STATISTICS

BASIC TERMS IN STATISTICS

EXPERIMENT
a systematic, planned and
controlled activity aimed at
obtaining results that would yield
to a set of data
 POPULATION
Collection of people, objects,
individuals, or scores that can
be described as having a
unique combination of qualities
Finite and Infinite Population
 SAMPLE
A part of a population
It is a collection of some
elements in a population
and it is representative of
the entire population
VARIABLE
Any property or characteristic of
interest about each individual
unit of a population or of a
sample
It is an important aspect of a
hypothesis.
 TYPES OF VARIABLES
1. INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
Frequently referred to as the input or predictor
variable because it is systematically manipulated by
the investigator and is used to predict the outcome
2. DEPENDENT VARIABLE
The quantitative variable that the investigation
measures to determinethe effect of the
independent variable. It is often referred to as the
output or the response variable
PARAMETER

A summary measure
calculated on an entire
population data
It quantifies the characteristic
of the population under
investigation
STATISTIC
A summary measure or a
value calculated on sample
data
It quantifies the sample which
represents the population.
It is a random variable
 DATA
Singular form is datum
The raw materials of statistics
A set of values collected for the variable
from each of the elements of the sample.
It could also be a set of obtained
measurements from the subjects of an
experiment.
 FRAMEWORK OF STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

Recommendations
based on the
Interpretations Conclusions
and
Conclusions
Analysis of
Organization
Collected
and Data
Collection Presentation
of Data
of Data
Planning
 NATURE OF DATA
PRIMARY DATA
Gathered directly from an original source
SECONDARY DATA
Information gathered from published or
unpublished materials that have been previously
obtained by other individuals or agencies
What do you think are the advantages of Primary
Data over Secondary Data?
 NATURE OF DATA
QUALITATIVE DATA
An attribute or characteristic on each experimental
unit
They are labels in which category or class an
individual, object, or process fall.
They are often called categorical variables
QUANTITATIVE DATA
Measures a numerical quantity or amount in each
experimental unit
DISCRETE VARIABLES VS CONTINUOUS VARIABLES
LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
OF DATA
Measurement

Quanlitative
Scale Quantitaive
Scale (Numeric)
(Non-numeric)

Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio

METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION

Interview Method
Questionnaire Method
Registration Method
Observation Method
Experimentation