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GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN STUDIES AND ANALYSIS OF
LPG BULLET VESSEL FOUNDATIONS
1. INTRODUCTION
Power Aim Engineering Services (Pvt.) Ltd. was engaged by the M/s DESCON to undertake a
geotechnical design studies and analysis for the foundation design of 5 Nos LPG Bullet Tanks located
in Al Kharj, Riyadh, KSA. Geotechnical Investigations were carried out by M/s Soil and Foundation
Company (SAFCO). This report does not cover the interpretation of geotechnical investigation report.
2. SITE DESCRIPTION
The project site is located in Al Kharj, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. As per Geotechnical report by M/s Soil
and Foundation Company (SAFCO), the proposed site is bordered by vacant lots from all sides. The
surface of the terrain is generally flat. The conducted borings revealed the presence of a surface asphalt
pavement layer (0.0m to 0.15m in thickness) in both boreholes followed by fill material (silty sand with
gravel, cobbles from 0.15m to 1.0m) were encountered then below the above layer limestone rock was
encountered which extended down to the maximum explored depth. Underground water was
encountered at depth of 12.0 m below existing ground level during the investigation.
3. SCOPE OF WORK
Following is the scope of study:
• Evaluation of bearing capacity for the foundation design of LPG Vessel Bullet.
• Assessment of Excavated Material to be used as foundation and backfill material.
• Recommendation of gradation limits and technical specifications for the soil type-1 (foundation
engineered fill), soil type-2 (sand cushion and back fill material for the mound)
• Calculate immediate and long-term settlement of tanks for various load cases
• Submission of design report along with backup calculations
1
Table-1: Stress at Foundation Level (34 Degree)
Operation
1003 kPa 588 kPa
Case
Operation
366 kPa 221 kPa
Case
2
Passing U.S. sieve 1 inch 80 - 100 %
Gradation envelop curve and construction material requirements are given in Figure-1 of
Appendix-A.
6.2 Blending of Source Material with Red Sand
In accordance with the sieve analysis results of source material and red sand, we suggested that
systematic blending of red sand with source material (S-2 JC No 968, 969 and 970) can used for
foundation fill material. Blending has been designed in such a way that overall gradation fall within the
designed envelop. Blending Sheet is given as Table-1 of Appendix-A and overlay of blending material
within the designed envelop is shown in Figure-2 of Appendix-A.
6.3 Gradation Limits for Sand Cushion (Type-2):
The select fill material underneath and above the foundations shall meet the requirements of gradation
limit given hereunder. Selected sand fill material shall be composed only of inorganic material, free
from deleterious substance, and shall have
Passing U.S. sieve # 200 0 – 10 %
Passing U.S. sieve # 40 25 – 45 %
Passing U.S. sieve # 10 60 – 80 %
Passing U.S. sieve # 4 100 – 100 %
Gradation envelop curve is given in Appendix-B as Figure-1 along with construction material
requirements.
7. ESTABLISHMENT OF DESIGN PARAMETERS
Engineering analyses for the determination of allowable load carrying capacities for subsoil conditions
have to be based on carefully selected representative soil parameters. Geotechnical design parameters
have been selected on the basis of available laboratory test results, related literatures and best
engineering judgment and are given below:
3
Reference - Joseph E. Bowles 5th Edition
Qu = c Nc + D Nq + 0.5 B N
Where:
4
B: width/breadth of footing;
Nc, Nq, N : Taraghi’s bearing capacity factors depend on soil friction angle,
Continues Bed
Immediate Long Term Total Differential
Load Pressure Settlement Settlement Settlement Settlement
Condition (Kpa)
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
5
Table-6: Summary of Settlement Analysis with 0.3 m Thick Sand Cushion
Discontinues Case
Continues Case
Figures for detailed Settlement Analysis for each case (0.3 m and 1.0 thick sand cushion) are given in
Appendix-D and E.
6
APPENDIX-A
LPG STORAGE CAPACITY EXPANSION PROJECT KSA
1. Gradation Limits for Select Fill Material for the Foundation of LPF Bullet Vessel (Type-1)
The fill material underneath the foundations shall meet the requirements of select fill material given
hereunder. Selected fill material shall be composed only of inorganic material, free from deleterious
substance, and shall have
Passing U.S. sieve # 200 0 – 15 %
Passing U.S. sieve # 40 15 – 30 %
Passing U.S. sieve # 10 30 – 50 %
Passing U.S. sieve # 4 45 – 65 %
Passing U.S. sieve 3 / 4 inch 70 - 90 %
Passing U.S. sieve 1 inch 80 - 100 %
Gradation envelop curve is given as Figure 1.
2. Construction and Material Requirements
• Prior to placement of the first lift of fill, the ground surface shall be proof-rolled by a minimum of
five (5) passes of the same equipment used to compact the fill material.
• Embankment fill shall consist of earth free from large lumps, wood and other organic materials
and of a quality acceptable to the Engineer. It shall be placed in the position and to the required
depths shown on the Drawings and/or as required in writing by the Engineer and it shall be well
compacted in layers not to exceed fifteen (15) cm in depth to the density, 95 % of maximum dry
density obtained by Modified Proctor ASTM D1557.
• Optimum moisture content and unit weight will be determined from laboratory Modified Proctor
test as per ASTM D1557. + 3% of OMC can be used at site.
• The plasticity index (PI) of the material shall be ≤ 6. And Uniformity of Coefficient (Cu) should be
greater than 4.0
• The compaction of the embankment shall be carried out at the designated moisture content
(obtained from laboratory) consistent with the available compacting equipment.
• Embankment material that does not contain sufficient moisture to obtain the required compaction
shall be given additional moisture by means of approved sprinklers and mixing. Material
containing more than the optimum moisture may not, without written approval of the Engineer, be
incorporated in the embankment until it has been sufficiently dried out. The drying of wet material
may be expedited by scarification, disking or other approved methods.
1
3. Blending of Source Material with Red Sand
In accordance with the sieve analysis results of source material and red sand, we suggested that systematic
blending of red sand with source material (S-2 JC No 968, 969 and 970) can used for foundation fill
material. Blending has been designed in such a way that overall gradation fall within the designed evvelop
(Figure-1). Blending Sheet is given as Table-1 and overlay of blending material within the designed evelop
is shown in Figure-2.
2
Table-1
Blending Sheet of Source Material with Red Sand
3
APPENDIX-B
LPG STORAGE CAPACITY EXPANSION PROJECT KSA
1. Gradation Limits for Sand to be Placed Below and Above LPF Bullet Vessel (Type-2)
The select fill material underneath and above the foundations shall meet the requirements of gradation
limit given hereunder. Selected sand fill material shall be composed only of inorganic material, free from
deleterious substance, and shall have
Passing U.S. sieve # 200 0 – 10 %
Passing U.S. sieve # 40 25 – 45 %
Passing U.S. sieve # 10 60 – 80 %
Passing U.S. sieve # 4 100 – 100 %
Gradation envelop curve is given as Figure 1. Material shall be non-plastic
2. Construction and Material Requirements
• Sand fill shall consist of earth free from large lumps, wood and other organic materials and of a
quality acceptable to the Engineer.
• When using this material underneath the foundation (1.0m depth), it shall be well compacted in
layers not to exceed fifteen (15) cm in depth to the density, 95 % of maximum dry density obtained
by Modified Proctor ASTM D1557. + 3% of OMC can be used at site.
• When using this material as a backfill, it shall be well compacted in layers not to exceed twenty
(20) cm in depth to the density, 90 % of maximum dry density obtained by Modified Proctor
ASTM D1557.
• The compaction of the sand fill shall be carried out at the designated moisture content (obtained
from laboratory) consistent with the available compacting equipment.
1
Figure 1: Gradation envelop curve for Selected Fill
2
APPENDIX-C
BEARING CAPACITY EVALUATION FOR 0.3 M SAND CUSHION
SHEAR ANALYSIS BY TARZAGHI
Trial Widths
Type of Footing = 0 (enter 1 for square/mat/circular and 0 for strip) Trial-1 Trial-2 Trial-3 Trial-4 Trial-5
Df = 0.2 m GWT Depth = 20 m B (m) 2.74
FOOTING
2
Cu = 0.000 kg/cm (weighted)
NC = 62.37
Nq = 46.02
= 52.57
r = 1.00
W/T EFFECT
b= 0.00202 kg/cc (weighted)
SUB = 0.00102 kg/cc
dw = 2000-20 cm (depth of GWT - depth of foundation)
dw = 1980 cm
e= (2xH - dw) x dw / H2 x b + sub / H2 x (H - dw)2
e= (2x268 - 1980) x 1980 / 71573 x 0.00184 + 0.00102 / 71573 x (268 - 1980)^2
e= -0.03188 kg/cc
QULT = C NC+ Df (Nq-1)+ 0.5 b B N
Strip Footing 0x62.37 + 0.00184x20x45.02 + 0.5x0.00202x274x52.57x1
2
16.18 kg/cm Qa = 5.39 kg/cm2
F.O.S = 3 529 KPa
BEARING CAPACITY EVALUATION FOR 0.6 M SAND CUSHION
SHEAR ANALYSIS BY TARZAGHI
Trial Widths
Type of Footing = 0 (enter 1 for square/mat/circular and 0 for strip) Trial-1 Trial-2 Trial-3 Trial-4 Trial-5
Df = 0.2 m GWT Depth = 20 m B (m) 2.74
FOOTING
2
Cu = 0.000 kg/cm (weighted)
NC = 61.22
Nq = 44.87
= 50.78
r = 1.00
W/T EFFECT
b= 0.00199 kg/cc (weighted)
SUB = 0.00099 kg/cc
dw = 2000-20 cm (depth of GWT - depth of foundation)
dw = 1980 cm
e= (2xH - dw) x dw / H2 x b + sub / H2 x (H - dw)2
e= (2x266 - 1980) x 1980 / 70861 x 0.00184 + 0.00099 / 70861 x (266 - 1980)^2
e= -0.03319 kg/cc
QULT = C NC+ Df (Nq-1)+ 0.5 b B N
Strip Footing 0x61.22 + 0.00184x20x43.87 + 0.5x0.00199x274x50.78x1
2
15.49 kg/cm Qa = 5.16 kg/cm2
F.O.S = 3 506 KPa
BEARING CAPACITY EVALUATION FOR 0.8 M SAND CUSHION
SHEAR ANALYSIS BY TARZAGHI
Trial Widths
Type of Footing = 0 (enter 1 for square/mat/circular and 0 for strip) Trial-1 Trial-2 Trial-3 Trial-4 Trial-5
Df = 0.2 m GWT Depth = 20 m B (m) 2.74
FOOTING
2
Cu = 0.000 kg/cm (weighted)
NC = 60.06
Nq = 43.73
= 48.99
r = 1.00
W/T EFFECT
b= 0.00198 kg/cc (weighted)
SUB = 0.00098 kg/cc
dw = 2000-20 cm (depth of GWT - depth of foundation)
dw = 1980 cm
e= (2xH - dw) x dw / H2 x b + sub / H2 x (H - dw)2
e= (2x265 - 1980) x 1980 / 70391 x 0.00184 + 0.00098 / 70391 x (265 - 1980)^2
e= -0.03409 kg/cc
QULT = C NC+ Df (Nq-1)+ 0.5 b B N
Strip Footing 0x60.06 + 0.00184x20x42.73 + 0.5x0.00198x274x48.99x1
2
14.86 kg/cm Qa = 4.95 kg/cm2
F.O.S = 3 486 KPa
BEARING CAPACITY EVALUATION FOR 1.0 M SAND CUSHION
SHEAR ANALYSIS BY TARZAGHI
Trial Widths
Type of Footing = 0 (enter 1 for square/mat/circular and 0 for strip) Trial-1 Trial-2 Trial-3 Trial-4 Trial-5
Df = 0.2 m GWT Depth = 20 m B (m) 2.74
FOOTING
2
Cu = 0.000 kg/cm (weighted)
NC = 59.48
Nq = 43.16
= 48.10
r = 1.00
W/T EFFECT
b= 0.00196 kg/cc (weighted)
SUB = 0.00096 kg/cc
dw = 2000-20 cm (depth of GWT - depth of foundation)
dw = 1980 cm
e= (2xH - dw) x dw / H2 x b + sub / H2 x (H - dw)2
e= (2x264 - 1980) x 1980 / 69925 x 0.00184 + 0.00096 / 69925 x (264 - 1980)^2
e= -0.03502 kg/cc
QULT = C NC+ Df (Nq-1)+ 0.5 b B N
Strip Footing 0x59.48 + 0.00184x20x42.16 + 0.5x0.00196x274x48.095x1
2
14.49 kg/cm Qa = 4.83 kg/cm2
F.O.S = 3 474 KPa
APPENDIX-D
LPG STORAGE CAPACITY EXPANSION PROJECT KSA
Summary of Settlement Analysis with 0.3 m Thick Sand Cushion
Continues Case
Immediate
Load Long Term Settlement Total Settlement Differential Settlement
Pressure (Kpa) Settlement
Condition (mm) (mm) (mm)
(mm)
Empty 499 53 5.3 58.3 -
4.42 mm 4.42 mm
LPG STORAGE CAPACITY EXPANSION PROJECT KSA
Settlement Analysis With Operation Condition – 221 Kpa ( Longitudinal Profile)
Continues Case
0.4 mm 0.4 mm
Dis-Continues Case
LPG STORAGE CAPACITY EXPANSION PROJECT KSA
Settlement Analysis With Hydro Test Condition – 314 Kpa ( Longitudinal Profile)
Dis- Continues Case
7.5 mm 7.5 mm
LPG STORAGE CAPACITY EXPANSION PROJECT KSA
Settlement Analysis With Operation Condition – 366 Kpa ( Longitudinal Profile)
Dis- Continues Case
0.6 mm
0.6 mm
Appendix-E
LPG STORAGE CAPACITY EXPANSION PROJECT KSA
Summary of Settlement Analysis with 1.0 M Sand Cushion Below The Installation Level
Continues Bed
Immediate Long Term Total Differential
Load Pressure Settlement Settlement Settlement Settlement
Condition (Kpa)
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
Dis-Continues Bed
Immediate Long Term Total Differential
Load Pressure Settlement Settlement Settlement Settlement
Condition (Kpa) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
8 mm
LPG STORAGE CAPACITY EXPANSION PROJECT KSA
Settlement Analysis With Operation Condition – 221 Kpa ( Longitudinal Profile)
1.87 mm
Dis-Continues Bed
LPG STORAGE CAPACITY EXPANSION PROJECT KSA
Settlement Analysis With Hydro Test Condition – 314 Kpa ( Longitudinal Profile)
11.6 mm
LPG STORAGE CAPACITY EXPANSION PROJECT KSA
Settlement Analysis With Operation Condition – 366 Kpa ( Longitudinal Profile)
2.1 mm