Assignment for paper-7 Genetic problems for practice;

MONOHYBRID CROSS

1.In Pisum sativum the gene for axial flowers(A) is dominant over the gene for
terminal flower(a). What type of off springs would you expect in the following
crosses

i) AA x aa ii) Aa x Aa iii) aa x Aa iv) AA x Aa

2. In Pisum sativum the gene for purple flowers(P) is dominant over the gene for
white flower(p). What type of offspring would you expect when a pure line purple
flower is crossed with a white flower? Show both genotype and phenotype of the
off springs in first and second generations

DIHYBRID CROSS

1.In Pisum sativum, yellow seed coat (Y) is dominant over green (y) and round
seed shape(R) is dominant over

wrinkled (r) . What phenotypic ratio would be obtained in the progeny of

following crosses?

A] YyRR X YyRr b] YyRr X yyRR

2.In tomatoes, yellow fruit(r) and dwarfness(t) are due to recessive alleles of
genes which produce the more common red fruit(R) and tall(T) plant. If pollen
from a pure line dwarf plant bearing red fruit is placed on the pistil of a pure line
tall plant bearing yellow fruit. ( ttRR x TTrr )

What type of plant & fruit would be expected in the F1? If these are crossed
among themselves what would be expected in F2?

INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE

1.In Antirrhinum majus tallness (DD) is completely dominant over

dwarfness (dd) and red flower(RR) are incompletely dominant over white (rr) the
hybrid being pink(Rr)
A pure red tall plant is crossed to a pure dwarf white; give the expected
phenotypes in F1 and F2.

2.A red carnation is crossed with a white carnation and the resulting offspring are
all pink (indicating incomplete dominance). What would be the result of a cross
between a pink and a white carnation?

Pink carnation genotype: RW White carnation genotype: WW

Fill in the Punnett square and give the phenotype percentages of this cross:

RW x WW what______ % are white color ______ % are pink color

Could Red offspring be made from a cross of a White carnation with a Pink one?

COMPLEMENTARY FACTORS

1. In sweet peas, the genes C and P when present together produce purple
flowers, but when either C or P is present alone, it produces white flowers.
What flower colour would the progeny of the following crosses have?

a) ccPP x CcPp b) ccPp x Ccpp

2.In sweet peas, the genes C and P when present together produce purple
flowers, but when either C or P is present alone, it produces white flowers.

Find the phenotype of F1 and F2 ratio obtained when two white flowered
varieties are crossed? ( CCpp x ccPP )

SUPPLEMENTARY GENES

1. In sorghum seed colour is governed by two supplementary genes P and Q.

when sorghum plant with Blackish purple seed (PPqq) are crossed with another
plant having Brown seeds (ppQQ), the F1 produce Reddish purple seeds

What are the phenotypes and genotypes of the off springs obtained in the
following crosses ? a) PPQq x ppqq b) ppQq x PpQQ
 2. The seed colour in sorghum is governed by genes that exhibit recessive
epistasis (supplementary epistasis). presence of both P & Q dominant genes leads
to red colour seeds while P alone gives purple colour. Q alone cannot produce
any colour as its expression is masked by recessive gene p.

Find out genotypes of the following cross along with its phenotypic ratio

PpQq x PpQq

DOMINANT EPISTASIS

1.The fruit color in summer squash are white, yellow and green. White(W) is
dominant to both yellow(Y) and green(y), while yellow is dominant to green.

A di- hybrid plant with white fruits (WWYY) is crossed to another plant with green
fruits (wwyy). Find out the phenotypic ratio of F2 progeny.

2.The fruit color in summer squash are white, yellow and green. White(W) is
dominant to both yellow(Y) and green(y), while yellow is dominant to green.

Find out the phenotype and genotype of the progenies obtained from the
following crosses

(a) WWYy x wwyy (b) wwYY x WWy

POLYGENIC INHERITANCE A group of genes that together determine

(contribute) a character(trait) of an organism is called polygenic inheritance.

2.Emerson and East, the pioneers in the study of polygenic inheritance, observed
many quantitative variations in ear(inflorescence) size in maize they worked on
two varieties of maize – long eared black Mexican sweet com and short eared
Tom Thumb popcorn. The first variety ranges in ear length from 12-21 cms with
an average of 16.8 cms. The second variety has ears ranging in length from 5-8
cms, averaging to 6.6 cms. When these two varieties were crossed, the ear length
in the F, progeny ranged from 9-15 cms averaging 12.1 cms. Selfing
the F1, progeny L1l1L2l2, F2, was obtained with the phenotypic ratio 1-longest ear
length,4-long ears ,6 medium length ears,4-short ears & 1with shortest ear.
Indicate those genotypes in the checker board below
 m f L1 L2 L1 l2 l1 L2 l1 l2

L1L2 Longest Long Long Medium

L1L1L2L2 ? ? ?

L1 l2 long Medium Medium Short

L1L1L2 l2 ? ? L1l1l2l2

l1L2 Long medium Medium Short

? ? ? ?

l1 l2 Medium short Short Shortest

L1l1L2 l2 ? ? l1l1l2l2

1.Two varieties of wheat, red and white in colour on crossing led to F1 offsprings
all of which were intermediate between red and white i.e., medium red colour,
showing that red is incompletely dominant over white.

When the F1 hybrids were self-fertilized the F2 progenies or offsprings showed a

ratio of 15 red to 1 white. The red progenies, however, varied in shade from pure
red to pink & the colour was directly dependant on the number of dominant
genes present where in each dominant gene contributes towards adding colour.

So presence of 4 “R”genes irrespective of R1 orR2 gave darkest red colour, 3 ‘ R’

gave dark red 2 ‘R’ resulted in medium red , 1 ‘R’ light red. & only recessive ‘r’ was
white. In such a case illustrate the fact that phenotypic ratio of the following
cross will lead to 5 varieties of seed colours in the ratio 1: 4 :6:4: 1

R1 r1 R2 r2 x R1 r1 R2 r2
LINKAGE - Detection of Linkage of Genes:
Test cross is the most common method of detecting the linkage. In this method,
the F1 heterozygous at two loci (say AaBb) is crossed to a double recessive parent
(aabb) and the phenotypic ratio of test cross progeny is examined.
If the phenotypic ratio of test crosses progeny shows 1:1:1:1 ratio of parental and
recombinant genotypes, it indicates absence of linkage (independent assortment)
If the frequency of parental types and recombinant types deviate significantly
from the normal test cross ratio of 1 : 1 : 1 : 1, it reveals presence of linkage
between two genes under study.

ARE the following test cross results indicating

A) independent assortment or B) linkage

1.

2.
3. phenotype parent tall plant & round seeds (TtRr) x dwarf plant & wrinkled seeds

TR Tr tR tr
tr TtRr Ttrr ttRr ttrr
Tall round Tall Dwarf Dwarf
wrinkied round wrinkied
Total 251 248 252 249
number
1000

4.

5.