CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background

Language is one of the human cultures that is highly valued because human
language can communicate and interact with the surrounding community. With
language, it is also possible for humans to develop and abstract various symptoms
that appear around them. It is clear that language has a very important role inlife
socialand it can be said that humans speak every day from waking up to going to
sleep again, even dreaming that humans also speak.

Language grows and is needed in all aspects of people's lives which includes
community activities such as trade, government, health, education, religion, and so
on. Language is able to transfer desires, ideas, wills, and emotions from one person
to another (Chaer, 2003: 38).

According to Sudaryanto (1990: 21) language is basically a tool or means for

communication between people. Languagealso isone of the characteristics that
distinguish humans from other creatures. That is because humans have the ability to
think and the ability to develop their minds. With this ability humans develop a tool to
communicate, in order to express their thoughts, feelings, or desires, namely
language.

As an object in sociolinguistics, language is not seen or approached as a

language, as done by general linguistics, but rather seen or approached as a means
of interaction or communication in human society. Every social activity, from the
naming ceremony of the newborn baby to the funeral service, of course, is
inseparable from the use of language.

In learning languages it is not enough just to learn knowledge about language,

but more than that how language is used. The field of language that studies language
and its context is called pragmatics.

When someone communicates, he must also look at the situation and

conditions while speaking, as well as the elements contained in the speech situation.
Subyakto (1992: 1) defines the elements contained inacts speechand their relation to
the shape and selection of various languages, including who is speaking, with whom
is talking, about what, with what path, and which language variety.

Language is used by anyone and anywhere, fromsituations formal and non-

formaland from places to study to places to make a living. For example, language is
used in schools, markets, offices and others.

In this study, researchers chose the market as the subject of research. The
market is a gathering place for sellers and buyers to make transactions. The means
used in making transaction are languages. With the use of language, sellers and
buyers can interact like bargaining.

Speech acts in the discourse of buying and selling in the market have a very
important role, namely conveying the aims and objectives of various parties. Sellers
and buyers alike use language as a means to convey intent to reach agreement. The
interaction between sellers and buyers in theAnimal and Ornamental Plants Market
Yogyakartaor abbreviated as PASTY at a certain time by using language as a
communication tool is called theevent speech.

Based on the description above, the researcher will examine the speech acts
used by sellers and buyers in theanimal and ornamental plant market Yogyakartaor
abbreviated as PASTY with aapproach pragmatic, which examines the relationship
between symbols and interpretations. What is meant by the symbol here is an
expression in the form of one or more sentences which carries a certain meaning,
which in pragmatics is determined on the results of the listener's interpretation.

PASTY was inaugurated on March 22, 2010. One of the reasons PASTY was
made a research location is that PASTY is still new and nohas oneever conducted a
speech act research at PASTY as a student's final project or thesis. Not all PASTY
complexes are used as research subjects. Researchers only conduct research in
animal complexes namely chickens, birds, fish, dogs, cats, hamsters, and turtles. It
was done with consideration when retrieving data from complex animals and plants at
once would be too broad. However, if only taking the plant complex will be very
minimal data obtained so that research becomes less accurate. So the researchers
decided to take data from the animal complex only. The data obtained by researchers
are mostly Javanese. That is because the majority of visitors at PASTY use
Javanese. There are some data that use Indonesian, but only very few.

Researchers choose the speech acts of sellers and buyers at PASTY as

research subjects because buyers at PASTY have a varietybackgrounds of social,
economic, culturaland so on. Differences inbackgrounds visitors'can affect the form of
speech, for example, the intonation of the pronunciation of speakers with one another
can distinguish the purpose of speech. PASTY is also not just a market in general but
has become a tourist market whose visitors are not only from the Yogyakarta area but
some from the area around Yogyakarta and even from outside the city. This is what
causes PASTY to own or produce a variety of interesting speech acts to be
examined.

B. Identification of Problems

Based on the background above, the problems that can be identified as follows.

1. The form of speech acts contained in the communication of the seller and buyer
at PASTY.

2. The meaning of speech acts contained in the communication of sellers and

buyers in PASTY.

3. Types of illocutionary speech acts contained in the communication of sellers

and buyers at PASTY.

4. The cause of speech acts contained in the communication of the seller and
buyer at PASTY.

5. Speech acts components that appear in everyevent seller and buyer

communicationat PASTY.

6. Violation of the principle of cooperation in the acts of the seller and buyer at
PASTY.

7. The variety of languages that occur in oral communication used by sellers and
buyers at PASTY.

C. Problem Limitation

Based on the identification of the problem above, the object of this study is
limited to two problems, namely the form of speech acts and the type ofacts of
speechillocution contained in the communication of sellers and buyers in PASTY. The
data taken is limited to speeches from animal sellers, not included in plant sellers,
parking attendants and street vendors. This is done with consideration if taking data
on allcomplexes animal and plantwill be too broad, whereas if only taking on the plant
complex only the data obtained will be very minimal. Therefore , researchers limit the
subject of research to the animal complex.

D. Problem Formulation

Relating to pragmatic studies that limit the problem has been explained above,
these problems need to be formulated and realized in a study. The formulation of the
research problem is as follows.

1. What forms of speech acts are contained in the sellercommunication and

buyerat PASTY?

2. What types of localized speech acts do thecommunications have seller and

buyerat PASTY?

3. What kinds of illocutionary speech acts do thecommunication have seller and

buyerat PASTY?

4. What kinds of speech acts of speech are there in thecommunication seller and
buyerat PASTY?

E. Research Objectives

Based on the above problem formulation, the purpose of this study is to

describe the form of speech acts and types of speech acts of locution, illocution and
percocution contained in the communication of sellers and buyers in PASTY.

F. Benefits of Research

Theoretically, this research is useful to add insight related to pragmatics. In

addition, this study has the benefit of knowing concretely about the form of speech
acts and types ofacts of speechlocution, illocution and percussion in the
communication of sellers and buyers at PASTY.

Practically, this research has the benefit of knowing the specifics of the seller
and buyer communication utterances at PASTY. This particularity is seen in
conversations between sellers and buyers at PASTY.
G. Limitation of Terms

a. Speech

Speech is a verbal
product. In other words,
speech is the result of
speech.

b. Speech

acts Speech acts are actions taken by a person in speaking. When saying
something, someone also takes an action.

c. Communication

Communication is the sending and receiving of messages between two or

more people in the manner intended can be understood.

d. Seller The

seller is a person who makes a living by trading something, trading.

e. Buyers

Buyers are people who buy.

f. Market

Market is a gathering place for sellers and buyers to conduct transactions.