L. Xh; milAk; xU rpidAk; xU KjYk;
xd;iwnahd;W rpwg;gpj;J tUjYk; cz;L. ,uz;L milfs; xU Kjiy rpwg;gpj;J
tUjYk; cyf tof;fhFk;. ,U milfs; rpidiar; rpwg;gpj;jYk; ,t;tuk;G
gpwo;e;J tUjYk; nra;As; tof;fhFk;. ,tw;Ws; ,U milfs; rpidia rpwg;gpg;gJ
kuG tOthky; fhj;jy; MFk;. Vidait kuG tOtikjpahFk;. ,jid
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs; thapyhf tpwq;fpf; nfhs;syhk;.
v.fh – rpW ige;J}tp
fUneLq; fz;
,tw;wpy; ,U milfs; rpidia rpwg;gpj;Js;sd.
ngUk;Njhl; rpWkUq;Fy; Nguhkh;f;fl; Ngij

144
vd;Dk; mbapy; ,uz;bw;F Nkw;gl;l milfs; te;J tuk;G fle;Js;sd.
Ntw;if KUfd; - ,jpy; Xh; milnkhopAk; (Nty;) xU rpidAk; (if) xU

KjYkhfp (KUfd;) xd;iwnahd;W rpwg;gpj;J te;Js;sd.
rpW fUq; fhf;if - ,jpy; ,U milnkhopfs; (rpW> fUq;) Kjiy

rpwg;gpj;Js;sd. ,jid
mil rpid Kjd;Kiw miljYk; <uil

KjNyhL MjYk; tof;fpay; <uil
rpidnahL nrwpjYk; kaq;fYk; nra;Al;Nf (ed; : 403)
nghUs; kuG tOtikjp
nghUs; vd;gJ
1. ,aw;ifg; nghUs;
2. nraw;ifg; nghUs;
vd ,Utifg;gLk;. ,t;tpUtif nghUs;fspYk; tOtikjp miktJz;L. mtw;iw

tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tJ mtrpak;.
,aw;ifg; nghUs; tOtikjp
,aw;ifg; nghUs; vd;gJ jdf;Fg; gpd; Njhd;whky; jhk; Njhd;wpa nghOJ

cld; Njhd;wpa ed;ik cila nghUs; MFk;. ,aw;ifg; nghUis Mf;fKk;
fhuzKk; nflhky; ,j;jd;ikaJ vd Fwpg;gpLtJ tOtikjpahFk;.
v.fh – epyk; typJ
ghy; nts;spJ
kaph; fhpJ
jP nta;J
vd;Dk; nrhw;nwhlh;fs; ,aw;ifg; nghUis czh;j;Jtd vdNt ,it

,aw;ifahdit. ,it ,j;jd;ikaJ vd tpidfshy; Rl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. ,t;thW
,aw;ifg; nghUs; Mf;fKk; fhuzKk; nflhky; ,j;jd;ikaJ vd Rl;lg;gLtJ
,aw;ifg; nghUs; tOtikjpahFk;. ,J
,aw;ifg; nghUis ,w;nwdf; fpsj;jy; (ed; :404)
145
vd;Dk; E}w;ghthy; mwpaj;jUfpwJ.
nraw;ifg; nghUs; - kuG tohepiy
nraw;ifg; nghUs; vd;gJ jdf;Fg; gpd; Njhd;wpa jd;ik cila nghUs;

MFk;. nraw;ifg; nghUs;> fhuzr; nrhy; Kd;dUk; Mf;fr; nrhy; gpd;dUk;
tUkhW mikjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,it ,y;yhkYk; mikAk;.
v.fh - cukpl;Lf; fis vLj;jjhy; gaph; ey;y thapd
cukpl;Lf; fis vLj;jy; (fhuzr; nrhy;)
gaph; ey;y thapd (Mf;fr;nrhy;)
gaph; ey;ythapd - ,jpy; fhuzk; ,d;wp Mf;fr; nrhy; kl;LNk

te;Js;sJ. vdNt nraw;ifg; nghUshdJ fhuzr; nrhy; Kd; tu Mf;fr; nrhy;
gpd;tug; ngWk;. fhuzr;nrhy; ,d;wp Mf;fr; nrhy; tug;ngw;Wk; Mf;fr;nrhy; ,d;wp
fhuzr; nrhy; tug;ngw;Wk; Mf;fKk; fhuzKk; ,d;wp tug;ngw;Wk; mikAk;. ,jpy;
fhuzk; Kjyhf Mf;fk; ngWjy; kl;Lk; tOthky; fhj;jy; MFk;. Vida %d;Wk;
tOtikjpahFk;. ,jid
fhuzKjyh Mf;fk; ngw;Wk;

fhuzkpd;wp Mf;fk; ngw;Wk;
Mf;fkpd;wp fhuzk; mLj;Jk;
,UikAk; ,d;wpAk; ,aYk; nrAk; nghUs; (ed; : 405)
tpil kuG tOthik
tpil $Wjypy; tO ,y;yhky; miktJ tpil kuG tOthik MFk;. xU

nghUs; cs;sjh? vd;Dk; tpdhtpw;F tpil jUk; kuG xd;W cz;L. mg;nghUs;
jk;kplk; ,y;yhj nghOJ ,y;iy vd;Dk; nrhy;iy jk;kplk; ,Uf;Fk; xU nghUs;
Nky; Vw;wpr; nrhy;tJ tpil kuG MFk;.
v.fh - tpdh - gaW csNjh tzpfNu?
tpil - cSe;J cs;sJ
(gapW - ,y;yhjJ : cSe;J – tzpfhplk; ,Ug;gJ)
,t;thW tpil $Wtjhy; mLj;J vd;d cz;L vDk; tpdh vo Ntz;ba Njit
,y;iy.
tpdh – gaW cz;Nlh tzpfNu ?
146
tpil – xU fpNyh cs;sJ
,t;thW tpil $Wtjhy; mLj;J vt;tsT cz;L vDk; tpdh voj; Njitapy;iy.
vdNt jk;kplk; ,y;yhj nghUis ,y;iy vdf; $Wkplj;J jk;kplk; cs;s
,dkhd nghUisf; $wp mjid ,y;iy vd czh;j;jpAk; cs;sjhapd; ,t;tsT
cz;L vd czh;j;jpAk; tpdhTk; tpilAkhf RUf;fp ciug;gh;. ,t;thW ciug;gJ
tpil kuG tOthik MFk;. ,jid
jk;ghy; ,y;yJ ,y;vdpd; ,d;dha;

cs;sJ $wp khw;wpAk; cs;sJ
Rl;bAk; ciug;gh; nrhw; RUq;Fjw;Nf (ed; : 406)
,ug;Giu
<> jh> nfhL> vd;Dk; %d;W nrhw;fSk; ,ug;Giu nrhw;fs; MFk;. ,it
KiwNa ,ope;jtDk; xg;gtDk; cah;e;jtDk; $Wk; ,ug;GiufshFk;.
,k;%d;iwAk; toq;f xU kuG cs;sJ.
; tiuf; Nfl;gJ – je;ijNa < (f)

< - ,ope;jtd; cah;ej
jh – rkkhdth; rkkhdtiuf; Nfl;gJ – Njhoh ! jh !
nfhL – cah;e;jth; ,ope;jtidf; Nfl;gJ – kfNd ! nfhL
,t;thW Kiw jtwp tUkhapd; Gjpad GFjYk; tOty vd nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

,jid
< jh nfhL vDk; %d;Wk; KiwNa

,ope;Njhd; xg;Nghd; kpf;Nfhd; ,ug;Giu (ed; : 407)
kuG tOtikjp – Fwpg;Gg; nghUs;
xUth; Nfl;gth; tUj;jg;gl;lhy; nghUs; tpsq;f Fwpg;ghy; czh;j;Jjy;

kughFk;.
v.fh – Fis nfhz;L NfhopnawpAk; tho;f;ifah; - ,jpy; ngUk; nry;te;jh;

vd Fwpg;ghy; czh;j;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,t;thW Fwpg;ghfg; nghUswpAk; KiwAk;
tOtikjpahFk;. ,jid
Kd;dj;jpd; czUk; fpotpAk; csNt (ed; 408)

147
kuG tOtikjp
jpiz> ghy;> ,lk;> fhyk;> tpdh> tpil> kuG vDk; VO epiyfSk;

nrhw;fis chpathW toq;Fjy; tohepiy vdg;gLk;. khw;wp toq;Fjy; tO MFk;.
mt; tOf;fis Vw;Wf; nfhs;syhk; vd ,yf;fz E}yhh; toq;Fk; fUj;J tO
mikjp vdg;gLk;.
jpiz
m/wpidia cah;jpizahf;fpf; $WtJ jpiz tOtikjp MFk;. cah;

jpizr; nrhy;ypd; gpd; nghUs;> ,lk;> fhyk;> rpid> Fzk;> njhopy; vd;Dk;
mWtifg; ngah;fs; ,lk; ngw;whYk; mjd; gpd; cah;jpiz Kbitg; ngWk;.
v.fh - Fkud; nghd; nghpad; - nghUs;
Nrhod; tPL nghpad; - ,lk;
tstd; tho;ehs; nghpad; - fhyk;
Nrud; nghWikapy; ey;yd; - Fzk;
ek;gp eil cah;e;jtd; - njhopy;
ed;dPiu thop mdpr;rNk - ,j;njhlhpy; NfshjJ Nfl;gjhff; $wg;gl;lJ.
gifikAk; Nfz;ikAk; fz;Ziuf;Fk; - ,j; njhlhpy; NgrhjJ NgRtjhf

$wg;gl;lJ.
,t;top mt;T+h;f;Fg; NghFk; - ,j;njhlhpy; elthjJ elg;gjhff; $wg;gl;lJ.
jd;ndQ;Nr jd;idr; RLk; - ,j;njhlhpy; nra;ahjJ nra;tjhff; $wg;gl;lJ.
,t;thW m/wpizaplj;Jf; Nfshjtw;iwf; Nfl;git NghyTk; Ngrhjtw;iwg;

NgRtJ NghyTk; elthjtw;iw elg;gJ NghyTk; ,aq;fhjtw;iw ,aq;FtJ
NghyTk; nra;ahjtw;iw nra;tJ NghyTk; $WtJ tOtikjpahFk;.
Nfl;Le NghyTk; fpsf;Fe NghyTk;

,af;Fe NghyTk; ,aw;We NghyTk;
m/wpiz kUq;fpDk; miwag;gLNk (ed; : 409)
vDk; E}w;gh ,jid tpthpf;fpd;wJ.
148
jpiz – ghy;
jpiz ghy; ,uz;Lk; fye;J tUk; njhlh;fs; ,opT> cah;T mbg;gilapy;

xU Kbitg; ngWk;.
v.fh - jpiz – kd;dDk; FjpiuAk; te;jhh;fs; - cah;jpiz KbT

%h;f;fDk; KjiyAk; nfhz;lJ tplh - m/wpiz KbT
ghy; - rptDk; ijaYk; Mz;lhd; - Mz;ghy; KbT

NjhopAk; mtDk; te;jhs; - ngz; ghy; KbT
kfpo;r;rp> Nkd;ik> rpwg;G> rpdk;> gopg;G - ,it fhuzkhf jpizAk; ghYk; kaq;fp
tuyhk;.
v.fh - ghy; : jha; Gjy;tid vd; mk;ik te;jhs; vd;gJ (kfpo;rr

; p)
jpiz : gRit vd; mk;ik te;jhs; vd;gJ (kfpo;rr
; p)
,t;thNw gpwTk; tUk;
ghy; - ,lk;
xUikapy; gd;ikAk;> gd;ikapy; xUikAk; jd;ik> Kd;dpiy> glh;f;if

vd;gd Xhplj;jpy; kw;nwhd;Wk; khwp tuyhk;.
v.fh - ntapy; (xUik) vy;yhk; (gd;ik) kiwj;jJ Nkfk;
rhj;jd; jha; ,it nra;NtNdh ! (jd;ikapy; glh;f;if fye;jJ)
fhy tO mikjp
,wg;G> epfo;T> vjph;T vdf; fhyk; %d;W tifg;gLk;. Kf;fhyj;jpw;;Fk; xU

jd;ikahf tpsq;Fk; nghUs;fis epfo;fhyj;jpy; mikj;Jf; $Wjy; fhy
tOtikjpahFk;.
v.fh - kiy epw;fpd;wJ
nja;tk; ,Uf;fpd;wJ.
tpiuT> kpFjp> njspT> vd;Dk; fhuzq;fshy; fhyk; khwp tUjy; Vw;GilajhFk;.
v.fh - cz;L nfhz;L ,Ug;gtd; - cz;Nld; cz;Nld; vd;gJ – tpiuT
fhl;Lf;Fg; Nghdhy; (vjph; fhyk;)
njhiye;jhd; (,we;j fhyk;) vd;gJ – kpFjp

149
ey;yd nra;jhy; (vjph; fhyk;)
ey; cyF mile;jhd; (,we;j fhyk;) – njspT
tpil tifAk; tO mikjpAk;
tpil vl;L tifg;gLk;. mtw;iw Neh; tpil> kiw tpil vd ,U

epiyfspy; Fwpg;gpLth;. Rl;L> kiw> Neh; vd;Dk; %d;Wk; Neh;tpilahFk;. Vty;>
tpdhjy;> cw;wJ ciuj;jy;> cWtJ $wy; Kjypad kiwtpilahFk;.
,dnkhop vd;Dk; Ie;J Kjy; %d;W Neh; tpilfSk; ,ay;ghdit mLj;J

tUk; Ie;Jk; kiwKfkhf tpil jUtd ,tw;iw Vw;Wf; nfhs;syhk;. vdNt
,jid tO mikjpahff; $wyhk;.
Rl;L – vJ Gjpa Mil? vd;Dk; tpdhtpw;F ,J vd;W tpil $WtJ.
kiw – filf;Fg; Nghthah? vd;Dk; tpdhtpw;F> khl;Nld; vd kWj;Jf; $WtJ.
Neh; - filf;Fg; Nghthah? vd;Dk; tpdhtpw;;F NghNtd; vd cld;gl;Lf; $WtJ
Vty; - filf;Fg; Nghthah? vd;Dk; tpdhtpw;;F> eP Ngh vd $WtJ.
tpdh vjph; tpdhjy; - ,J nra;thah? vd;Dk; tpdhtpw;F> nra;a khl;Nldh? vd

$WtJ.
cw;wJ ciuj;jy; - filf;Fg; Nghthah? vd;Dk; tpdhtpw;F fhy; typf;Fk; vd

$WtJ.
cWtJ $wy; - filf;Fg; Nghthah? vd;Dk; tpdhtpw;F fhy; typf;Fk; vd

$WtJ.
,dnkhop – jkpo; gbg;ghah? vd;Dk; tpdhtpw;F tuyhW gbg;Ngd; vd $WtJ.
nrag;gL nghUisf; $Wjy;
nrag;gL nghUisr; nra;jth; Nky; itj;Jf; $WtJ tOtikjpahFk;.
v.fh - ,k; khL ahd; nfhz;lJ.
(khl;il ehd; nfhz;Nld; vd;gij khw;wpf; $wpaJ)
cUtfk; - ctikapy; jpiz khWghL
cUtf mzpapYk; ctik mzpapYk; jpiz rpid Kjyhdit jk;Ks;

kaq;fp tUk;. ,it Vw;fj; jf;fitNa.
150
cUtfk;
murdhfpa rpq;fj;jpw;F gifth; $l;lkhfpa ahidfs; mQ;rp Xbd -

,j;njhlhpy; cah;jpizAld; m/wpiz kaq;fp cs;sJ.
fy;tp kq;ifia ey;Nyhh; tpUk;Gth; - ,j;njhlhpy; m/wpiz

cah;jpizAld; kaq;fpw;W
murdpd; jk;gpah; ,UtUk; ,U Njhs;fs; - ,jpy; cah;jpiz Kjy;

czh;jpizr; rpidAld; kaq;fpw;W.
Kfkhfp kjp - ,jpy; cah;jpizr; rpid m/wpiz KjYld; kaq;fpw;W
ctik
kapy; NghYk; kq;if – m/wpiz Kjy; cah;jpiz KjYld; kaq;fpw;W
Kw;wpa new;fjph;fs; fw;whh; Nghy; ftpo;e;jd - m/wpiz rpiz cah;jpiz

rpidAld; kaq;fpw;W
fay;NghYk; fz; - cah;jpiz rpiz m/wpiz KjYld; kaq;fpw;W

jsph;NghYk; Nkdp – cah;jpiz Kjy; m/wpiz rpidAld; kaq;fpw;W
,it jtpu ,td; fiy kfSf;F xg;ghthd; vd ghy; kaq;fp tUjy; cz;L.
(v.fh . nrq;Nfhy; tPuf;foy;) ,t;thW cUtfj;jpYk; ctikapYk; cah;jpiz
m/wpizfSk; rpid KjYk; jk;Ks; kaq;fp tUjYk; ,it jtpu gpw jk;Ks;
kaq;fp tUjYk; cz;L. ,it tOtikjpahFk;. ,jid
cUtf ctikapy; jpiz rpid Kjy;fs;

gpwo;jYk; gpwTk; Ngzpdh; nfhsNt (ed; : 410)
vd;Dk; E}w;gh thapyhf ed;D}yhh; njspTgLj;Jfpwhh;.
nghUs;Nfhs;
nghUs;Nfhs; vd;gJ nra;Aspy; nghUs; mike;J epw;Fk; KiwahFk;.

nghUs; + Nfhs; vdg; gphpj;Jg; Ghpe;J nfhs;syhk;. nghUs; nfhs;Sk; Kiw
vd;gJ nghUs;. nra;Aspy; ,lk;ngWk; nrhw;fis cs;sthWk;> Kd;gpd;dhf
khw;wpAk; nghUs; nfhs;Sk; Kiw nghUs; Nfhs; vdg;gLk;. nghUs;Nfhs; vl;L
tifg;gLk;. ,jid
ahw;W ePh; nkhopkhw;W epuy;epiu tpw;G+z;
jhg;gpir miskwpghg;gf; nfhz;L $l;L
151
mbkwp nkhop khw;W vdg; nghUs; Nfhs; vl;Nl (ed; : 411)
vd;Dk; E}w;gh top mwpayhk;. mit
1. ahw;W ePh;g; nghUs;Nfhs;
2. nkhop khw;Wg; nghUs;Nfhs;
3. epuy; epiug; nghUs;Nfhs;
4. G+l;Ltpy; nghUs;Nfhs;
5. jhg;gpirg; nghUs;Nfhs;
6. mis kwp ghg;Gg; nghs;Nfhs;
7. nfhz;L $l;Lg; nghUs;Nfhs;
8. mbkwp khw;Wg; nghUs;Nfhs;
vd;Dk; vl;L tiffshFk;. mtw;iw tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tJ mtrpak;.
1. ahw;W ePh;g; nghUs;Nfhs;
Mw;W ePuhdJ Kd;Dk; gpd;Dk; jpUk;ghJ xNu rPuhf ,ilapy; jilapd;wp

nry;Yk; Mw;W ePhpd; Xl;lk; Nghyg; ghlypd; nrhw;fs; Neuhfg; nghUs; nfhs;SkhW
miktJ ahw;WePh; nghUs;Nfhs; MFk;. ,jid Mw;W ePh;g; nghUs;Nfhs; vd;Wk;
Fwpg;gpLth;. ahW vd;gJ MW MFk;.
v.fh - nrhy;yUk; #y; gRk; ghk;gpd; Njhw;wk; Nghy;

nky;yNt fUtpUe;J <d;W Nkyyhh;
nry;tNk Nghy;jiy epWtpj; Njh;e;jE}y;
fy;tpNa khe;jhpd; ,iwQ;rpf; fha;j;jNy
,g;ghlypy; nrhy; vd;Dk; vOtha;> ,Ue;J> <d;W> epWtp vd;Dk; vr;rq;fis
Kiwahff; nfhz;L fha;j;j vd;Dk; gadpiyia <w;wpy; ngw;W Kbe;Js;sJ.
Mw;W ePh; Xl;lk; Nghy Xh; xOq;F KiwAld; ,ilapy; jilgltpy;iy. nrhw;fis
Kd; gpd;dhf khw;w Ntz;ba epiy ,y;iy> xd;Nwhnlhd;W mLj;jLj;Jj;
njhlh;eJ
; epd;w epiyapy; nghUs; nfhs;Sk; Kiwapy; mike;Js;sd. vdNt
nkhopkhw;W Kjypa gpw nghUs;Nfhs;fisg; Nghd;W gpwo;e;J nry;yhky; ahw;WePh;
xOq;ifg; Nghd;W mbNjhWk; rpwe;j nghUs; nfhz;L elg;gJ ahw;W ePhg
; ;
nghUs;Nfhs; MFk;.
kw;iwa Nehf;fhJ mbnjhWk; thd;nghUs;

152
mw;W mw;W xOFk; m/Jahw;Wg; GdNy (ed; : 412)
vd;Dk; E}w;gh thapyhf Nkw;Fwpj;j fUj;Jf;fis mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;.
2. nkhopkhw;Wg; nghUs; Nfhs;
nra;Aspy; mike;j nrhw;fisg; nghUs; epiyf;F Vw;g Xh; mbf;Fs;

Kd;gpd;dhf khw;wpg; nghUs; nfhs;Sk; epiy nkhopkhw;Wg; nghUs;Nfhs; MFk;.
v.fh - Riu Mo mk;kp kpjg;g tiuaida

ahidf;F ePj;J Kaw;F epiy vd;g
fhdf ehld; rid
fhLfs; #o;e;j ehl;ilAila murdJ kiyr;Rid> Riuf;fha; kpjf;f mk;kp
mkpo kiy Nghd;w ahidf;F fhy; epiyf;Fk; MoKk; KaYf;F ePej
; j;jf;f
jd;ikAk; cilajhFk; vd;gJ fw;wwpe;Njhh; fUj;jhFk;. Mdhy; (Ridapy;)
Riuf;fha; MSk;> cs;Ns NghFk;> mk;kp NkNy kpjf;Fk;> ahid epw;f Kbahky;
ePeJ
; k;> Kay; %o;fhky; epw;Fk; vd;W nghUs; nfhs;Sk;gbahf ,g;ghly; cs;sJ.
,J nghUs; nghUj;jk; cilajhf ,y;iy. vdNt fPo;f;fz;lthW xNu mbf;Fs;
khw;wpg; nghUs; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
Riu kpjg;g mk;kp Mo tiuaida
ahidf;F epiy Kaw;F ePj;J vd;g
fhdf ehld; Rid
vd;w nghUs; khw;wpg; nghUs; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
Kjy; mbapy; Mo vd;Dk; gadpiyf;F ,iae;j mk;kpia kpjg;g vd;Dk;

gadpiyf;Fk; kpjg;g vd;Dk; gadpiyf;F ,iae;j Riuia Mo vd;Dk;
gadpiyf;Fk; khw;wp mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,uz;lhk; mbapy; ePj;J vd;Dk;
gadpiyf;F ,iae;j Kaiy epiy vd;Dk; gadpiyf;Fk; epiy vd;Dk;
gadpiyf;F ,iae;j ahidia ePj;J vd;Dk; gadpiyf;Fk;
khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Mdhy; nra;Aspy; gadpiyf;Fg; nghUe;Jk; nrhw;fis
khw;wp Vyhj gadpiyfis jdpj;jdpNa $l;b Xubf;Fs; nghUs; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
,t;thW nghUs; nfhs;tJ nkhop khw;Wg; nghUs;Nfhs; MFk;. ,jid
Vw;wg; nghUSf;F ,iaG nkhopfis

khw;wp XubAs; toq;fy; nkhopkhw;Nw (ed; : 413)
153
3. epuy; epiwg; nghUs; nfhs;
epuy; epiw vd;gJ thpir Kiw MFk;. ngaUk; tpidAkhfpa nrhw;fis

KiwahfNth vjpuhfNth thpirg;gl epWj;jpg; nghUs; nfhs;tJ epuy; epiug;
nghUs;Nfhs; MFk;. ,J ,U tifg;gLk;. mit
1. Kiw epuy; epiw
2. vjph; epuy; epiw
vd;gdthFk;. mtw;iw rhd;WfSld; tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tJ mtrpak;.
Kiw epuy; epiw
nrhw;fis NeUf;F Neuhf Kiw khwhky; mikg;gJ Kiw epuy; epiu

MFk;.
v.fh – md;Gk; mwDk; cilj;jhapd; ,y; tho;f;if

gz;Gk; gaDk; mJ
,f;Fwspy; md;G ,y;tho;f;iff;F chpa gz;G vd;Wk; mwk; ,y;tho;f;ifapd; gad;
vd;Wk; nrhw;fs; Kiw khwhky; epuy; epiwahf mike;Js;sd. vdNt ,J Kiw
epuy; epiwg; nghUs;Nfhs; MFk;.
vjph; epuy; epiu
nrhw;fis vjph; vjpuhf mikg;gJ vjph; epuy; epiw MFk;.
v.fh - fspWk; fe;Jk; Nghy espfly;
$k;Gk; fydk; Njhd;Wk;
Njhd;wy; kwe;j JiwnfO ehNl
,g;ghlypy; fspW Nghyf; fyDk; fe;J Nghyf; $k;Gk; Njhd;Wk; vd vjph; vjpuhf
epWj;jpg; nghUs; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW nrhw;fis vjph; vjpuhff; nfhz;L
nghUs; nfhs;Sk; Kiwf;F vjph; epuy; epiwg; nghUs;Nfhs; MFk;. ,jid
ngaUk; tpidAkhk; nrhy;iyAk; nghUisAk;

NtW epudpwP, KiwapDk; vjphpDk;
NeUk; nghUs;Nfhs; epudpiw newpNa (ed; : 414)
vd;Dk; E}w;gh thapyhf mwpayhk;. ngaUk; tpidAkhfpa nrhw;fisAk; mit

nfhs;Sk; ngaUk; tpidAkhfpa gadpiyfisAk; NtW NTW thpirahff;
154
nfhz;L KiwahfNth vjpuhfNth ,jw;F ,J gadpiy vd;Dk; nghUs;gl
mikj;Jg; ghLtJ epuy; epiwg; nghUs;Nfhs; MFk;.
4. G+l;Ltpy; nghUs;Nfhs;
tpy;ypd; ,U KidfisAk; ehz; G+l;lg;ngw;W ,izf;Fk; nray; tpy; G+l;L

MFk;. vdNt ,jid tpy; g+l;L nghUs;Nfhs; vd;Wk; $Wth;. mt;thNw xU
ghlypd; ,Wjpr; nrhy;Yk; Kjw;nrhy;Yk; ,ize;J nghUs; KOik ngWtjhf
mikg;gJ G+l;Ltpy; nghUs;Nfhs; MFk;. ,jid Xh; vLj;Jf;fhl;L thapyhf
mwpayhk;.
v.fh - jpwe;jpLkpd; jPait gpw;fhz;Lk; khjh;

,we;Jgbd; nghpjhk; Vjk; - cwe;ijah;Nfhd;
jz;zhu khh;gpy; jkpoh; ngUkhidf;
fz;zhuf; fhzf; fjT
,g;ghlypy; fjT vd;Dk; ,Wjpr; nrhy; jpwe;jpLkpd; vd;Dk; Kjy; nrhy;Yld;

Nrh;e;J nghUs; KOik ngWfpwJ. mt;thW Nrh;g;gJ tpy;ypy; fapW G+l;LtJ Nghy;
cs;sJ. ghlypd; KjypYk; ,WjpapYk; epw;Fk; nrhw;fs; jk;Ks; nghUis Nehf;fp
mike;jpUg;gjhy; ,J G+l;Ltpy; nghUs;Nfhs; MFk;. ,jid
vOtha; ,Wjp epiynkhop jk;Ks;

nghUs;Nehf; FilaJ G+l;Ltpy; MFk; (ed; : 415)
5. jhg;gpirg; nghUs;Nfhs;
jhk;G ,ir vd;gJ jhg;G ,ir MdJ. jhk;G vd;gJ CQ;ry; fapW MFk;.
CQ;ry; fapW Kd;Dk; gpd;Dk; nry;tJ Nghd;W xU ghlypd; eLtpy; mike;j
nrhy; mg;ghlypd; Kd;Dk; gpd;Dk; nrd;W nghUs; je;J epw;Fkhapd; mjidj;
jhg;gpirg; nghUs;Nfhs; vd;gh;.
v.fh - cz;zhik cs;sJ caph;epiy Cd;cz;z

mz;zhj;jy; nra;ahJ msW
,f;Fwspy; ,ilapy; mike;Js;s Cd; vd;Dk; nrhy; Kd; nrd;W Cd;
cz;zhik cs;sJ caph;epiy vd;Wk; gpd; nrd;W Cd; cz;z mz;zhj;jy;
nra;ahJ msW vd;Wk; nghUs; je;J epw;fpwJ. vdNt mJ CQ;ry; fapW Kd;Dk;
gpd;Dk; nry;tJ Nghd;W mike;jpUg;gijf; fhzyhk;. vdNt xU nra;Aspy;
155
,ilapy; epw;Fk; nrhy;> mjd; KjypYk; <w;wpYk; nrd;W ,iae;J nghUs; jUtJ
jhg;gpirg; nghUs;Nfhs; MFk;. ,jid
,ilepiy nkhopNa VidaP hplj;Jk;

ele;J nghUis ez;Zjy; jhg;gpir (ed; : 416)
6. mis kwp ghg;gg; nghUs;nfhs;
mis kwp ghg;G vd;gjw;Fg; Gw;wpDs; EioAk; ghk;G vd;W nghUs;.

ghk;ghdJ Gw;wpDs; Eioe;jTld; jhNd klq;fpj; jiy NkyhfTk; thy; fPohfTk;
epiykhWk;. mt;thW khWk; NghJ cly;gFjp KOtJk; jiyg;gFjpiaj; njhl;Lf;
nfhz;Nl nry;Yk;. mt;thNw ghlypd; xU gFjpAld; gpw gFjpfs; njhlh;G nfhz;L
nghUs; Gyg;gLj;Jk;. ,J miskwp ghg;Gg; nghUs; Nfhs; MFk;.
v.fh - jho;ej
; czh;tpduha;j; jhSile;J jz;^z;wpj; jsh;thh; jhKk;
#o;e;j tpidahf;if Rltpspe;J ehw;fjpapy; Roy;thh; jhKk;
%o;ej
; gpzpeypa Kd;nra;j tpid vd;Nw Kdpthh; jhKk;
tho;e;j nghOjpNd thnda;J newpKd;dp KayhjhNu.
,g;ghly; vt;thW mike;Js;sNjh mt;thNw nghUs; nfhz;lhy; mJ nghUe;jhJ.

vdNt tho;e;j nghOjpNd thnda;J newpKd;dp KayhjhNu vd;Dk; <w;wbapid
gpw mbfSld; ,izj;Jg; nghUs; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. mJNt KOikahd
nghUisj; jUk;. ,jid
nra;As; ,Wjp nkhopapil KjypDk;

va;jpa nghUs;Nfhs; miwkwp ghg;Ng (ed; : 417)
vd;Dk; E}w;gh %yk; mwpayhk;. nra;Aspd; ,Wjp mb mjd; ,ilapYk; KjypYk;
nrd;W ,iae;J nghUs; je;Js;sJ. vdNt ,J mis kwp ghg;G nghUs;Nfhs;
MFk;.
7. nfhz;L $l;Lg; ngUs;Nfhs;
nra;Aspy; gy mbfspy; rpjwpf; fplf;Fk; nrhw;fisg; nghUs; mikg;Gf;F

Vw;g khw;wpf; nfhz;L nghUs; fhz;gJ nfhz;L $l;Lg; ngUs;Nfhs; vdg;gLk;.
v.fh - njq;fq;fha; Nghyj; jpuz;LUz;l igq;$e;jy;

ntz;Nfhop Kl;il cilj;jd;d khNkdp
156
mQ;rdj;J md;d griy jzpthNk
tq;fj;Jr; nrd;whh; thpd;.
,g;ghlypd; nrhw;fis cs;sJ NghyNt itj;Jg; nghUs; nfhz;lhy; nghUj;jKk;
njspTk; mikahJ. vdNt tq;fj;Jr; nrd;whh; thpd;> mQ;rdj;J md;d
igq;$e;jiy cilahs; khNkdp Nky; njq;fq;fha; Nghyj; jpuz;L cUz;l>
ntz;Nfhop Kl;il cilj;jd;d griy jzpthk; vd;W khw;wpg; nghUs; nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW gy mbfspd; nrhw;fisAk; nfhz;L $l;bg; nghUs;nfhs;tJ
,jd; jdpr; rpwg;ghFk;. ,jid
ahg;gb gytpDk; Nfhg;Gil nkhopfis

Vw;Gop ,irg;gJ nfhz;L $l;Nl (ed; : 418)
8. mbkwp khw;Wg; nghUs;Nfhs;
xU ghlypd; mbfis Kd;gpd;dhf khw;wp mikj;jhYk; nghUSk; XirAk;

khwhky; ,Uf;FkhW mikg;gJ mbkwp khw;Wg; nghUs;Nfhs; MFk;. me;je;j
mbapy; nghUs; Kbe;J tpl;lhy; kl;LNk me;j mbia vq;F Ntz;LkhapDk; khw;wp
mikf;f KbAk;. ,jid Xh; vLj;Jf;fhl;L thapyhf tpsf;fyhk;.
v.fh - Xjhky; xU ehSk; ,Uf;f Ntz;lhk;
xUtiuAk; nghy;yhq;F nrhy;y Ntz;lhk;
khjhit xUehSk; kwf;f Ntz;lhk;
tQ;ridfs; nra;thNuhL ,zq;f Ntz;lhk;.
,g; ghlypd; ehd;F mbfisAk; Kd; gpd;dhf khw;wpdhYk; nghUs; khwhJ. MfNt
,J mb kwp khw;Wg; nghUs;Nfhs; MFk;. ,jid
Vw;Gop vOj;Jld; $l;LWk; mbaTk;

ahg;gPW ,ilKj yhf;fpDk; nghUs;,ir
khl;rpAk; khwh mbaTk; mbkwp (ed; : 419)
vd;Dk; E}w;gh tpthpf;fpd;wJ. nghUSf;Fg; nghUe;Jkplj;jpy; nfhz;L $l;b

ciuf;Fk; mbia ciladTk; ahNJDk; Xh; mbia vLj;J mr;nra;Aspd; ,Wjp>
eL> Kjy; Mfpa ,lq;fspy; nfhz;L nghUj;Jk; nghOJ nghUs; khl;rpAk;
,irAk; khwhky; mike;Js;sd. ,j;jd;ikapdhy; ,J mbkwp khw;Wg;
nghUs;Nfhs; MFk;.
157
,ilapay;
,ilr; nrhy;
,ilr; nrhy;ypd; nghJ ,yf;fzk;
nrhy;yjpfhuj;jpd; ehd;fhk; ,ayhd ,ilapaypd; Kjy; E}w;gh nghJ

,yf;fzk; czh;j;JfpwJ. tiffisAk; Rl;LfpwJ.
1. jdpj;J elf;Fk; jd;ik ,y;yhjit.
2. ,J ngah;r; nrhy;> tpidr; nrhy;ypd; gpd;dNuh Kd;dNuh ,lk;ngWk;.
3. ,r;nrhw;fs; Xhplj;jpy; xd;Nwh gyNth tUk;.
4. ngah;r;nrhy; my;yJ tpidr; nrhy;iy ,lkhff; nfhz;L epw;git@

mjdhy; ,ilr; nrhy; Mapd. ,it 8 epiyfspy; mikAk;. mtw;iw mwptJ
mtrpak;.
tiffs; (8) vLj;Jf;fhl;L
1. Ntw;Wik cUGfs; (ngahpaypy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd) - E}y;+Ig;+gbj;jhd;
2. tpid cUGfs; (gjtpaypy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd) - el+j;(e;)+j;+Md;
3. rhhpia cUGfs; (Gzhpaypy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd) -

el+j;(e;)+j;+md;+md;
4. xg;G cUgpilr; nrhy;(nghJtpaypy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd) -Gyp Nghyg;

gha;e;jhd;
5. jj;jk; nghUs; jUgit - v> X Kjypad
6. mirepiy - NtW nghUs; czh;j;jhJ ngah; tpidAld; rhh;j;jpf;

$wg;gLk;
7. nra;As; ,ir epiw - VV ,ts; xU Ngb (nra;Aspy; Xir epiwf;Fk;)
8. Fwpg;gpdhy; nghUs; czh;j;Jtd - nghs; vd Mq;Nf Gwk; Ntuhh;

Nkw;Fwpj;j vl;L tifapDs; mlq;Fk; jdpj;J epw;f Kbahky; ngah;r;nrhy;yplj;Jk;
mtw;wpd; Kd; gpd; Mfpa ,lq;fspy; xd;Nwh gyNth te;J nghUe;jp epw;Fk;.
v.fh – xd;W gy
Fioad; mJ kw;Wk; ngah;r;nrhy;ypd; gpd; te;jd
158
kw;iwatd; ,dp kw;nwhd;W ngah;r;nrhy;ypd; gpd; te;jd
cz;zha; ele;jd;Nd tpidr;nrhy;ypd; gpd; te;jd
mk;knghpJ rP!rP! Ngh tpidr;nrhy;ypd; Kd; te;jd
vdNt I Kjypa Ntw;Wik cUGfSk; tpid cUGfSk; md; Md; Kjypa

rhhpiafSk; Nghy Giua Kjypa ctk cUGfSk; jj;jkf;Fhpa nghUis
czh;j;Jk; v> X KjypadTk; nra;Aspy; ,irepiwj;jw;Nf tUgdTk; mirahf
tUjNy nghUshf epw;gdTk; Fwpg;gpdhy; tUjNy nghUshf epw;gdTk; Fwpg;gpdhy;
nghUs; czh;j;jp tUgdTk; vd;Dk; ,t;ntl;Lepiy nrhw;fSk; jdpj;J epw;Fk;
jd;ik ,y;yhky; ngah;r; nrhy;yplj;Jk; tpidr; nrhy;yplj;Jk; Kd;NdahapDk;
gpd;NdahapDk; Xhplj;J xd;whapDk; gythapDk; te;J xd;Wgl;L epw;gJ
,ilr;nrhy;yhFk;. ,jid
Ntw;Wik tpidrhhpia xg;G cUGfs;

jj;ljk; nghUs; ,irepiw mirepiy
Fwpg;G vz; gFjpapd; jdpj;J ,aypd;wpg;
ngahpDk; tpidapDk; Kd;gpd; Xhplj;J
xd;Wk; gyTk; te;J xd;WtJ ,ilr;nrhy; (ed;:420)
vd;Dk; E}w;gh thapyhf tpsq;fpf; nfhs;syhk;.
,ilr; nrhw;fSk; mtw;wpd; nghUl;fSk;
ed;D}y; tpjpg;gb V> X> vd> ck;> jpy;> kd;> kw;W> kw;iw> nfhy;> xL>
nja;a> me;epy;> Mq;F> mk;k> kh vd;gd ,ilr;nrhw;fsha; miktd. njhpepiy>
njspT> Iak;> Kw;W> vz;> rpwg;G vjph;kiw> vr;rk;> tpdh> tpUg;gk;> xope;j nrhy;>
gphpepiy> fopT> Mf;fk; KjypadTk; ,it Nghd;w gpwTk; ,ilr;nrhw;fshFk;.
,ilr;nrhy; czh;j;Jk; nghUs;fs; gjpdhd;Fk; gpwTk; jj;jk; nghUs;

vd;Dk; epiyapy; mikAk;
1. m> ,> c -Rl;Lg;nghUs; jUtd
2. v> V> ah> M - tpdhg;nghUs; jUtd
3. gpd;> Kd; - fhy; nghUisAk; ,lg;nghUisAk; jUtd
4. ,dp - fhy ,lq;fspy; vy;iyg; nghUs; czh;j;Jtd
5. njhWk; NjhWk; - ,lg;gd;ikg; nghUisAk; njhopw; gapy;Tg; nghUisAk;

jUtd
159
6. thsh> rk;kh - gadpd;ikg; nghUisj;jUtd
7. Mt> Mjy;>Mapd; - tpfw;gg; nghUisj; jUtd
8. INah> me;Njh - ,uf;fg; nghUisj; jUtd
9. m> mk;k> x - tpag;Gg; nghUisj; jUtd
10. INah> mk;k - mr;rg;nghUisj;jUtd
11. rP>Ngh>rPr;rp - ,fo;r;rpg; nghUisj; jUtd
12. mk;nkd> flflntd> glglntd> xy;nyd> jpLjpLntd Kjypad - Xir

xypf;Fwpg;igj; jUtd
13. Jz;nzd> jpLf;nfd - mr;r xypf;Fwpg;igj; jUtd
14. nghs;nsd> fJnkd> rNunyd - tpiuT xypf;Fwpg;igj; jUtd. ,jid>
njhpepiy. Njw;wk;> Iak;> Kw;W> vz;> rpwg;G>
vjph;kiw> vr;rk; tpdh> tpioT. Xopapir>
gphpg;G fopT> Mf;fk;> ,d;d ,ilg;nghUs; (ed;:421)
Vfhu ,ilr;nrhy;
Vfhu ,ilr;nrhy; gpohpepiy> tpdh> vz;> <w;wir> Njw;wk;> ,irepiw

vd;Dk; MW nghUspy; tUk;.
czh;j;Jk; nghUs; vLj;Jf;fhl;L
1. gphpepiy - Ithpy; ePNa jiytd; - xU $l;lj;jpypUe;J xUtid

kl;Lk; gphpj;Jf; fhl;Ltjhy;
,J
gphpepiyg; nghUisj; je;jJ.
2. tpdh - ePNa nfhLj;jha;? - tpdhg; nghUisj; jUtjhy;
,J
tpdhg;nghUs; Vfhuk;
3. vz; - epyNk> ePNu> fhw;Nw - vz;zg; nghUspy; tUtjhy;
vz;zg; nghUs; Vfhuk;
4. <w;wir - tho;j;JJNk - NtW nghUisr; Rl;lhJ
,wjpapy;
160
epw;wyhy; <w;wir VfhukhFk;.
5. Njw;wk; - ed;Nw nrhd;Ndd; - Njw;wg; nghUisj; ,J
Njw;Nwfhuk; MFk;.
6. ,irepiw - XX vd;d moF - ,J ,ir epiwj;jy; nghUl;L
te;j Vfhu ,ilr;nrhy; MFk;.
rpy ,lq;fspy; ‘ehNd nfhz;Nld;’ vd tpdTifapy; ‘ehd; nfhz;bNyd;’

vd Vfhuk; vjph;kiwg; nghUspYk; tUk;. mt;thNw ‘V V Ngij’ vd ,fo;r;rpg;
nghUs; je;J epw;gJk; cz;L. vdNt Gjpad GFjy; vd;Dk; mbg;gilapy; Vfhu
,ilr;nrhy; vjph;kiwg; nghUspYk; ,fo;r;rpg; nghUspYk; ,lk;ngWk;. ,jid>
gphpepiy tpdh vz; <w;wir Njw;wk;
,ir epiw vd MW Vfhuk;Nk (ed;:422)
Xfhu ,ilr;nrhy;
Xfhu ,ilr;nrhy; xypapir> tpdh> rpwg;G> cah;T> ,opT> vjph;kiw> fopT>

,irepiy> gphpepiy> jphpepiy vd;Dk; vl;Lg; nghUspYk; rpy ,lq;fspy; Iag;
nghUspYk; tUk;.
1. xopapir - gbf;fNth te;jha; (,y;iy tpisahl) - xope;j nghUisj;

je;j
xopapirahapw;W
2. tpdh - ePNuh neUg;Ngh - tpdhg; nghUspy; te;Js;sJ
3. rpwg;G - X x moF - cah;Tg; nghUspy; te;Js;sJ.
X X nfhLik - ,opTg; nghUspy; te;Js;sJ
4. vjph;kiw - ahNdh murd; (,y;iy) - vjph;kiwg; nghUspy; te;Js;sJ
5. njhpepiy - ghk;Ngh fapNwh - njspTgLj;Jk; Nehf;fpy; te;jjhy; njhpepiy
Xfhuk;
6. fopT - X X moF Fiye;jJ - rpwg;G fope;j nghUspy; te;Js;sJ
7. mirepiy - fhz;kpd; ñ X (fhz;kpNdh) – nghUsw;w epiyapy; ,Wjpapy; te;J
mirepiyahapw;W.
8. gphpg;G - mth;fSs; ,tNdh nfhz;lhd; - xUtiu kl;Lk; gphpj;J
czh;j;Jtjhy; Xfhukhapw;W
161
rpy ,lq;fspy; ,uz;Nlh %d;Nwh vd Xfhuk; Iag; nghUspYk; tUk;. vdNt
Xfhuk; Nkw;Fwpj;j vl;L nghUz;ikfspy; miktijf; fhzyhk;. ,jid
Xopapir tpdhr; rpwg;G vjph;kiw njhpepiy

fopT mirepiy gphpg;G vdvl;L XNt (ed;:423)
vd vd;W vd;Dk; ,ilr;nrhy;
vd vDk; ,ilr;nrhy; tpid> ngah;> Fwpg;G> ,ir> vz;> gz;G vd;Dk; MW

nghUspy; ,lk;ngWk;.
1. tpid rhh;G - khztd; ghpR fpilj;jJ vd kfpo;e;jhd;
2. ngah; rhh;G - flY}h; vd Xh; Ch;
3. Fwpg;G rhh;G - nghs; vd Mq;Nf Gwk;Ntwhh;
4. ,ir rhh;G - kio Nrhnudg; nga;jJ
5. vz; rhh;G - xd;nwd ,uz;nld
6. gz;G rhh;G - fUik vdj; Njhd;wpdhd;.
,t;thNw vd;W vd;Dk; ,ilr; nrhy;Yk; tpid> ngah;> Fwpg;G> ,ir> vz;> gz;G
vd;Dk; MW nghUspy; ,lk;ngWk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf Nkw;Fwpj;jtw;wpy; vd vd;Dk;
,ilr; nrhy;ypw;Fg; gjpy; vd;W> vd mikj;Jf; nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,jid>
tpidngah; Fwpg;g,ir vz;gz;G MwpDk;

vdntD nkhoptUk; vd;Wk; mw;Nw (ed; : 424)
ck; vd;Dk; ,ilr;nrhy;
ck; vd;Dk; ,ilr;nrhy; vjph;kiw> rpwg;G> Iak;> vr;rk;> Kw;W> vz;

(msit)> njhpepiy> Mf;fk; vd;Dk; vz;tifg; nghUisj; jUk;.
1. vjph;kiw - te;jhYk; tUthd; - ck; vDk; ,ilr;nrhy; tuhkYk;

,Ug;ghd;
vd;Dk; vjph;kiwg; nghUisj; jUfpwJ.
162
2. rpwg;G - fs;tUk; kaq;Fk; ey;ypir – cah;Tr; rpwg;G ,opTr; rpwg;G
vDk; ,Uepiyfspy; mikAk;
3. Iak; - xd;whapDk; ,uz;lhapDk; nfhL - xd;iwj; njspTgLj;jpf;
$whky; Iag; nghUisj;
je;Js;sJ.
4. vr;rk; - jhAk; te;J tpl;lhh; - je;ij Kd;Ng te;J tpl;lhh; vd
Fiwe;J
epd;w nghUisr; Rl;LfpwJ. ,J ,we;jJ jOtpa vr;rk;
vjpuJ
jOtpa vr;rk; vd ,Utifg;gLk;.
,uhkDk; te;jhd; - Kd;G rPijAk; te;jhs; vd nghUisj; jUtjhy;
,we;jJ jOtpa vr;rkhFk;.
rPijAk; tUths; - ,g;nghUis czh;j;Jkhapd; vjpuJ jOtpa
vr;rkhFk;.
5. Kw;W - Ie;jkpOk; ed;fwpthh; - KOikg; nghUisj; jUtjhy;

Kw;Wk;ik MFk;.
6. vz; - fhAk; fdpAk; - ,uz;ilAk; vz;Zjyhy; vz;Zk;ik
MFk;.
7. njhpepiy - ghk;Gk; md;W fapWk; md;W – njsptw;w epiyapy; ck;ik

mike;J njhpepiy Mapw;W.
8. Mf;fk; - kUe;JkhdJ – czTkhdJ vd Mf;f ck;ik Mapw;W.
,j;jifa ck;ik ,ilr; nrhy;iy ed;D}yhh;
vjph;kiw rpwg;G Iak; vr;rk; Kw;W msit

njhpepiy Mf;fnkhL ck;ik vl;Nl (ed;:425)
vd;Dk; E}w;gh thapyhf tpthpf;fpwhh;.
Kw;Wk;ikf;Fr; rpwg;G tpjp
Kw;Wg; nghUisj; jUk; ck;ik ,ilr;nrhy; Kw;Wk;ik vdg;gLk;.
v.fh - vy;NyhUk; te;jdh;
Kw;Wg;nghUisj; je;j Kw;Wik rpy ,lq;fspy; vr;r ck;ikahf epd;W nghUs;

jUk;.
v.fh – vy;NyhUk; te;jpyh;
163
rpyh; te;jdh; vdg; nghUs;gLtjhy; ,t; ck;ik vr;r nghUisj; je;Js;sJ.
vdNt Kw;Wk;ik rpy ,lq;fspy; vr;rg; nghUisj; jUk;. ,jid>
Kw;Wk;ik xNuhtop vr;rKk; MFk; (ed; : 426)
vr;r ck;ikf;Fr; rpwg;G tpjp
ck;ik vd;Dk; ,ilr;nrhy; vr;rg; nghUisj; je;jhy; mJ vr;r

ck;ikahFk;. ngah; tpidfspy; vz;zpilr;nrhy; njhf;fp epw;wy; cz;L. ,jidr;
nrt;ntz; vd;gh;. nrt;ntz;zpy; vr;r ck;ik tUkhapd; mJ <w;wpy; ,lk;ngWk;.
v.fh – fy;tp nry;tk; xOf;fk; Fbg;gpwg;Gk; ngWthUk; csh;
,q;F ,tw;Ws; rpy ngWthUk; cz;L vdg; nghUs;gLk; vr;r ck;ik

nrt;ntz;zpy; <w;wpy; mike;Js;sJ. vdNt vr;rg; nghUspy; tUk; ck;ik
nrt;ntz;zpy; tUkhapd; mJ <w;wpy; ,lk; ngWk;. ,jid>
nrt;ntz; <w;wjhk; vr;r Tk;ik (ed; : 427)
rpy vz;zpilr; nrhw;fs; - rpwg;G tpjp
vz;zpilr; nrhw;fs; ,th;fSf;fpilapy; kiwe;J te;J ,ilr;nrhy;

nghUis czh;j;Jk;. ,j;jifa nrhw;fNs vz;zpilr; nrhw;fs; MFk;.
v.fh - rhj;jd; nfhw;wd; ,UtUk; te;jdh;.
,jpy; mike;Js;s ngah;fspd; vz;zpilr; nrhy; kiwe;Js;sJ. ,J

nrt;ntz;zhFk;. ,t;thW mike;Js;s nrt;ntz; ‘,UtUk;’ vdj; njhifr;
nrhy;iyg; ngw;W mike;Js;sJ. ,jDld; nganuhL njhfhJ tUk; V> vd> vd;W
vd;Dk; nrhw;fSk; Nrh;e;J ehd;Fk; vz;zpilr; nrhw;fs; MFk;.
v.fh – rhj;jNd nfhw;wNd ,UtUk; te;jdh;.
rhj;jd; vdh nfhw;wd; vdh ,UtUk; te;jdh;.
rhj;jd; vd;W nfhw;wd; vd;W ,UtUk; te;jdh;.
V> vd> vd;W vd;gd njhif ngwhky; tUk;. tof;fpy; mjid ,irnar;rkhff;
nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. nra;Aspy; njhFj;jy; tpfhukhf mikj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
164
ck;> vd;W> vd> XL vd;Dk; ehd;F vz;zpilr; nrhw;fSk; njhifr;
nrhy;iyg; ngw;Nwh ngwhkNyh mikAk;.
v.fh - rhj;jDk; nfhw;wDk; ,UtUk; te;jdh;.
rhj;jDk; nfhw;wDk; te;jdh;.
rhj;jndd;W nfhw;wndd;W ,Uth; csh;
rhj;jndd;W nfhw;wndd;W csh;
rhj;jNdhL nfhw;wNdhL ,Uth; csh;
rhj;jNdhL nfhw;wNdhL csh;
vdNt ngah;fsplj;Nj vz;zpilr;nrhy; njhf;fp tUk; nrt;ntz;Zk; V> vd;W> vd

njhfhky; tUk; vz;zilr; nrhw;fSkhfpa ehd;Fk; njhifr; nrhy;iyg; ngw;W
tUk;. ck;> vd;W> vd> XL Mfpa ehd;F vz;zpilr; nrhw;fSk; njhif ngw;Wk;
ngwhkYk; tUk;. ,jid>
ngah;r;nrhy; ntz;V vd;wh vdhvd;

ehd;Fk; njhifngWk; ck;ik vd;W vdXL
,e;ehd;Fk; vz;Zk; m/jpd;wpAk; ,aYk; (ed; : 428)
tpidgif nad;wpuz;b ndr;r epidAq;fhy;

jPnar;rk; Nghyj; njWk; (Fws; : 674)
,f;Fwspy; vd;W vd;Dk; vz;zpilr; nrhy; vz;zg;gLk; nghUshd tpid>

gifapid> tpid vd;W> gif vd;W vd ,uz;blj;Jk; epy;yhky; Xhplj;jpy; epd;W
vz;zg;gLk; nghUs;NjhWk; nrd;W nghUs; czh;j;JfpwJ. ,t;thNw vd> XL
vd;Dk; vz;zpilr; nrhw;fSk; Xhplj;jpy; epd;W vz;zg;gLk; nghUs;NjhWk; nrd;W
nghUis czh;j;Jk;.
v.fh - gifght kr;rk; gonad ehd;Fk; - vd

nghUs;fUtp> fhyk; tpidaplNdh ile;Jk; - XL
vd;W> vd> XL vd;Dk; ,k;%d;W vz;zpilr; nrhw;fSk; vz;zg;gLk; nghUs;fs;
NjhWk; epy;yhky; Xhplj;jpy; epw;gpDk; epd;w ,lj;jpy; epd;Nw vz;zg;gLk;
nghUs;fs; NjhWk; nrd;W nghUe;Jk;. ,jid>
vd;Wk; vdTk; xlTk; XNuhtop

epd;Wk; gphpe;Jvz; nghUs;NjhWk; NeUk; (ed; : 429)
165
vz;zpilr; nrhw;fs; tpidnahLk; tUjy;
ngah;r; nrhw;fNshL vt;thW vz;zpilr; nrhw;fs; nghUe;jpg; nghUis

czh;j;jpdNth mt;thNw rpy vz;zpilr; nrhw;fs; tpidr; nrhy;NyhLk; nghUe;jp
epd;W nghUis czh;j;Jk;.
v.fh - kapyhl Fapyhl khKfpy; vOe;jJ - nrt;ntz;
fw;Wk; Nfl;Lk; fw;gid nra;jhh; - ck;
cz;zntd;W cLf;fntd;W te;jhd; - vd;W
cz;zntd cLf;fntd te;jhd; - vd
cz;z cLf;f ntd;W te;jhd; - vd;W (gphpe;J $Lk; ,ay;G)
,t;ntLj;Jf;fhl;Lfspy; tpidr; nrhw;fNshL nrt;ntz; ck;ik> vd;W> vd

vd;Dk; vz;zpilr; nrhw;fs; nghUe;jp epd;W nghUs; czh;j;Jtijf; fhzyhk;.
rpy vz;zpilr; nrhw;fs; tpidr; nrhy;NyhL te;jhYk; ngaNuhL te;jhw;Nghy;
mikAk;.
tpidnahL thpDk;vz; ,ida Vw;gd (ed; : 430)
jpy; vd;Dk; ,ilr;nrhy;
jpy; vd;Dk; ,ilr;nrhy; tpioT (Ntl;if)> fhyk;> xopapir vd;Dk; %d;W

nghUis czh;j;Jtdthf mikAk;.
1. tpioT (Mir) - mhpitiag;; ngWfjpy; yk;k ahNd – mhpitiag;

ngWk;
Miria czh;j;Jtjhy; tpioT Mapw;W
2. fhyk; - ngw;whq; fwpfjpy; yk;k ,t;T+Nu - fhyk;

czh;j;jg;gLtjhy; fhyg; nghUs; Mapw;W.
3. xopapir - tUtjpy; tyk; vQ;Nrhp Nru - ,d;dJ nra;Ntd;

vd;Dk;
xope;j nghUis czh;j;Jtjhy; xopapir Mapw;W
tpioNt fhyk; xopapir jpy;Ny (ed; : 431)

166
kd; vd;Dk; ,ilr; nrhy;
kd; vd;Dk; ,ilr; nrhy; mirepiy> xopapir> Mf;fk;> fopT> kpFjp>

epiyNgW vd MW nghUis czh;j;Jk;.
1. mirepiy - mJkd; Njhop mtuJ NjNu – NtW nghUspd;wp

rhj;jg;gl;L epw;wyhy; mirepiy Mapw;W
2. xopapir -$wpa ths;kd; (Kd;G $h;ikahf ,Ue;jJ) - ,g;nghOJ
xbe;J tpl;lJ vd;Dk; nghUis czh;j;Jtjhy;xopapir
Mapw;W
3. Mf;fk; - gz;L fhLkd; - ,d;W tay; Mapw;W vd;Dk; nghUis
czh;j;Jtjhy; Mf;fkhFk;.
4. fopT - rpwpafl; nghpNd vkf;fPAk; kd;Nd - ,g;nghOJ mtd;
,we;jjhy; vkf;F <jy; ,y;iy vd;Dk; fopTg; nghUs;
Mapw;W
5. kpFjp - ve;ij vkf;F mUSkd; - kpFjpAk; mUs;thd; vd;Dk;
nghUs; jUtjhy; kpFjpahapw;W
6. epiyNgW - kd;dpaJ GhpANkh – epiy ngwhj cyfj;jpy; epiy
ngw;wijr; nra; vd;Dk; nghUisj; jUtjjhy; epiyNgW
Mapw;W.
kd;Nd mirepiy xopapir Mf;fk;

fopT kpFjp epiyNgW MFk; (ed; : 432)
kw;W vd;Dk; ,ilr;nrhy;
kw;W vd;Dk; ,ilr;nrhy; tpidkhw;Wg; nghUspYk; mirj;J epw;Fk;

nghUspYk; gphpnjd;Dk; nghUspYk; tUk;.
1. tpidKw;W - kw;wwpthk; ey;tpid – tpidkhw;wp czh;j;Jk;

nghUspy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ.
2. mirepiy - kw;nwd;id Ms;f – NtW nghUis
czh;j;jhJ
epd;W mirepiyg; nghUspy; te;Js;sJ.
167
3. NtW vDk; nghUs; - kw;nwhd;W #opDk; - Co;tpidf;F
kWjiyahd
cghaj;ij czh;j;jp gphpJ nghUis czh;j;jp
epw;fpwJ.
tpidkhw;W mirepiy gpwpnjDk; kw;Nw (ed; :433)
kw;iw vd;Dk; ,ilr;nrhy;
kw;iw vd;Dk; ,ilr;nrhy; xd;wpw;Fg; gjpyhf kw;wij czh;j;jp epw;Fk;

tifapy; mikAk;. ,uz;L goq;fs; cs;stplj;J xd;iwf; fz;l xUth; mjid
Ntz;lhJ kw;iwaijf; nfhz;Lth vdf; $wpdhy; mjw;F ,dkhd kw;nwhd;iw
‘kw;iwaJ’ vd;Dk; nrhy; czh;j;Jk;. kw;iwaJ vdtUk; ,k; ‘kw;iw’ vd;Dk;
,ilr;nrhy; Kd;Rl;bd nghUis xopj;J mjw;F ,dkhd nghUisf; Fwpf;Fk;.
,jid>
kw;iwaJ vd;gJ Rl;ba jw;F,dk; (ed; :434)
nfhy; vDk; ,ilr; nrhy;
nfhy; vDk; ,ilr; nrhy; Iag; nghUisAk; mirepiyiaAk; czh;j;Jk;.
1. Iak; - mJnfhy; Njhop fhkNehNa – fhk Nehah Ntwh

vd;Dk;
Iag; nghUisj; je;Js;sJ
2. mirepiy - fw;wjdhy; Ma gad; vd;nfhy; - NtW
vg;nghUisAk;
Rl;lhky; mirepiytahf te;Js;sJ.
nfhy;y Iak; mirepiyf; $w;Nw (ed; : 435)
XL nja;a vd;Dk; ,ilr; nrhw;fs;
XL nja;a vd;gd nghUsw;w epiyapy; ,iria epiwf;Fk; nghUl;L

mikAk; ,ilr;nrhw;fs; MFk;.
v.fh - tpijf;FW tl;by; NghnjhL nghJs
168
nrhy;Nyd; nja;a epd;ndhLk; ngah;j;Nj
,r;nra;As; njhlh;fspy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;s XL nja;a vd;Dk; ,ilr; nrhw;fs;

,iria epiwj;jw; nghUl;L mike;Js;sijf; fhzyhk;.
XLTk; nja;saTk; ,irepiw nkhopNa (ed; : 436)
gpw ,ilr;nrhw;fs;
me;jpy;> Mq;F> Mk;> mk;k> kh> jhk;> jhd;> fpd;W> epd;W Kjypa gpw
,ilr;nrhw;fSk; tof;fpy; cz;L. ,jid vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs; thapyhf tpsq;fpf;
nfhs;syhk;.
Me;jpy;> Mq;F vd;gd mirepiy ,lk; Mfpa nghUs;fspy; mikAk;.
me;jpy; mir epiy me;jpw; foypdd;

,lk; tUNk Nrapiy me;jpy; nfhOew; fhzpa
Mq;F mirepiy Mq;fj; jpwdy;y ahk; fow

,lk; Mq;F MapDk; MFf
mk;k ciuair mJ kw;w mk;k

Vty; mk;k thop Njhop !
kh tpaq;Nfhs; mir Gw;iw cz;f kh nfhw;ifahNd
Mk; gdpAkhnkd;Wk; ngUik
jhk; ePhj
; hk;
jhd; ePjhd;
fpd;W tpUk;Gfpd;Nwd;
epd;W Jizaha; epd;whd;
,t;thW nghUsw;w epiyapy; rhh;j;jp ciuf;fg;gLk; epiyapy; ,t;tifr; nrhw;fs;

vy;yh ,lj;Jk; ,lk;ngWtijf; fhzyhk;.
ahfh gpwgpwf;F mNuhNgh khJ,Fk;
rpd;Fiu XUk;NghYk; ,Ue;J ,l;L
169
md;WMk; jhk;jhd; fpd;Wepd;W mirnkhop (ed; : 441)
Kd;dpiy mirr; nrhw;fs;
kpah> ,f> Nkh> kjp> mj;ij> ,j;ij> thopa> khs> <. aho vd;gd
Kd;dpiyapid tpspj;Jf; $Wk;nghOJ mirr; nrhw;fsha; mikAk; ,ilr;
nrhw;fs; MFk;.
v.fh - kpah – Nfz;kpah
Nkh – nkhopNkh gpwTk; ,t;thNw tUk;

kjp – nrhy;kjp
ah> fh> gpw> gpwf;F> mNuh> Ngh> khJ> ,Fk;> rpd;> Fiu> XUk;> NghYk;>
,Ue;J> ,l;L> md;W> Mk;> jhk;> jhd;> fpd;W> epd;W vd;Dk; ,UgJ ,ilr;
nrhw;fSk; vy;yh ,lj;Jk; tUtdthFk;.
v.fh - ah – ah gd;dputh; khzhf;fh;

gpw – my;y kw;Wg; gpw
mNuh – FapyhYk; mNuh
,Fk; - fhz;bFk; my;yNkh
rpd; - vd;wprpd;
Mk; - gzpAkhk; vd;Wk; ngUik
,t;thNw gpw ,ilr;nrhw;fSk; mike;J tUk;.
chpap;ay;
chpapaypy; chpr;nrhw;fspd; ,ay;Gfs; tpthpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

nrhy;yjpfhuj;jpd; ,Wjp ,ayhf mikAk; chpapaypd; Kjy; E}w;gh chpr;
nrhy;ypd; nghJ ,yf;fzj;ijAk; mjd; tiffisAk; tpthpf;fpwJ.
nghJ ,yf;fzk;
chpr; nrhy;ypd; nghJ ,yf;fzq;fshf
1. nra;ASf;F chpik cilaJ
2. gy;tifg;gl;l gz;Gfis ntspg;gLj;JtJ
170
3. ngah;r; nrhy; tpidr; nrhw;fis tpl;L ePq;fhjit
Mfpa gz;Gfisf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. ,ir ( Xir ) (kdj;jhw; Fwpj;Jzug;;gLtJ)

gz;G (Gyd;fshy; czug;gLtJ) Mfpatw;iw czh;j;Jk; nrhw;fs; jdpj;J epw;Fk;
Mw;wy; ,d;wp ngah; tpidfisr; rhh;e;J mtw;wpd; gz;Gfisj; njspTgLj;Jk;
tifapy; mikfpd;wd.
v.fh - cW Gfo; - ‘cW’ vd;gJ kpFjp vd;Dk; nghUspy; Gfo; vd;Dk;

ngahpd; gz;ig czh;j;JfpwJ.
rhyg; Ngrpdhd; - ‘rhy’ vd;gJ kpFjp vd;Dk; nghUspy; tpidapd;

gz;ig czh;j;JfpwJ.
cW> rhy vd;Dk; chpr;nrhw;fs; jdpj;J epw;Fk; Mw;wypd;wp ngah; tpidfis
rhh;e;J epd;W mtw;wpd; gz;Gfis czh;j;Jfpd;wd. ,t; chpr; nrhw;fs;>
gyFzk; jOtpa xU nrhy;yhfTk;

xU Fzk; gy Fzk; jOtpa xU nrhy;yhfTk;
xU Fzk; jOtpa gy nrhy;yhfTk;
mikAk; Mw;wy; cilait.
rhy> jt> edp> cW $h;> fop vd;gd kpFjp vd;Dk; xU gz;igj; njspT
gLj;Jk; gy chpr; nrhw;fshFk;. vdNt ,it xU Fzk; jOtpa gy
chpr;nrhw;fs; MFk;.
fb vd;Dk; Xh; chpr;nrhy; fhty;> $h;ik> kzk;> tpiuT> kpFjp> Mh;j;jy;>

fhpg;G vd;Dk; gy nghUisj; jUk;. vdNt ,J gy Fzk; jOtpa Xh; chpr;nrhy;
MFk;.
vdNt ,irAk;> Fwpg;Gk;> gz;Gk; Mfpa gy;NtW tifg;gl;l gz;GfisAk;

czh;j;Jk; ngauhfp mt;thW czh;j;Jk; nghOJ xU nrhy; xU Fzj;ij
czh;j;JtdTk; gy Fzq;fis czh;j;JtdTkhf nra;ASf;F chpadtha;
nghUSf;F chpik G+z;L epw;gd chpr;nrhw;fshFk;. ed;D}yhh;>
gy;tifg; gz;Gk; gfh; ngah; Mfp

xU Fzk; gy Fzk; jOtpg; ngah;tpid
xUth; nra;Al;F chpad chpr;nrhy; (ed; :442)
vd;Dk; E}w;gh thapyhf chpr;nrhy; ,yf;fzj;ijj; njspTgLj;Jfpwhh;.
171
xU Fzk; jOtpa gy chpr; nrhy;
tif ,uz;L
gy Fzk; jOtpa Xh; chpr;nrhy;
,t;ml;ltiz thapyhf chpr;nrhy;ypd; tiffis tpsq;fpf;nfhs;syhk;.
gz;gpd; ,yf;fzk;
chpr; nrhy; gy;tifg; gz;Gfisj; njhptpf;Fk;. capUilaJk;

capuw;wJkhfpa ,U tifAs; mlq;Fk;. cyfj;jpy; cs;s midj;Jg;
nghUl;fspd; Fzq;fSk; gz;G vdg;gLk;. gz;G vd;gJ ahJ? gz;Gila
nghUs;fspd; tiffs; ahit? gz;gpd; tiffs; ahit? Kjyhdtw;iw ed;D}y;
Mrphpah; chpapaypy; tpsf;fpAs;shh;.
caph;> caph; my;yjhk; nghUl;Fzk; gz;Ng (ed; :443)
vd;Dk; E}w;gh Nkw;Fwpj;j fUj;jpid tpthpf;fpd;wJ.
caph;g; nghUs;
nka;> tha;> fz;> %f;F> nrtp vd;Dk; Ik;nghwpfspd; czh;r;rpahfpa cW>

Rit> ehw;wk;> Xir Kjypatw;iw mwpAkplj;J nka;ahy; cw;W czUk; czh;r;rp
Kjyhff; fPo;g;Nghd czh;rr
; pfisAk; nfhz;L Rit> xsp> ehw;wk;> Xirnad Nky;
tUk; Gyd;fis xd;NwhL xd;whf czh;jypd; XuwpT caph; Kjyhf caph; Ie;J
tifg;gLk;. nka;> tha;> fz;> %f;F> nrtp Kjyhf tUk; mwpTfspd; mbg;gilapy;
caph;fis Ie;J tifg;gLj;Jth;.
nghUs; tif
caph;g; nghUs; capuy;yhg; nghUs;
172
XuwpTaph;
<uwpTaph;
caph;tif %twpTaph;
ehywpTaph;
Ie;jwpTaph;
XuwpTaph;
nka;iaj; njhl;L njhLjy; czh;it mwpAk; caph;fs; XuwpTaph;fshFk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf Gy;> kuk; Kjypadtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. ,jid
Gy; kuk; Kjycw;W mwpAk;x uwpTcaph; (ed; : 445)
<uwpTaph;
njhLjy; czh;Tk;> Rit czh;Tk; cilad <uwpTaph;fshFk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf ,g;gp (rpg;gp)> rq;F> fpspQ;ry; Kjypad nka;awpTld; ehthy;

Ritia mwpAk; mwpTilad. vdNt ,it <uwpTiladthFk;. ,jid>
Kus;ed; #Mjpeh twpNthL< uwpTaph; (ed; : 446)
%twpTaph;
njhLjy;> Rit> ehw;wk;> Mfpa %d;iwAk; mwpAk; mwpTilad

%twpTaph;fshFk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf vWk;G> fiuahd;> nry;> ml;il Kjypatw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

,jid>
rpjy; vWk;G Mjpkf;F mwptpd;% twpTaph; (ed; : 477)
173
ehd;fwpTaph;
njhLjy;> Rit> ehw;wk;> xsp (nka; + eh + %f;F + fz;) Mfpatw;iw

mwpAk; ,ay;Gilait ehd;fwpTaph;fshFk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf Jk;gp> tz;L> ez;L> NjdP> Kjypadtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. ,jid
Jk;gp tz;L Mjpf;fz; zwptpd;eh ywpTaph; (ed; : 488)
Ie;jwpTaph;
njhLjy;> Rit> ehw;wk;> xsp (nka; + eh + %f;F + fz; + nrtp)

Mfpatw;NwhL nrtpawpitAk; cilait Ie;jwpTaph;fshFk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf Njth;> kf;fs;> eufh;> tpyq;F> Gs; (gwit) Kjypadtw;iwf;

Fwpg;gplyhk;. ,jid>
thdth; kf;fs; eufh; tpyq;FGs;

Mjpnrtp mwpNthL Iawp TapNu (ed; : 449)
caph; ,y;yhg; nghUs;fs;
mwpT kakhfpa caph; ePq;fpa clk;G Kjyhfpa cyfj;Jg; nghUs;fs;

vy;yhk; capuy;yhj nghUl;fs; MFk;. ,jid>
czh;tpa yhk;caph; xd;Wk; xope;j

cld;Kjy; midj;Jk; capuy; nghUNs (ed; :450)
Kd;D}w;ghtpw;Fg; Gwdil
clYk; mjDs; ,Uf;Fk; capUk; xd;WNghy; Njhd;wyhk;. Mdhy; caph;

epiyahdJ. mwpaf;$baJ. cly; mopaf;$baJ. mwpAk; jd;ik ,y;yhjJ.
caph; NtW> cly; NtW MFk;. ,it xd;WNghy; Njhd;wpdhYk; mwpTs;sjhfTk;
,y;yhjjhfTk; epw;Fk; Ntw;Wikapdhy; capUk; clYk; Ntwhf tpsq;FfpwJ.
,f;fUj;ij
xw;Wik eaj;jpd; xd;W vdj; Njhd;wpDk;

Ntw;Wik eaj;jpd; NtNw cly; caph; (ed; : 451)
174
capUilg; nghUs;fspd; Fzg;gz;G
mwpT> mUs;> Mir> mr;rk;> khdk;> epiw> nghiw> Xh;g;G> filg;gpb> ikay;>
epidT> ntWg;G> ctg;G> ,uf;fk;> ehz;> ntFsp> JzpT> mOf;fhW> md;G>
vspik> va;j;jy;> Jd;gk;> ,d;gk;> ,sik> %g;G> ,fy;> ntd;wp> nghr;rhg;G> Cf;fk;>
kwk;> kjk;> kwtp vd;Dk; clk;NghL $ba caph;fspd; Fzg;gz;G Kg;gj;jpuz;L
vd;gijg; gpd;tUk; E}w;gh tpthpf;fpwJ.
mwpT> mUs;> Mir> mr;rk;> khdk;

epiw> nghiw> Xh;g;G> filg;gpb> ikay;
epidT> ntWg;G> ctg;G> ,uf;fk;> ehz;> ntFsp
JzpT> mOf;fhW> md;G> vspik> va;j;jy;
Jd;gk;> ,d;gk;> ,sik> %g;G> ,fy;
ntd;wp> nghr;rhg;G> Cf;fk;> kwk;> kjk;
kwtp> ,ida cly; nfhs; caph;f; Fzk; (ed; : 452)
capUilg; nghUs;fspd; njhopw; gz;G
clk;NghL $ba caph;fspd; njhopw; gz;Gfs; Ie;J MFk;. mtw;iw

tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tJ mtrpak;.
1. Ja;j;jy; - mDgtpj;jy;
2. JQ;ry; - J}q;Fjy;
3. njhOjy; - tzq;Fjy;
4. mzpjy; - mzpe;J nfhs;Sjy; (Mil> mzp)
5. ca;j;jy; - nrYj;Jjy;
Mfpa Ie;J gz;GfisAk; caph;fspd; njhopw; Fzq;fshff; nfhs;syhk;.

,tw;Wld; tho;j;Jjy;> muw;Wjy;> tiujy; vd;Dk; gpw Fzq;fSk; mike;J tUk;.
Ja;j;jy; JQ;ry; njhOjy; mzpjy;

ca;j;jy; Mjp clYaph;j; njhopw;Fzk; (ed; : 453)

175
capuw;w nghUspd; Fzg;gz;G
capUs;s nghUs;fspd; Fzg;gz;Gfisg; Nghd;W capuw;w nghUs;fSf;Fk;

Fzg;gz;Gfs; cs;sd. mtw;iw tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tJ mtrpak;.
1. tl;lk;> rJuk; Kjyhd tbtq;fs;
2. eW ehw;wk;> jP ehw;wk; vDk; ,U ehw;wq;fs;
3. ntz;ik> nrk;ik> fUik> gRik> nghd;ik vd;Dk; Itif tz;zq;fs;
4. ifg;G> Gspg;G> Jth;g;G> cth;g;G> ,dpg;G> fhh;g;G vd;Dk; mWtif

Ritfs;
5. ntk;ik> jz;ik> nkd;ik> td;ik> neha;k;ik> rPhi

; k> ,Onkdy;>
rUr;riu
vd;Dk; vz;tif CWfs; (njhLTzh;Tfs;) Kjypad capuw;w

nghUs;fspd; Fzq;fshFk;.
gy;tif tbT,U ehw;wk; tz;zk;

mWRit CWvl;L capuy; nghUl;Fzk; (ed; : 454)
capUs;s> capuw;w nghUs;fspd; nghJj; njhopw;gz;G
capUs;s> capuw;w nghUl;fSf;F nghJg; gz;Gfs; rpy cs;sd. mit>

Njhd;wy;> kiwjy;> tsh;jy;. RUq;fy;> ePq;fy;> miljy;> eLq;fy;> ,irj;jy;> <jy;
vd;Dk; xd;gJk; ,it Nghd;w gpwTk; (mirjy;) Mfpad ,Utifg; nghUSf;Fk;
nghJthfpa njhopw; gz;Gfs; MFk;.
Njhd;wy; kiwjy; tsh;jy; RUq;fy;

ePq;fy; miljy; eLq;fy; ,irj;jy;
<jy; ,d;id ,UnghUs; njhopw;Fzk; (ed; : 455)
xU Fzk; jOtpa chpr;nrhy;
rhy> jt> edp> cW> $h;> fop vd;Dk; MWk; kpFjp vd;Dk; xU Fzk;
jOtpa chpr;nrhw;fshFk;.
176
v.fh – rhyr;rpwe;jJ - rhy
cWkPd; - cW
jtkfd; - jt
edpNgij - edp
fsp $h;kdk; - $h;
fop NgUtif - fop
rhy> jt> edp> cW> $h;> fop vd;gd ngah;rn

; rhy; tpidr; nrhy; Nghyj;
jdpj;J epd;W nghUis czh;j;jhky; ngah;r;nrhy;iyNah> tpidr; nrhy;iyNah
rhh;e;J epd;W mtw;wpd; Fzj;ij czh;j;Jfpd;wd. ,it midj;Jk; kpFjp vd;Dk;
xU nghUis kl;LNk Rl;b epw;fpd;wd. vdNt rhy> jt> edp. cW> $h;> fop
vd;Dk; MWk; kpFjpahfpa Fzj;ij czh;j;Jk; chpr;nrhw;fshFk;. mjdhy; ,it
xU Fzk; jOtpa gy chpr;nrhw;fs; MFk;.
rhy; cWjt edp$h; fopkpfy; (ed; : 456)
gy Fzk; jOtpa Xh; chpr;nrhy;
xU Fzk; jOtpa gy chpr;nrhw;fisg; Nghd;W gy Fzk; jOtpa Xh;

chpr; nrhw;fSk; cz;L. nrhy; xd;W. Mdhy; mJ czh;j;Jk; nghUs; (Fzk;) gy
vd;gJ ,t;tif.
v.fh - fb
fb vd;gJ nrhy; MFk;. ,J 13 nghUs;fis czh;j;Jk;. mit fhty;>

$h;ik> tpiuT> kzk;> tpsf;fk;> mr;rk;> rpwg;G> tiuT> kpFjp> GJik> Mh;j;jy;>
kd;wy;> fhpg;G vd;gdthFk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L
fb efh; - fhty; - fhtiy cila efh;
fb Nty; - $h;ik - $h;ikahd Nty;
fb nrd;whd; - tpiuT – Ntfkhfr; nrd;whd;
fbkyh; - kzk; – kzKs;s kyh;
177
fbkzk; - GJik – Gjpa kzk; (jpUkzk;)
fbkhh;G – tpsf;fk; - mfd;W tpsq;Fk; khh;G
fbauk; fsph;f;Nf - mr;rk; - mr;rj;jpd; ,ay;G $Wjy;
mk;GJQ;Rk; fbauz; - rpwg;G - muzpd; rpwg;G $Wjy;
fbfw;W - kpFjp
fbKuR - fhpg;G
fbtpid - kd;wy;
fb kJ Efh;T – tiuT
fbvd; fpstp fhg;Ng $h;ik

tpiuNt tpsf;fk; mr;rk; rpwg;Ng
tiuNt kpFjp GJik Mh;j;jy;
tpiuNt kd;wy; fhpg;gpd; MFk; (ed; : 457)
xU Fzk; jOtpa gy chpr;nrhy; (1)
gy chpr;nrhw;fs; czh;j;Jk; Fzk; (nghUs;) xd;W. vdNt ,t;tif

chpr;nrhw;fs; xU Fzk; jOtpa gy chpr;nrhw;fs; MFk;.
rhy> jt> edp> cW> $h;> fop vd;gd xU Fzk; jOtpa gy chpr;nrhy;
MFk;. ,it ngah; tpidiar; rhh;eN
; j mikAk;. jdpj;J epd;W nghUs; juhJ.
‘Mapio nehbAk;’ vd;Dk; njhlhpYs;s ‘nehb’ vd;gJ ngaiur; rhh;e;J

epd;W ‘nrhy;’ vd;Dk; nghUisj; jUk; chpr;nrhy;yhFk;. Mdhy; nehb vd;gJ
ngah; tpidfisr; rhuhJ jdpj;J epw;Fk;nghOJ ‘tpdhb’ vDk; nghUs; jUk;.
,t;thW ngah; tpidfisr; rhuhJ toq;Fk; chpr;nrhw;fSk; cz;L.
tha; khw;wk; - khw;wk;
mwpe;J Ety; - Eth;r;rp
nrg;gYw;Nwd; - nrg;G
ciug;git - ciu
178
mwq;fiueh - fiu
Mapio nehbAk; - nehb
,irnadg; Gf;F - ,ir
ehq;fs; $w - $w;W
Gfd;w md;wpAk; - Gfwy;
fz;lJ nkhopNkh - nkhop
fpse;j fpisKjy; - fpstp
tpsk;gpdh; Gyth; - tpsk;G
miwF ntd;nrhy;Ny - miw
mwk; ghbw;W - ghl;L
gfh;ej
; dh; Gyth;; - gfh;rr
; p
,ak;gYw;Nwd; - ,ak;gy;
vdNt khw;wk;> Eth;r;rp> nrg;G> ciu> fiu> nehb> ,ir> $w;W> Gfwy;> nkhop>
fpstp> tpsk;G> miw> ghl;L> gfh;r;rp> ,ak;gy; Kjypa 16 chpr;nrhw;fSk; ‘nrhy;’
vd;Dk; xU Fzj;ij czh;j;JtdthFk;.
khw;wk; Eth;r;rp nrg;G ciufiu nehb,ir
$w;Wg; Gfwy; nkhopfpstp tpsk;Gmiw
ghl;Lg; gfh;r;rp ,ak;gy; nrhy;Ny (ed; : 458)
xU Fzk; jOtpa gy chpr;nrhy;
Kd; Fwpg;gpl;l xU Fzj;ij czh;j;Jk; chpr; nrhw;fs; jtpu ngah;
tpidfis tpl;L ePq;fp jdpj;J ,aq;Fk; NkYk; gy chpr;nrhw;fs; cs;sd. mit>
179
Koq;Ffly; - Koq;F gy;ypak; Jitg;g - Jit
FbaiQapul;Lk; - ,ul;L gpspWthh; KuR - gpspW
xypGd Y}ud; - xyp ,iuf;Fk; Gdy; - ,iu
fypnfO%J}h; - fyp ,uq;F Kurpdk; - ,uq;F
giw,iraUtp - ,ir Kurkjpak;g - ,ak;g
,kpo; fly; - ,kpo; khhpaOq;fpd%J}h; - mOq;F
FspW Kurk; - FspW nfsitf; fly; - nfsit

fspj;jpUf;fpwhh; - mjph; tpidf; fk;giy - fk;giy
Fiu GdyhW - Fiu mutj; jhid - mutk;
fidfly; - fid Muj;j gy;ypak; - Mh;g;G
rpiyj;jhh; Kurk; - rpiy fk;ik kpFehL - fk;ik
Kof;F> ,ul;L> xyp> fyp> ,ir> Jit> gpspW> ,iu> ,uq;F> mOq;F>
,ak;gy;> ,kpo;> FspW> mjph;> Fiu> fid> rpiy> fk;ik> nfsit> fk;giy>
mutk;> Mh;g;G Kjypad xU Fzj;ij czh;j;Jk; gy chpr;nrhw;fs; MFk;. ,it
Nghd;W mikAk; mkiy> Jodp> fiu KjypadTk; Mir vd;Dk; xU Fzj;ij
czh;j;Jk; chpr; nrhw;fshf mike;J tUk;.
Kof;F ,ul;L xypfyp ,irJit gpspW,iu

,uf;FmOq;F ,ak;gy; ,kpo;FspW mjph;Fiu
fidrpiy fk;ik nfsit fk;giy
mutk; Mh;g;NghL ,d;dd Xir (ed; : 459)
chpapaYf;Fg; Gweil
ngah;> tpid> ,il> chp Mfpa ehy;tifr; nrhw;fspy; ,d;dnrhy; jd;ik>

Kd;dpiy> glh;f;iffspYk; tof;F> nra;As;fspYk; chpr; nrhy;yhfpa gz;Gg;
ngah;fis mf;Fzj;ij tphpj;Jf;$wpd; kw;nwhd;W tphpj;jy; vd;Dk; Fw;wk;
NeUkhapDk; Ntz;ba msT tphpj;Jf; $Wk; tof;fpidf; fhzyhk;. ,it gw;wpa
njspthd tpsf;fk; gpq;fyj;ij> jpthfuk; Kjypa ,yf;fz E}y;fspy;
fhzg;ngWk; chpr;nrhy; gFjpapy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ. NkYk; ngahpaYs; ngah;rn
; rhy;
njhFjpiaAk; tpidapaYs; tpidr;nrhy; njhFjpiaAk; ,ilapaYs; ,ilr;nrhy;
njhFjpiaAk; tphpj;Jf; $whikf;F ,JNt Gweil tpjpahFk;.
,d;dJ ,d;Dop ,d;dzk; ,aYk;

180
vd;wpir E}Ys; Fzfdpg; ngah;fs;
nrhy;yhk; guj;jypy; gpq;fyk; Kjyh
ey;Nyhh; chpr;nrhy;ypd; eae;jdh; nfhsNt (ed; : 460)
nrhy;yjpfhuj;jpw;Fg; Gweil
nrhw;fs;NjhWk; ,jd; ,yf;fzk; ,j;jifaJ vd KOikahff; $w

Kw;gbd; tuk;gpd;wp mikAk;. vdNt vLj;Jf; $wg;;gl;l nrhw;fspd;
,yf;fzq;fisf; nfhz;L $wg;glhjdtw;wpd; ,yf;fzq;fisAk; xg;Gik fUjp
,JTk; mJ Nghd;wJ vd njspthf czh;e;J nfhs;Sjy; khzhf;fuJ flik vd
Fwpg;gpLfpwhh; ed;D}yhh;.
nrhy;njhWk; ,w;wpjpd; ngw;wpnad;W midj;Jk;

Kw;w nkhopFspd; Kbtpy Mjypd;
nrhw;wtw; wpayhd; kw;iwa gpwTk;
njw;nwd czh;jy; njs;spNahh; jpwNd (ed; : 461)
ed;D}Yf;Fg; Gweil
Kw;fhy ,yf;fzq;fSs; rpy gpw;fhyj;jpy; kiwjYk; Kw;fhyj;jpy;

,y;yhjd rpy gpw;fhyj;jpy; ,yf;fzkhf tUjYk; cz;L. ,J Fw;wkd;W. fhy
NtWghL gw;wpaJ Mjyhy; ,J Fw;wkhfhJ vd;gJ ed;D}yhh; fUj;J. ,jid>
gioad fopjYk; Gjpad GFjYk;

tOty fhy tifap dhNd (ed; : 462)
lhf;lh; F. fjpNurd; M.A., M.A. (yoga), M.Phil., Ph.D.

jkpo;j;Jiw> Mjpj;jdhh; fiy mwptpay; fy;Y}hp
jpUr;nre;J}h; - 628 216.
181

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MANONMANIAM SUNDARANAR UNIVERSITY

DIRECTORATE OF DISTANCE & CONTINUING EDUCATION

DJL12 - ,yf;fzk; - 2 - ed;D}y; nrhy;yjpfhuk;

Most Student friendly University - Strive to Study and Learn to Excel

For more information visit: http://www.msuniv.ac.in

DJL12 : jhs; - 2 ,yf;fzk; 2 - ed;D}y; nrhy;yjpfhuk;

ed;D}y; nrhy;yjpfhuj;jpy; nrhy;ypd; ,yf;fzk; ngahpay;> tpidapay;>

ed;D}yhh; 60 E}w;ghf;fspy; ngahpaiy tpthpf;fpwhh;. ,tw;wpd; %yk;

nrhy;ypd; nghJ ,yf;fzKk; ghFghLfSk;

jkpo; nkhop ,yf;fzk; vOj;J> nrhy;> nghUs;> ahg;G> mzp vd Ie;J

nrhy;ypd; nghJ ,yf;fzk;

Xh; vOj;J jdpj;Njh xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l vOj;Jf;fs; njhlh;e;Njh epd;W

xU nkhop njhlh;nkhop nghJnkhop vd;wh

1. nrhy; vd;gJ xU nkhop> njhlh; nkhop> nghJ nkhop vd;Dk; %d;W

4. gpw nghUis czh;j;JtNjhL jd;idAk; czh;j;Jk;

5. cyf tof;F> nra;As; tof;F vd;Dk; ,U epiyfspy; nghUs;

6. nghUis ntspg;gilahfTk; Fwpg;ghfTk; czh;j;Jk;.

nkhop vd;gJ nrhy; vd;Dk; nghUs; czh;j;Jk;. ,k;nkhop xUnkhop>

xUnkhop vd;gJ nrhy; jdpj;J epd;W nghUs; czh;j;Jk;.

v.fh – epyk;> jP> G+> thd;

,uz;bw;F Nkw;gl;l nrhw;fs; njhlh;e;J epd;W nghUs; czh;j;jpdhy; mJ

v.fh – kyh; gwpj;J khiy njhLj;jhd;.

xUnkhopahf epd;W xU nghUisAk; mJNt gphpe;J njhlh; nkhopahf epd;W

v.fh - ,uhkd; jhkiuiaf; fz;lhd;.

,uhkd; jh kiuiaf; fz;lhd;

jhkiu vd xU nkhopaha; epw;Fk;nghOJ kyiuAk; jh  kiu vdg; gphpe;J

xU nkhop xU nghUsdthk; njhlh; nkhop

vd;Dk; E}w;gh thapyhf mwpayhk;.

jpiz vd;Dk; nrhy; gFg;ig czh;j;Jk;. jpiz ,Utifg;gLk;. mit

vd;Dk; ml;ltiz thapyhf tpsq;fpf; nfhs;syhk;.

v.fh – murd;> mikr;rd; - kf;fs;

cah;jpiz – kdpjd; (caph;epiy)

kf;fs;> Njth;> eufh; cah;jpiz

ghy; vd;gJ ,ay;G my;yJ jd;ikiaf; Fwpf;Fk;. ,J Ie;J tifg;gLk;.

Mz;ghy; - mtd;> kfd;> tPud;

,t;ml;ltizfs; vLj;Jf;fhl;LfSld; tpthpf;fpd;wd.

Mz; ngz; gyh; vd Kg;ghw;W cah;jpiz (ed; : 262)

jpiz ghy;fSf;Fg; Gweil

cah;jpiz rhh;e;j MZk; ngz;Zk; jj;jkJ jd;ikia tpl;L gpw ghy;

v.fh – Ngld; te;jhd;> myp te;jhd;>

Mz; jd;ik Fiwe;J ngz; jd;ik kpFe;J fhzg;gLk; NgLfisg; Ngb vd

v.fh – Ngb te;jhs;

,t;thW Mz;ghy;> ngz;ghy; KbTfisg; ngw;W te;j NgLfs; nghJepiyapy;

v.fh – myp te;jJ> Ngb te;jJ

vdNt Mz;jd;ik> ngz;jd;ik kpFe;J mikAk; NgLfs; nghJepiyapy;

ngz;iktpl;L Mz;mth TtNgL Mz;ghy;

vd;Dk; E}w;gh thapyhf mwpayhk;.

%tplr; nrhw;fs; jpizghy; czh;j;Jk; Kiw

nrhw;fs; jpiz> ghy;> vz;> ,lk; Mfpatw;iw ntspg;gilahf czh;j;Jk;.

v.fh- mtd; te;jhd;

,j;njhlhpy; mJ vd;gJ m/wpiz xd;wd;ghy; glh;f;ifg; ngah; MFk;. ,J

glh;f;if ,lk; my;yhj jd;ik> Kd;dpiy ,lq;fisr; Rl;Lk;

v.fh – eP ele;jid - Kd;dpiy xUik

glh;f;if tpidKw;W ehkk; Fwpg;gpd;

vd;Dk; E}w;gh thapyhf tpthpf;fyhk;.

jd;ik> Kd;dpiy> glh;f;if vd ,lq;fs; %d;whFk;.

v.fh - ahd; te;Njd; - ,j;njhlh; $Wgtiu kl;Lk; Fwpf;Fk;.

eP te;jha; - ,j;njhlh; $Wgthpd; vjphpy; epw;gtiu kl;Lk; Fwpf;Fk;.

mtd; te;jhd; - ,j;njhlh; $WgtiuNah vjphpy; epw;gtiuNah Fwpf;fhJ.

vdNt nrhw;fisg; gad;gLj;Jk; epiyapy; mtw;iw jd;ik> Kd;dpiy> glh;f;if

jd;ik Kd;dpiy glh;f;if %tplNd (ed; : 266)

xU nghUSf;F vr; nrhy; mike;jNjh mr;nrhy;yhNyNa nghUl;fis

kuk; vd;gJ njhd;W njhl;L vt;thW toq;fg;gl;L te;jNjh mij mt;thNw