Fluid Mechanics 2019

FINAL EXPERIMENT
TITLE: “Determining the Viscosity, Turbidity and Density of Water in Estero De Binondo
and Estero De la Reina”
Objectives:

This study aims to analyze the properties of liquids in Estero De Binondo and Estero de la
Reina. By the end of this study, the researches shall:

1. Determine the physical properties of fluids in the three areas chosen in Tondo river
which are viscosity, turbidity and density.
2. Determine if there is a significant difference in the data gathered from the different
points of the river in the area

Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs):

The students shall be able to:

 Gain a better understanding of the mathematical and in solving problems concerning

the study
 Apply the knowledge from experience acquired as reference in our future field of work
 Determine the water quality in obtaining the data from the experiment

Discussion:

Abstract:
In this study, the researchers determine the viscosity, turbidity and density of the
sample water gather from two different Estero’s connected to Pasig River. The
researcher perform the calculation of viscosity using the formula of density d = m / v
where d is density, m is the mass of the object, and v is the volume of the object.
Measure the mass by placing the sphere on a balance. Moreover, turbidity of a liquid
they can use a nephelometer or turbidimeter which measures the intensity of light
scattered at 90 degrees as a beam of light passes through a water sample. This kind of
the study focus on the situation of Pasig River. In addition, the Estero De Binondo and
Estero De la Reina contribute progression of the Pasig River nowadays. This study help
to distinguishes which two of these contribute the most polluted water to the Pasig
River.

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Chapter I:
INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

The Philippine River Pasig is a river connecting Laguna de Bay to Manila Bay, in
the Philippines, Ilog Pasig and Spanish River: Pasig River. It extends 25 km (15.5 miles)
and is divided in northern and southern half into the Philippine capital of Manila and its
urban area. The Marikina and San Juan Rivers are its main affluent. The Pasig river
overall catchment area of 4678 square kilometers (1 806 square mi), including the
Laguna de Bay Basin.

Technically, the Pasig River is a tidal estuary since the direction of the stream
depends on the difference in water between Manila Bay and Laguna de Bay. The water
level at Laguna de Bay in the dry season is low, depending on the tides in the direction
of the river's flow. In the wet season, when the Laguna de Bay water level is high, the
flow to Manila Bay is inverted.

In the past, for Spanish Manila, the Pasig River was an significant transport route
and water source. The River has become highly polluted and biologically dead (i.e.
unable to maintain life) by ecologists due to neglect and industrial growth. The Pasig
River Rehabilitation Commission (PRRC), which was established to oversee
rehabilitation efforts for the river, is supported by private sector organizations such as
the Clean and Green Foundation, Inc. that introduced the Piso para sa Pasig (Filipino:
"A peso for Pasig") campaign in the 1990s.

Water pollution, generally as a consequence of human operations, is

contamination of the water bodies. The lakes, rivers, oceans, aquifers and groundwater,
for instance, include water bodies. When contaminants are brought into the natural
environment, water pollution results. For example, discharging waste water into natural
water bodies can lead to aquatic ecosystem degradation. In turn, this can lead to
downstream public health problems. They can drink or bathe or irrigate with the same
polluted river water. Water pollution, for example due to water-borne illnesses is the
world's leading cause of death and disease.

B. Statement of the Problem

The polluted waters of the Estero de la Binondo and Estero de la Reina are not
only a problem for the environment but also human life. The purpose of the study is to
help the local government in identifying the water quality.
 What are the values of viscosity in the areas of Pasig River traversing Binondo,
Ermita and Metro Manila?
 What are the values of turbidity in the areas of Pasig River traversing Binondo,
Ermita and Metro Manila?

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 What are the values of density in the areas of Pasig River traversing Binondo,
Ermita and Metro Manila?
 Is there noteworthy distinction between the mean values of the different properties of
fluids in the chosen areas of Pasig River?

C. Significance of the Study

The study's findings would benefit the following individuals or groups:

To the Future Researcher, As a contribution to the field of Engineering this aims an

effective and reliable research study that is profitable to the researchers; also, it may
ease them conducting broad related studies. For instance, they can use this study as
part of their related literature.
To the Community, this study will lessen or could help in rehabilitation in Estero de
Binondo and Estero de la Reina.
To the LGU or the Local Government Units can also benefit from the study, this study
would add information to environmental campaign.
To the Environment, this study would provide the solution to the solid waste
management problem in the river so as using weirs as filtration system. Thus
contributing to the rehabilitation and revival of the river.

D. Conceptual Framework

INPUT: PROCESS: OUTPUT:

Water samples  Water • Mean
from: Density values of
Determina the
 Estero De tion properties
Binondo  Turbidity of fluids
Determina (Turbidity,
tion Density
 Estero De  Viscosity and
La Reina Determina viscosity)
tion using of Estero
the fall de
velocity Binondo
sphere and Estero

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E. Scope and Delimitation

The experimental process will be limited to determine the water quality using the
parameters: turbidity, density and viscosity. Only two Estero connecting to the Pasig
River will be covered which are Estero De Binondo and Estero De la Reina For each
areas, 2L Polyethylene (PET) bottles will be used to collect water. It will be dipped
under the river until the bottle fill. Where it will be opened to collect water and where it
will be closed. It will be collected between 9:00 am- 4:00 pm as per DAO no. 34. All data
will be analyzed using the statistical package for Social Sciences software in a
computer.

Chapter II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Water pollution is a problem that affects us at all scales in space and time, but
also at the very essence of our being. Thus, we will consider some of the most
noteworthy cases, not so much in terms of volume of contamination, but in how these
cases have shaped our collective environmental psyches and ethos. To do so, we will
consider cases in two different types of water pollution: incremental buildup, as
represented by Lake Erie and the Cuyahoga River, and sudden releases, as
represented by oil spills.

Daniel A. Vallero Ph.D., in Paradigms Lost, 2006

Turbidity is only a relative measure of scattering (versus arbitrary standards) that

has no intrinsic environmental relevance until calibrated to a ‘proper’ scientific quantity.
Visual clarity (measured as Secchi or black disc visibility) is a preferred optical quantity
with immediate environmental relevance to aesthetics, contact recreation, and fish
habitat. Contrary to common perception, visual clarity measurement is not particularly
subjective and is more precise than turbidity measurement. Black disc visibility is inter‐
convertible with beam attenuation, a fundamental optical quantity that can be monitored
continuously by beam transmissometry. Visual clarity or beam attenuation should
supplant nephelometric turbidity in many water quality applications, including
environmental standards

R. J. Davies‐Colley and D. G. Smith
First published: 08 June 2007

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https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2001.tb03624.x
Paper No. 00083 of the Journal of the American Water Resources Association.
Discussions are open until June 1, 2002.

Densities and viscosities were measured as a function of temperature for six ionic
liquids (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetra
fluoroborate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, 1-ethyl-3-
methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethyl
sulfate and butyltrimethylammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide. The density and the
viscosity were obtained using a vibrating tube densimeter from Anton Paar and a rheometer
from Rheometrics Scientific at temperatures up to 393 K and 388 K with an accuracy of
10−3 g cm−3 and 1%, respectively. The effect of the presence of water on the measured
values was also examined by studying both dried and water-saturated samples. A
qualitative analysis of the evolution of density and viscosity with cation and anion chemical
structures was performed.
Laboratoire de Thermodynamique des Solutions et des Polymères, Université Blaise
Pascal Clermont-Ferrand/CNRS, 63 177 Aubière, France, 25 January 1983

We determined the viscosity of rhyolite glass at temperatures between 350° and

850°C, water pressures between zero and 68.9 bars, and water content between 0.1
and 3 weight per cent. Our technique was to construct a compaction rate curve for the
rhyolite glass under known conditions of temperature, water pressure, and compaction
load. A similar set of compaction curves was constructed for Corning Pyrex 7740 glass
under known temperature and compaction load (but zero water pressure). Since we
knew the viscosity of the Pyrex as a function of temperature, we could assign a viscosity
to each of the Pyrex compaction rate curves. A comparison of the compaction rate
curves of the Pyrex with those of the rhyolite glass allowed us to determine the viscosity
associated with each of our rhyolite glass compaction curves. The viscosities range
from log η = 9.5 to 14.5. We determined the water content of rhyolite glass at
temperatures between 350° and 850°C and water pressures between zero and 68.9
bars. The content of water ranged from less than 0.1 to 3.0 weight percent.

Irving Friedman, William Long and Robert L. Smith

First published: 15 December 1963
https://doi.org/10.1029/JZ068i024p06523 Cited by: 108

Ground‐water contamination resulting from vapor transport of volatile organic

solvents in the unsaturated zone. A two‐dimensional numerical model for density‐driven
flow and transport of vapors shows that trichloroethylene (TCE) vapors can be expected
to spread rapidly from a residual source above an unconfined aquifer in an unsaturated,
sandy deposit. Sensitivity analyses show that the shape of the vapor plume is

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particularly sensitive to the ground surface boundary condition and the material
permeability. The shape of the vapor plume is insensitive to the mass flux by diffusion
through the capillary fringe, although the flux may be significant in terms of ground‐
water quality because the drinking‐water standard is very low. The vapor plume
simulations and a plug‐flow infiltration model are used to calculate a source function for
a ground‐water transport model in order to estimate the potential for ground‐water
contamination. Ground‐water simulations show that an impermeable surface cover
could reduce the flux of contaminants to the aquifer by preventing infiltration through the
vapor plume. However, for the conditions modeled, significant ground‐water
contamination can be expected to occur regardless of whether the ground surface is
covered or not. Contaminants can reach the saturated zone from a residual source
either by liquid‐phase diffusion through the capillary fringe or by migrating as a vapor
beyond the lateral limits of a cover and subsequently dissolving and being flushed to the
saturated zone by infiltration.

Carl A. Mendoza and Todd A. McAlary

First published: March 1990
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1990.tb02247.x Cited by: 37

Improper solid waste disposal in the Philippines has threatened the environment
and public health since it has caused the contamination of adjacent surface and ground
waters that are the drinking water sources of many communities. Water pollution has
contributed to high incidences of mortality and morbidity. This study assessed the
significant factors causing waterborne illnesses among residents living in communities
with and without the Payatas dumpsite. A cross-sectional study design was used.
Householders in the “with” and “without dumpsite” communities of Payatas, Philippines
were randomly selected and interviewed. Through the logit analysis and the use of
survey data of confirmed cases from the records of health centers, the factors causing
waterborne illnesses were disclosed. Frequent exposure to the dumpsites, and
obtaining water from wells in Payatas, Philippines was found to have increased the
occurrence of waterborne illnesses in individuals younger than 40 years old, with low
educational attainment and in those having big household sizes. This study found that
constant exposure of individuals to the dumpsite has led to considerable public health
consequences. Considering that water pollution remains a key issue for public health
action in the Philippines, the results should guide policymakers’ decisions on future
environmental health policies.

Published by the Anton Breinl Centre for Public Health and Tropical Medicine,
James Cook University, Australia

Journal of Rural and Tropical Public Health 4: 43-48, 2005

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Primary productivity was measured in the estuary Estero Morales during 15
months (1990-199 I). Water column primary productivity was determined using the
dissolved oxygen method 31 two different depths (1=50% and 1=10%) at each research
site and during two consecutive days of sampling. Rosettes were incubated for five
hours with three clear bottles and two dark bottles. The Winkler method was used to
determine dissolved oxygen. Primary productivity was also measured with lower
sampling frequency at the Cortezas Islands to obtain a point of comparison. These sites
are all located in the Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica (10°N, 85°W). Water column net
primary productivity in Estero Morales presented average values from 1.20 ± 0.70 g
C/m² d (around 450g C/m² year). Values obtained from Islas Cortezas were around 1.69
gC I m² d. There was a significant difference between the dry and rainy seasons with
respect to net primary productivity (z=2.196, p<0.03). 

Rocío Córdoba Muñoz 

VOL. 46, SUPPLEMENT 6 (1998): AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS OF COSTA RICA

PUBLISHED: JUL 26, 2017

If a fluid of a given density moves into an almost stagnant fluid of slightly different
density, it might do this as underflow, interflow or overflow, depending on the density
difference. One speaks thus of density currents or gravity currents. Density differences
may be caused by temperature, dissolved substances and suspended matters. Turbidity
currents are gravity currents, where the denser phase contains settling granular
material. Similar gravity currents can be produced by salinity or temperature differences
("inclined plumes" or "underflows"). In turbidity currents, suspended sediment makes the
density of the mixture greater than the density of the ambient water and provides the
driving force. The sediment laden flow must generate enough turbulence to hold the
sediment in suspension. Density respectively turbidity currents occur in the ocean, in
lakes and reservoirs. They may be caused by the direct inflow of turbid water, by wave'
action, by subaqueous slumps, by the discharge of mining tailings or by dredging
operations.

Knoblauch, G. (1999); Overview of density flows and turbidity currents

https://www.usbr.gov/tsc/techreferences/hydraulics_lab/pubs/PAP/PAP-0816.pdf

Marine microplastic (<5 mm) water pollution has met growing public and scientific
interest in the last few years. The situation in freshwater environments remains largely
unknown, although it appears that they play an important role as part of the origin of
marine pollution. Apart from the physical impacts on biota, chemical effects are to be
expected as well, especially with smaller particles. This study aims at assessing plastic
abundance in Lakes Geneva, Constance, Neuchâtel, Maggiore, Zurich and Brienz, and

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identifying the nature of the particles, potential ingestion by birds and fishes, and the
associated pollutants. Lake surface transects and a few rivers were sampled using a
floating manta net, and beach sediments were analyzed.

Plastic pollution in Swiss surface waters: nature and concentrations, interaction

with pollutants
Submitted: 9 October 2014 Accepted: 1 March 2015 Published: 18 August 2015

Chapter III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter comprises the materials, experimental design, mix design and
procedure of the experiment. The study is an experimental attempt to determine the
surface water quality two Esteros connecting to Pasig River.

Materials

1. The falling ball viscometer typically measures the viscosity of Newtonian

liquids and gases. The method applies Newton's law of motion under force balance on
a falling sphere ball when it reaches a terminal velocity.
2.  Hydrometer is an instrument used to measure the specific gravity of liquids;
that is, the ratio of the density of the liquid to the density of water
3. Tubidimeter or nephelometer an instrument for measuring the turbidity of a
liquid suspension, usually as a means of determining the surface area of the suspended
particles.

Experimental Design

The research is being carried out in the Pasig River Esteros. Water samples are
gathered five meters far from the bank of the river in the Binondo, Ermita and Mendiola
area in order to determine the surface water quality of the river. A closed bottle is
dipped beneath the river at a depth between 0.5 and 0.8 m in every selected region. It is
opened on the river and shut down again to guarantee its quality. The water samples
will be collected with 1L of polyethylene (PET) bottles. DENR Administrative Order No.
34 guides the time of collection between 9:00 am and 4:00 pm The specimens for their
water density, turbidity and viscosity will be evaluated.

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Specific Gravity
FORMULA:

D = m/v

where:

D = Density
m = mass
V = volume

Viscosity
FORMULA:
Dynamic/ Absolute Viscosity
Weight – Buoyancy – Drag = 0
4 4
ρs g π R3 −ρg π R3−6 πμVR=0 (1.1)
3 3

Where:
Kg
ρ s= Density of the sphere in
m3
Kg
ρ= Density of the liquid in
m3
R= Radius of the sphere in meters
V =Velocity in m/s
μ= Dynamic viscosity of liquid in Pa-s

Kinematic Viscosity
μ
v= (1.2)
ρ

Where:

m2
v= Kinematic viscosity in
s
μ= Dynamic viscosity of liquid in Pa-s
Kg
ρ= Density of the liquid in
m3

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The collected and recorded data will be also analyzed for statistical analysis. The
values of the physical properties of fluid in the chosen areas will be expressed as mean
using the statistical package for Social Sciences (SSPS) software. The mean values will
be compared using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the results will be
considered statistically significant at values <0.05.

Design Mixture

ESTERO DE BINONDO
PARAMETERS TRIAL 1 TRIAL 2 TRIAL 3 Mean values

Water Density

Turbidity

Viscosity

ESTERO DE LA REINA
PARAMETERS TRIAL 1 TRIAL 2 TRIAL 3 Mean values

Water Density

Turbidity

Viscosity

MEAN VALUES OF THE THREE AREAS

PARAMETERS ESTERO DE ESTERO DE LA

BINONDO REINA
WATER DENSITY

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TURBIDITY

VISCOSITY

Experimental Workflow

Collection of water Testing and Testing and

sample in Pasig River; Computing for Computing for

Estero de Binondo and Turbidity
Density of Water
Estero de la Reina

Comparison of the Testing and

Statistical mean values of the Computing for
Analysis different areas Viscosity

Conclusion and

Recommendation

Procedures:

Water Density Determination

1. Gather your materials. To calculate the density of water you will need a graduated
cylinder, a scale or balance, and water. Graduated cylinders are special containers that
have lines or gradations that allow you to measure a specific volume of liquid.
2. Weigh the empty graduated cylinder.
3. Fill the graduated cylinder with water.
4. Weigh the water-filled graduated cylinder.
5. Subtract the weight of the empty cylinder from the full cylinder.

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6. Calculate the density by dividing the mass by the volume

D = m/v

Turbidity Determination

1. Switch on the power supply and check the battery of the turbidimeter,

2. Press the 1 N.T.U button and coincide the scale with zero by using focusing template.

3. Again press 1 N.T.U button and coincide the scale with zero using the focusing
template.

4. A Standard formazine solution of N.T.U is placed on tubidimeter in the path of rays and
scale is brought 9 n.t.u

5. The Water sample is taken in a test and is placed in turbidimeter.

6. Use A Cell rise if the turbidity is more than 100 N.T.U and get the turbidity dilution
factor.

Viscosity Determination using the Fall Velocity of Sphere

1. Fill the graduated cylinder with fluid up to about 3 cm below the rim of the tube. Drop a
sphere ball into the cylinder liquid, record the time it takes for the sphere to fall a certain
measured distance. The distance divided by the measured time gives the terminal
velocity of the sphere.
2. Repeat the measurement and average the results. With the terminal velocity of this and
of other spheres measured and known, the absolute and kinematic viscosity of the liquid
can be calculated.

3. The temperature of the test liquid should be recorded. Use at least three different
spheres.

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