Jhonjie T.

Perez 02-17-20

11-Einstein PR1

Group 15: Identification of Electrolytes in Human Urine as Source of Electricity

Tested Urine as Amount of

Author(s) Method Composition of Normal Percentage / Classification Source of Electricity
Used Urine Abundance Electricity Produced

Water (H2O) 96% Compound

Urea (CO(NH2)2) 2% Compound
Uric Acid (C5H4N4O3) Compound
Creatinine (C4H7N3O) Compound
David F. Putnam (1971) Urinalysis Ammonia (NH3) Electrolyte The researcher
Sodium (Na) 2% Electrolyte analyzed only the None
Potassium (K) Electrolyte constituents of
Chloride (Cl-) Electrolyte human urine in
Phosphate PO3− 4 Electrolyte normal conditions
Sulphate (SO 2− 4) Electrolyte
Oxalate C2O4-2 Compound

Water (H2O) 95% Compound This study use the

Pramod Jalamkar Electrolysis Urea (CO(NH2)2) 9.3 g/L Compound electrolytes in 0.6-0.7 V
and Chloride (Cl-) 1.87 g/L Electrolyte human urine to
 Deepak Bankar Sodium (Na) 1.17 g/L Electrolyte generate electricity
(2014) Potassium (K) 0.750 g/L Electrolyte
Creatinine (C4H7N3O) 0.670 g/L Compound

Ammonia (NH3) 0.05% Electrolyte

Sulphate (SO 2− 4) 0.18% Electrolyte
Phosphate PO3− 4 0.12% Electrolyte
Chloride (Cl-) 0.60% Electrolyte The researchers
Magnesium (Mg) 0.01% Electrolyte tested the
Mohd Razaie Urinalysis Calcium (Ca) 0.015% Electrolyte conductivity of
Bin Janodi and Potassium (K) 0.60% Electrolyte electrolytes that can 0.37 V
(2014) Electrolysis Sodium (Na) 0.10% Electrolyte be found in urine
Creatinine (C4H7N3O) 0.10% Compound
Uric Acid (C5H4N4O3) 0.03% Compound
Urea (CO(NH2)2) 2% Compound
Water (H2O) 95% Compound

Pratyush Bisen,
Rajnarayan Choudhary, Water (H2O) 95% Compound This study uses
Samir Khule Electrolysis Urea (CO(NH2)2) 2.5% Compound urine as an 0.53 W
(2015) Electrolytes 2.5% Electrolytes electrolytic solution