DIFRACTION GRATINGS-use double slit formula

DIFRACTION-Single slit
PERIOD T of motion of light spring (where mass

of spring is negligible)
DIFRACTION-Double slit

𝑻 = 𝟐𝝅

Displacement (x) SI UNIT=metres

Distance from equilibrium

Equilibrium (c)

Amplitude (a) SI UNIT=metres

Max displacement from equilibrium

antinodal – bright band Nodal -- Dark Band

sometimes reffered to as wave height

𝑛𝜆
𝑛𝜆 = 𝑤 sin 𝜃 𝑜𝑟
sin 𝜃 = Large (a) suggests large amount of energy

𝑤
𝑺𝟏 𝑷 − 𝑺𝟐 𝑷 = 𝒏𝝀
Period (T) SI UNIT=seconds
𝑖𝑓 𝜃 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛— sin 𝜃
= tan 𝜃 Time it takes to complete 1 oscillation
𝑛𝜆
Time to complete 1 cycle of vibration
𝑛𝜆 = 𝑑 sin 𝜃 𝑜𝑟 sin 𝜃 =
𝑦
𝑑 𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑦 = 𝐿 tan 𝜃 𝑜𝑟
sin 𝜃 =

𝐿 𝟏

𝑻=
𝑖𝑓 𝜃 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛— sin 𝜃 = tan 𝜃
𝒇
This is the formula for 1st
dark band
𝑥 ∴ n=1
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑥 = 𝐿 sin 𝜃 𝑜𝑟 sin 𝜃 =
𝐿
𝒏𝝀 𝒚
𝒘𝒚 Frequency (f) SI UNIT=Hz
 𝒏𝝀 𝒙 ∴ = 𝒐𝒓 𝒏𝝀
= No. of oscillations per second
∴ = 𝒘 𝑳
𝑳 No. of cycles of vibration per second
𝒅 𝑳
𝝀
𝟏 𝒗
nodal – dark band 𝒚=𝑳
𝒇= 𝒇=
𝒘
𝑻 𝝀
𝑺𝟏 𝑷 − 𝑺𝟐 𝑷 = (𝒏 − 𝟏 𝟐)𝝀 Antinodal -- Bright
Band

(𝑛 − 1 2)𝝀 𝒙 (𝒏 + 𝟏 𝟐)𝝀 𝒚
𝒘𝒚 Wavelength (‫ )ג‬SI UNIT=metres
∴ = 𝒐𝒓 (𝒏
− 𝟏 𝟐)𝝀 = Minimum distance between 2 points in phase
∴ = 𝒘 𝑳
𝑳
𝒅 𝑳

𝒗
𝑺𝟏 𝑷 = number of wave lengths from original1 (𝒏 + 𝟏 𝟐)𝝀
‫=ג‬
𝒚=𝑳
𝒇
𝑺𝟐 𝑷 = number of wave lengths from original2 𝒘
n = the number of waves from the original
𝛉 = the angle for the 1st bright band 𝛉 = the angle for the 1st dark
band
st
x = distance to 1 bright band y = distance to 1st bright band
V = speed of the wave (constant) SI m/s

L = distance to screen where is being projected L = distance to screen where is

being projected
w = distance between slits
𝒅 𝟏𝝀
d = distance between slits
𝒗= 𝑽 = ‫𝒇ג‬ 𝒗=

𝒕 𝑻

WIDTH OF CENTRAL MAXIMUM WIDTH OF CENTRAL

MAXIMUM

IF FREQUENCY REMAINS UNCHANGED

𝟐𝑳𝝀
(as it generally does)
𝑳𝝀
𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝒅 𝒘
2‫ג‬ 𝑣2
ST
=
WIDTH OF 1 ORDER BRIGHT
FRINGE 1‫ג‬ 𝑣1
 (HALF WIDTH OF CENTRAL
MAXIMUM)

𝑳↑𝑿↑ 𝑿↓𝑳↓ 𝒅↑𝑿↓ 𝑿↑𝒅↓

Reflection of pulses
𝑳𝝀
𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ =
Boundary Reflected Pulse Transmitted
𝒘
Pulse

Fixed end Out of phase ---

𝑶𝒓𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒕 𝒃𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒇𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒔 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝜽 = 𝟗𝟎°

-------------------------------------------- Free end In phase

---

Light to heavy Out of phase In phase

𝑨𝑵𝑮𝑼𝑳𝑨𝑹 𝑫𝑬𝑽𝑰𝑨𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
medium
For a biconvex
lens Heavy to light In phase Out of phase

medium
𝒓
𝒇=
Mark Riley markriley85@hotmail.com 𝟐(𝒏 − 𝟏)