Managerial communication Final term Project

Final Term Project

PROBLEMS OF TRAFFIC JAM IN MAJOR

CITIES OF PAKISTAN

Spring-08

PREPARED BY:
ABDUL SAMAD SHAIKH 6176
NADIR HUSSAIN ASKARI 6458

SUBMITED TO:
FAISAL K. QURASHI
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT

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We are grateful to our teacher Mr. Faisal K. Qureishi for teaching us Managerial
Communication. His versatile knowledge in this field and unique teaching style has developed
our knowledge and also helped us to build our communication skills.

We are more obliged to him for assigning this task, which has further helped us in evaluating
weaknesses and strengths of our Traffic system.

Secondly we would like to thank our seniors for giving us their valuable time and assisting us in
our research work.

Finally, we give thanks to all who have directly or indirectly supported us with their assistance
and guidance to compose this report and accomplish broader vision to visualize different aspects
of education in Pakistan.
.

AUTHORS

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ABDUL SAMAD SHAIKH

He has done inter from KAARCHI BOARD. He has awarded the degree of Bachelor of
Commerce (B.Com) from Government Science and Commerce College Gulshan-e-Iqbal
affiliated with University Of Karachi. Now he is doing MBA from IQRA University (IU)
Defence View, Karachi.

NADIR HUSSAIN ASKARI

He has done Inter from LARKANA BOARD and he has done B.Com from Shah Abdul Latif
University Khairpur and currently he is doing MBA from IQRA University (IU) Defence View
Karachi.

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL

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May 05, 2008

Mr.Faisal Qureshi,
Incharge, MBA Program,
Faculty of Business Administration
Iqra University Defence View campus,
Karachi.

PROBLEMS OF TRAFFIC JAM IN MAJOR CITIES OF PAKISTAN

Respected Sir:

Please find attached report is based on "Problems of traffic jam in major cities of Pakistan.”

In this report we have analyzed to developed innovative colors and ideas in an effort to process
the information more efficiently and accurately. We learned that investment in higher education
does not go unrewarded and its neglect doesn’t go unpunished. It addresses all the issues and
will be of interest to policy planners, academia, and students.

The conclusions were inferred based on the knowledge we gained during our data Collection
and analysis in the light of expertise that we developed after having studied “Research Methods
for Business” from you.

We hope that the plan will be a road map towards the success. Preparing it has been a rewarding
and enlightening experience. If you have any further queries, we will be more than happy to
discuss them with you.

Sincerely,

Abdul Samad Shaikh

Nadir Hussain Askary

Table of Contents
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S. No. Topics Page No.

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1 Acknowledgment i
2 About the Authors ii
3 Letter of Transmittal iii
4 Synopsis iv
5 Introduction 1-3
6 History 4
6.1 Some of the Recent Traffic Jams in Karachi 5
• July 01, 2007 5
• August 22, 2007 5
• November 17, 2007-PIDC 5
• August 11, 2007 Central Karachi 5
• October 19, 2007 Jauhar More 6
Some of the recent jams were accrued in Islamabad 6
6.2 Reasons for Traffic Jam 7
6.2.1 • Road construction 7
6.2.2 • Encroachments 7
6.2.3 • Manual Traffic Control 7
6.2.4 • Lake of Civic Sense 8
6.2.5 • Illegal Driving License 8
6.2.6 • Selfishness 8
6.2.7 • Lack of Parking Places 8
6.2.8 • Violence of Law 8
6.2.9 • Lack of Planning 8
6.3 Some Solutions for traffic jams 9-10
7 Research 11-12
8 Conclusion 13
9 References 14

SYNOPSIS IV

This report is about the “Traffic Jams in Major cities of Pakistan”. This report contains so many
factors of traffic jams in Karachi. This report includes the introduction of traffic jams in Major cities
of Pakistan that how the traffic jams consuming the time of people, disturbing the life of people, and
how people of Karachi and other major cities are facing the problem of traffic jam in their regular life.
Second history of traffic jams in Karachi that when traffic jams start and how it increasing day by day
and also some recent traffic jam event which occurred at different times at different places, how these
events ruin the daily life of people of Karachi.
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This report also contain some of the reason of traffic jams in Karachi that what are the factors which
are causes of traffic jams in city and also the role of government, that how much government is
contributing to maintain traffic. Research is also conducted on this problem, report contain views of
the interviewees. In last report contain recommendation that what steps government take to decrease
this problem.

INTRODUCTION 05

All city dwellers know the problem of traffic jams well, but when it comes to Pakistan, these traffic
jams take on a unique meaning. Imagine the traffic, from trucks, cars, rickshaws, motorcycles and
bicycles to horse carriages and donkey carts, all jammed up back to back (sometimes neck to neck)
and cursing the moment they decided to take that road.

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Karachi sees traffic jams regularly and not too long ago I once again experienced being stuck in a
highway parking lot on Shahra-e-Faisal, the main highway in the city. I was trying to rush to the
airport but on that day a trip that usually takes under 20 minutes took me over 2 hours. Needless to say
I missed my flight, but I also suffered spending over 2 hours in the high heat, humidity and soot & dust
pollution on the road.

Traffic jams in Pakistan are not just a menace to those on the streets; they also impact the overall
productivity of our society and are a real threat to our development. It is not unheard of for an office
worker to be delayed by up to an hour for work, or be late for important meetings because of traffic
jams. From official meetings to personal affairs such as wedding and other parties, the most common
excuse for being late is being stuck in a traffic jam - and unfortunately it is often the real reason as
well.

The economic and social cost to cities with regular traffic jams has been estimated by economists
around the world and it is extremely high (not to mention the costs associated with environmental
pollution generated by idling engines and stop & go traffic, the health problems created in the people
breathing the undiluted exhaust emissions, and the reduction of property value in areas where traffic
jams become routine). A study done by the World Resources Institute in 1996-1997 estimated that the
economic penalty of traffic jams in large cities can exceed hundreds of millions of dollars a year. Not
to be left unsaid, traffic jams are also linked to increased road rage and overall
agitation/aggression/hypertension in societies (certainly a problem I have noticed become exacerbated
in Karachi over the past few years).

Lahore city suffers worst traffic jam

LAHORE: [2]Traffic in the city was jammed for hours when traffic police failed to control it, mainly
because of dead traffic signals. The worst traffic jam was on Jail Road - from Services Hospital to
Canal Chowk - The Mall - from Faisal Chowk to High Court Chowk - Main Boulevard, Canal Road,
Ferozepur Road and several link roads. Traffic on Ferozepur Road was blocked because of an
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accident, after which the police could not control the situation. Traffic was blocked in the Railway
Station area when more than 10 buses of various private companies blocked the road while trying to
pass each other simultaneously at Naulakha Chowk. At several places, traffic police and people
exchanged harsh words when the police failed to handle the situation. People protested against the
traffic police’s inefficiency. [2]

Lower Mall traffic comes to standstill

LAHORE: [1] Traffic on Lower Mall was jammed for several hours because of the firing incident,
which went on for about two hours. Several employees who worked on Lower Mall were asked by
their offices not to come to work because of the firing. Traffic was diverted to alternate routes, which
also cause a massive logjam. Traffic in front of MAO College was completely blocked by students
who burned tyres to protest the fight between the two MSF factions. They were of the view that with
the lifting of the ban life for them would become difficult. [1]

Gas Pipeline Explosion in Islamabad causes Traffic Jam

ISLAMABAD: [4] Gas pipeline explosion here Thursday at Faizabad caused nuisance to commuters of
twin cities as traffic was diverted to repair the pipelines, SP traffic Zubair Hashmi said.
SP said traffic staff was trying to ensure smooth flow of traffic and diverting traffic to different routes.
Meanwhile, General Manager, Sui Northern Gas pipelines Ltd; Ismaeel Paracha said the explosion
occurred when some drug addicts lit fire near a leaking gas pipeline.
He said that repair work was underway and is gas supply is expected to be restored on Friday. The
officials were on the site and supervising the repair work till transmission of this report [4]
Quetta receives heavy snowfall

[6] QUETTA, Feb 18, 2003: Quetta Valley and many other cities in Balochistan on Tuesday received
significant snowfall for the first time since the drought hit the province five years ago.
Snowfall in Kalat, Ziarat, Kan Mehtarzai, Qila Abdullah, Pishin, hilly areas of the Chaghai district and
Qila Saifullah started in the morning and continued intermittently the whole day. Weather pundits
have forecast more rain and snowfall in Quetta for the next 24 hours.

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Kalat received more than two feet of snow, Quetta Valley received six
inches and in Ziarat and Kan Mehtarzai it was recorded at 1.5 feet.
The road to Ziarat and Chotair Kan Mehtarzai has been lying closed
since Monday following the snowfall in the area. Hundreds of
picnickers, who left Quetta in cars and other vehicles for Hanna and
Orak Valley to witness the heavy snowfall, were trapped in a traffic
jam.
People were happy to see the white layers of snow in the Quetta
Valley after a long time. “It is a blessing,” said Malik Sher
Mohammad, a resident of Hanna Valley.
“We have seen such a snowfall after 10 years,” said Ali Aamir, a university student.
Orchard owners in the outskirts of Quetta welcomed the snowfall which, they believed, would
improve the chances for a better fruit crop in the coming season.
In the plains, mainly in Chaghai, over 1,800 people belonging to 310 families were marooned after hill
torrents washed away their villages. At least three villages were destroyed.
“Three children who were swept away in currents were rescued by the Chaghai Militia personnel,”
Colonel Qazi Naeemullah Khan said. “We sent civil armed forces to help the marooned people,” he
said and added that most of them were shifted to a safer place. [6]

HISTORY 06

After the devils of street crimes and load-shedding, Karachi has received yet another gift of hours long
traffic jams throughout the Mega polis. It’s the sheer incompetency and poor performance of traffic
police, which is hapless in this regard. There are so many reasons for this stuck-up dense crowd of
traffic, main ones are the absence of traffic police, congested roads, out of order traffic signals,
arrangements for VVIPs that hold up traffic, and the still-in-construction roads.

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Karachi is seriously suffering from traffic problems ever since the number of vehicles started to
increase tremendously while the roads are getting blocked due to the developmental work going on by
CDGK thus making every part of the city fully congested and this happens on regular basis. These
jams not only cause mental torture but also lead to severe causalities, accidents, injuries, disabilities
etc. And too much amazement no solution seems to be in hand to avoid such menace occurring in the
city.

There are several reasons for traffic jams like construction of roads, public busses, lack of civic sense
and above all these, the protest and rallies that are taken out every now and then in the city are the
major contributors towards heavy traffic jams. In this context, I would like to quote a news item here,
which took place on the National Highway leading to long waited traffic jam, which caused great
difficulty to the denizens of the city.

Presence of illegal bus stops, population explosion, encroachments, huge buses and trucks and the
unawareness about the traffic laws among the drivers have all added to this monster misery. Its pretty
much clear that traffic police cannot handle this single handedly, and it would require the concerted
efforts on part of all the departments and people. But the key to the success of this idea is the flawless
and timely communication between the departments.Traffic situation in Karachi is getting worse with
each passing day. On one hand vehicles are increasing exponentially while roads are getting blocked
due to the mega-development drive of the City District Government of Karachi (CDGK). Instead of
doing the development work in phases, the CDGK has opened all fronts in one go, leaving Karachi
dogged up from one end to the other.

[6.1] Some of the recent jams were accrued in Karachi:

July 01, 2007

[3] A short spell of heavy downpour on Saturday afternoon played havoc with the megapolis,
submerging several main thoroughfares, causing collapse of entire traffic management system and
inundating Sharea Faisal, Shahrah-e-Pakistan and other arteries as well as filling two city underpasses
with rain and sewerage water and Massive traffic jams occurred across the city, including MA Jinnah
Road, Jail Chowrangi, Hasan Square, Shaheed-e-Millat, Sohrab Goth and Liaquatabad. [3]

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August 22, 2007

short spell of heavy downpour on Saturday afternoon played havoc with the megapolis, submerging
several main thoroughfares, causing collapse of entire traffic management system and inundating
Sharea Faisal, Shahrah-e-Pakistan and other arteries as well as filling two city underpasses with rain
and sewerage water. Almost half of the city was deprived of electricity as the heavy downpour started
at around 4:00 pm, while accumulation of rainwater caused heavy and agonizing traffic jams on
Sharea Faisal, Shahrah-e-Pakistan, University Road and other major and minor arteries of the city.
Massive traffic jams occurred across the city, including MA Jinnah Road, Sharae Faisal, Jail
Chowrangi, Hasan Square, Shaheed-e-Millat, Sohrab Goth and Liaquatabad.

November17, 2007 - PIDC

A rally held by the Pukhtoon Action Committee (Loya Jirga) assembled hundreds of rickshaws, trucks,
buses and minibuses to parade from Lasbella Chowk to the Karachi Press Club, virtually bringing life
at the center of the city to a standstill from 4:00 p.m. till dusk. The rally stretched nearly 10 kilometres
long and ran opposite the flow of traffic. Traffic was blocked for hours at all the main points to Saddar
- Lucky Star, Metropole hotel, and Zainab market, all of I. I. Chundrigar Road.

August 11, 2007 - Karachi Central

People blocked Nawab Siddique Ali Khan Road, running between Lasbella Bridge and Nazimabad
Chowrangi, and S. M. Taufeeq Road between Teen Hatti Bridge and Liaquatabad flyover, to protest
against prolonged power breakdowns in their localities. Due to the blockade, the vehicles reaching the
thoroughfares from different directions got stuck at Lasbella, Nazimabad, Teen Hatti and Karimabad
intersections. The power breakdown also rendered traffic signals inoperative and the traffic police
personnel moved in to regulate the traffic flow failed to handle the massive clogging at so many
places. The traffic police miserably failed to regulate traffic manually and chaos like situation
prevailed at Teen Hatti, Jamshed Road, Nishtar Road, Lasbella, Nazimabad, Pak Colony, Karimabad,
Sir Shah Suleman Road and other link roads.

Another traffic jam occurred near Gulbai and on Mauripur Road as people took to the street and staged
a sit-in. They raised slogans against the water board and the city government for reducing the supply
of drinking water.

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October 19, 2007 - Jauhar More at Rashid Minhas Road:

The jam started at around 8.30 on Friday morning on the Rashid Minhas Road-Jauhar More
intersection. Many of those who were caught up were students appearing in levels and other exams,
and there was every possibility that some of them might not have made it in time.

The obvious reason was the absence of any cut between NIPA and Jauhar More to regulate traffic and
enable commuters to find a convenient exit despite the fact that one of Karachis major amusement
parks is located on this road. The result is that all vehicular traffic gets bogged down at Jauhar More.
The absence of a proper service lane on either side of the Rashid Minhas Road from Jauhar More to
NIPA has also made the commuters life miserable.

Some of the recent jams were accrued in Islamabad:

April 05, 2008 Murree Road: Traffic jam for three hours

RAWALPINDI: [5] Murree Road on Friday witnessed traffic jam from

Mareer Chowk to Chandni Chowk for three hours.

Traffic signals on Murree Road along with Liaquat Road, Iqbal Road, Sir Syed Road, Circular Road
and Asghar Mall Road went dead after IESCO interrupted power supply to the city.

Cops failed to regulate traffic due to three-hour long power cut, which resulted in a traffic mess on the
roads. Traffic was blocked on the roads connecting Murree Road to the city’s various localities

At many places, people especially motorist’s exchanged harsh words with cops over traffic mess. [5]

REASONS FOR TRAFFIC JAMS 6.2

Some of these are listed here:

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6.2.1. Road Construction: [7] The road construction works are in progress on M.A. Jinnah Extension
Road, Rashid Minhas Road, Shahra-e-Jehangir, 5000 Road in North Karachi, 8000 Road in Korangi
Manghopir Road etc. The flyover works are ongoing at Time

Medico intersection, Hasan Square intersection and Sohrab Goth, Underpasses works are also
underway at Gharibabad, Liaquatabad No. 10 and Nazimabad No. 2. Most of the projects are on going
without any traffic diversion plan.

6.2.2. Encroachments: Squatters have also set up encroachments on the roads. The car showroom
owners park their vehicles at footpath and on a large portion of M. A. Jinnah Extension Road, Khalid
Bin Walid Road, Tariq Road, University Road etc. Inter-city buses have illegal depots and stop points
along University Road (old sabzi mandi) causing hindrance in traffic flow.

6.2.3. Manual Traffic Control: According to a report in PakTribune.com, traffic signals are switched
off in many areas by police officials who try to control the traffic manually. They get confused in the
process and due to their errors; the traffic from different directions is grid locked which leads to traffic
muddle on the roads. Usually, the traffic police close the traffic signals in evening when traffic volume
from all directions is much higher. They open one-side of road for long period while the other traffic is
closed for minutes.

Usually signals of Shaheen Complex, Civic Centre. Tibet Centre, Nishat Cinema, Numaish, Empress
Market, Shahra-e-faisal, Shaheen Complex, Teen Hatti, Shahra-e-Pakistan etc are switched off.

Ironically, the signals are operating under Urban Traffic Control (UTC) in which timings are fixed in
according to the traffic flow of these roads. The city government has installed 130 UTC signals on
major roads, which have computerized system. Timings are stored in the system in according to the
traffic volume, which can also be varied.

According to city government officials, the traffic police was responsible to operate these signals but
instead of it they were more intended to operate traffic manually. The city government has asked
traffic police department many times to abandon traffic control manually as it causes traffic jams but
the officials concerned never response positive.

6.2.4. Lack of Civic Sense: Another major reason for traffic jams and mishaps in Karachi is lack of
civic sense in drivers. Most drivers are either unaware of traffic rules or they simply do not bother,
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Jumping lanes, overtaking, speeding, cursing and swearing, all causing frustration, depression and
hyper-tension around them. [7]

6.2.5. Illegal driving license: Most people get their driving license without giving proper diving test:
so we can well imagine what they would do when they come out on the roads!!
6.2.6. Selfishness: We, as a nation have become very selfish. We would rather get stuck in a jam for
hours than to reverse our car!!!
6.2.7. Lack of Parking Places: There is absolutely no planning for any parking space, not even in
commercial areas! And we Pakistanis want to park our cars inside the shop - if possible, rather than
parking it around the corner and walking!!!
6.2.8. Violence of law: Traffic police are paid so less, they are more interested at making money by
grabbing any opportunity they can, catching a poor bike wala, of tankers are their favourite victims,
rather than controlling the traffic.
6.2.9. Lack of Planning: Our dear friends have dug up as many roads as they could to get the water
out………all the way into the sea!!!!!! God forbid if we have high tides. Work is at a stand still and
we, the residents have no idea when theses trenches will be covered. If ever
the list will go on ………….but honestly, I have lost all hope from this country…………

Allah helps us all get through yet another day on Karachi roads!

SOME SOLUTIONS FOR TRAFFIC JAMS 6.3

Solutions: [7] Solving traffic related issues is certainly no easy task and requires lot of research and
planning. Considering the availability of resources and funds, it is best to utilize what is readily
available rather than opting for brand-new solution which cause more strain on tax payers’ pockets.
For example, the circular railway system, if properly launched, can reduce pressure from the
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vehicular traffic. While there was some progress on Karachi Mass Transit Program, it falls prey of
various political agendas and went down the drain.

According to a BBC report, a congestion-beating project has been launched that could lead to some of
the UK’s disused railway lines being paved with rubber.

Holdfast Rubber Highway (HRH) in UK is developing rubber

roads and may provide a use for some of the estimated 50m tyres
disposed of in the UK each year.

Parent company, Holdfast Level Crossings, already makes the

rubber decking found at pedestrian and rail crossings. The
company has extended this idea to create cheap interlocking panels that can be laid between the gaps
on disused railway lines.

Each mile of track would use 354,000 scrap tyres. Individual panels are made “cold” so there are few
emissions in the production process.

A 980ft (300m) demonstration track, funded by the not-for-profit Waste and Resources Action
Programmed (Wrap), has been built on a branch line leading into a car depot in Corby, Northampton
shire.

Over eight weeks, more than 8,000 cars will drive over the surface to make sure it can stand up to
wear and tear.

However, Mr. Coates Smith, the managing director of Holdfast, said he was more interested in seeing
how quickly the road could be laid.

“It took four men five days to put down 300m of road,” he said. “The panels we’d be using [in the
future] are three times as long, so you can imagine 900m in five days.”

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Also in the UK, researchers are working on a tiny, three-wheeled car that could help solve traffic
congestion.

The prototype Clever (Compact Low Emission Vehicle for Urban Transport) car is one meter wide
and less polluting than normal vehicles. It has a top speed of 100 km/h (60mph) and uses a novel
tilting chassis to make it safe and maneuverable.

The traffic-busting two-seater is the result of a 40-month project by researchers in nine European
countries.

The three-year, £1.5m EU-funded research project aimed to produce a totally different class of
private motor vehicle specifically designed for the urban environment.

The idea is to try to marry the small size and efficiency of a motorcycle with the comfort and safety of
a standard car. [7]

Research 07

1. Farrukh said:

November 12th, 2007 3:12 am

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The recent rain in Karachi and especially the situation right now with water piled up has made the
problem worse. Someone should do a serious study of the economic cost of these disruptions and
compare that to what the cost of solving the problem would be.

2. Naveed said:

November 13th, 2007 3:47 am

Yesterday was terrible. Loss of life at Chandigarh road due to electrocutions etc... May Allah protect all
and protect them from harms way. People have walked for miles to reach home.

3. Adil Najam said:

November 13th, 2007 11:27 am

Samad, it seems to me that maybe we should start with the most obvious solution. Public transportation
an efficient and comfortable bus and tram service could do wonders. Part of this is a ’social’ problem as
it has become ‘beneath’ people to be seen traveling in a bus. But that is at least partly related to the state
of the buses and bus services. For large metropolitan areas like Karachi and Lahore a future without an
efficient, clean, and dependable public transport system will necessarily be a future full of traffic
jams… and worse.

4. Bilal Zuberi said:

November 13th, 2007 4:59 pm

Today something I read on Metro log today (posted by CY). Ridiculous…

The devastation wrought on this city by yesterday’s rain has so many angles: disrupted industrial
production, massive traffic jams, criminal neglect, electrocutions, looting, etc.

But the most galling from today’s Daily Times:

‘The entire city was engulfed in a traffic jam. According to one commuter, he was stuck at Hotel Metro
pole for four hours. The road in front of CM House, towards PIDC, was closed from one lane for VIP
movement despite the fact that the entire area was backed up with a traffic jam’.

5. Sahar Humayun says:

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November 13th, 2007 5:07 pm

I live in a metropolis, and like any other, it gets its traffic jams around rush hours. The difference is the
absence of honking horns, angling one’s car in middle of two lanes and the understanding that if the
person in front of you gets to move, you get to move. I’m not one of those people who turn back and
pick faults in their own roots, but I guess some common sense and common courtesy would go long
ways in solving not just traffic, but numerous other problems as well.

CONCLUSION 08

I and my group deep search on this issue that arise at major cities of Pakistan include Lahore,
Islamabad, and Karachi. We find this Problem in Karachi occurs daily at morning time and evening
time these are the time when Karachi’s roads are full with the transport that includes cars, buses,

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trucks, motor bikes and etc. And our government can’t solve this problem as yet so the Question that
remains in the mind of the people of Pakistan that what are the authorities doing on it, and what
should be done? It also has already been applied on the problem, the experience of underpasses
versus flyovers. News clippings in Pakistan now talk about planned construction of high speed
corridors for city buses, and revamping of the local rail system for commuting (the plans have their
critics, some quite justified given prior experiences with such schemes).

Many countries now have high occupancy lanes to encourage car pooling, and some countries (even
China) have already started deploying intelligent traffic alert systems on roads so drivers can take
detours when traffic starts to build up. Pakistan has experimented with bridges for pedestrian crossing
on some major streets, but that has seen limited success in a population that does not seem to want to
climb a few steps when they can just run across the street.

This may sound too simple to some but I also believe that promotion of more considerate driving
behavior (such as preventing tailgating, frequent lane changes, and turning without signals) can also
help tremendously. Last but not the least, there may be a role for infrastructure planners to consider
how to prevent all kinds of traffic from hogging the roads at the same time, even during rush hours.
How many times have we gone through a major traffic jam to realize that a slow moving donkey cart,
with tons of construction steel loaded on it, was the root cause of the problem?

Can we stop bicycles, donkey carts, etc. from entering the main roads and highways, please? As for
the VIPs, give them the same treatment as the donkey carts. No need for them to hog the main
highways.

REFERENCES 09

[1] www.dailytimes.com.pk “Lower Mall traffic comes to standstill”

http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008\04\29\story_29-4 2008_pg13_2 (01-05-08)

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[2] www.dailytimes.com.pk “Lahore city suffers worst traffic jam”

http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2005%5C11%5C24%5Cstory_24-11-
2005_pg7_25 (01-05-08)

[3] www.thenews.com.pk“Traffic jam accrued in Karachi on July 01, 2007”

http://www.thenews.com.pk/daily_detail.asp?id=62663 (01-05-08)

[4] www.pakistantimes.net “Gas Pipeline Explosion in Islamabad causes Traffic Jam”

http://pakistantimes.net/2004/01/23/metro1.htm (01-05-08)

[5] www.dailytimes.com.pk “April 05, 2008 Murree Road: Traffic jam for three hours”

http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008\04\05\story_5-4-2008_pg11_3 (01-05-08)

[6] www.dawn.com “Quetta receives heavy snowfall”

http://www.dawn.com/2003/02/19/top11.htm (01-05-2008)

[7] www.chowrangi.com “Some reasons of traffic jam and solutions”

http://www.chowrangi.com/traffic-jams-in-karachi-reasons-and-solutions.html (03-05-08)

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