First Grading Reviewer – Science

Branches of Science:

1. Pure Science – which is a theoretical study of natural or physical phenomenon without regard to
practical application
2. Applied Science – which develops practical uses of scientific knowledge

3 Main Subdivisions of Science:

1. Physical Sciences – are the study about nonliving matter

a. Chemistry – study of the composition, structure, form, and physical and chemical properties
of matter.
b. Physics – study of matter and energy, including light, sound, electricity, magnetism,
radiation and motion.
2. Earth Sciences – study of the earth
a. Geology – study of the origin, history, evolution and structure of the earth’s crust
b. Paleontology – study of prehistoric life, based mainly on fossils of animals and plants
c. Meteorology – study of the atmosphere that focuses on weather processes and forecasting
d. Seismology – study of earthquakes and the movement of waves through the earth
e. Astronomy – study of celestial bodies such as stars, comets, planets and galaxies
3. Life Sciences – study of living organisms
a. Biology – study of living organisms and their vital processes
b. Botany – study of plants
c. Zoology – study of animal life
d. Ecology – study of relationship of living organisms
e. Genetics – study of the genetic makeup of living organisms

The Scientific Method

Steps in the Scientific Method:

1. Identifying the Problem

Problem – is a scientific question that can be answered by gathering evidence
2. Formulating Hypothesis
Hypothesis – is a tentative explanation to the problem. It is a prediction about the outcome of
the experiment
3. Testing the Hypothesis – is done by experimentation, which is a systematic procedure to answer
the problem
4. Collecting or gathering data
Data are pieces of information gathered from the experiment. They can be presented in tables
and charts
5. Interpreting Data
In interpreting data, the variables should be identified. The relationship of the different factors
should be stated.
6. Making a Conclusion
Conclusion – is a statement that answers the problem based on the interpretation of
observation. It is the final step of an investigation.
Matter – is made up of the smallest particle called molecule.
A molecule is made up of a particle called an atom.

Atom – smallest particle of an element

Molecules in solids are packed closely together. They have definite shape and volume.
In liquids, molecules are loosely packed and have spaces in between. They can roll, glide and take the
shape of the container.
Molecules of gases are far from each other. They constantly move in all directions.

Elements, Compounds and Mixtures

Matter
Pure Substance Mixtures
Compounds Elements homogeneous heterogeneous
(water, salt, sugar) (hydrogen, oxygen, etc.) (solutions, alloys) (sand, dirt, pebbles, etc.)

Pure Substance – is a kind of matter that is made up of one or more kinds of atoms.
Mixture – is made of substances that can be identified.
Characteristics of Pure Substances:
1. Fixed composition
2. Distinct properties
3. Cannot be separated into simpler substances by physical methods
4. Can change in identity and properties by chemical methods
5. Properties do not vary from one sample to another sample

Elements – are pure substances made up of one kind of materials.

Classification of Elements:
1. Metals – mostly in solid form, except mercury.
- possess luster and they shine when light falls on them
- used in electrical appliances because they are good conductors of heat and electricity
- malleable, can be hammered into sheets
- ductile, can be drawn into fine wires
- high tensile strength, can withstand stress and strain so ideal as construction materials
Examples: magnesium, platinum, nickel, iron, silver
2. Nonmetals – exist in solids, liquids and gases.
- Usually light in weight
- Used as insulators because they are poor conductors of electricity
Examples: carbon, phosphorous, sulfur, iodine, bromine
3. Metalloids – have the properties of both metals and nonmetals.
- Are solid but lack luster
- Semiconductor, which means they both insulate and conduct heat and electricity
Examples: boron, silicon, arsenic
Elements - are arranged in the periodic table. Symbols of elements are the short hand of writing the
name of elements
Periodic table – an arrangement of the elements by increasing atomic number
Elements Latin Name Symbol
Sodium Natrium Na
Potassium Kalium K
Iron Ferrum Fe
Copper Cuprum Cu
Silver Argentum Ag
Tin Stannum Sn
Antimony Stibium Sb
Mercury Hydrargyrum Hg
Gold Aurum Au
Lead Plumbum PB
Compounds – are the combination of two or more elements that are chemically combined
- Could be written in a chemical formula
Examples: sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) – NaHCO, Sodium chloride (table salt) – NaCl, magnesium
hydroxide (milk of magnesia) – Mg(OH) 2, calcium hydrochlorite (household bleach) CaOCl, sucrose (table
sugar) C6 H22O11
Chemical formula – is an arrangement of symbols and numbers that describe a compound. The number
written after an element tells the number of atoms of an element.
Chemical equation – arrangement of symbols, formulas and numbers used to describe a chemical
reaction.

Classification of Compounds:
1. Acids – compounds that produce hydrogen ions when dissolved in water.
Weak acids are sour. Examples are citric acid in calamansi, kamias and green mango
Strong acid like hydrochloric acid (HCl) can eat away flesh and can corrode metals.
Indicator – a substance that changes color at certain range of pH values. Examples are litmus paper and
pH scales
Examples of acids: stearic, sulfuric, nitric, acetic and hydrochloric
2. Bases – compounds that produce hydroxide ions when dissolved in water
- Feel slippery and have bitter taste
Strong bases like sodium hydroxide can burn flesh
Examples of bases: sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide

Mixtures – is a combination of two or more substances in which each pure substance retain each
characteristics
- Can be heterogeneous or homogeneous
Heterogeneous mixture – is a mixture that does not have a uniform composition
Examples: freshly squeezed orange juice, salad dressing, vinegar and oil dressing, beach sand, fruit salad,
mixed nuts
Homogeneous mixture – has uniform composition throughout
- Can be in liquid or solid form
Examples: corn oil, vinegar, sugar solutions, alloy, steel

Kinds of Mixtures:
1. Solutions – homogeneous mixtures having two or more components uniformly distributed
- Formed when one substance dissolved in another substance
- Contains solute and solvent
Solute – a substance that dissolve in another substance
Solvent – a substance that dissolves a solute
- A solution might exist in liquid, solid or gas depending on the state of the solvent.
- Air is a gaseous solution and its solvent is nitrogen gas
- Steel is a solid solution (iron-solvent; carbon-solute)
- Water - solvent
Types of solution Examples Solute Solvent
Liquid dissolved in liquid Vinegar Acetic acid (liquid) Water
Wine Alcohol Water
Gas dissolved in liquid Soft drinks (carbonated water Carbon dioxide Water
Solid dissolved in liquid Dental amalgam Silver Mercury
Sugar solution Sugar Water

Alloy – mixture of two solids

- Brass, used in making furniture, is composed of copper and zinc
- Steel, a metal, is composed of carbon and iron metals
Miscible solution – when two soluble liquids dissolve each other
Immiscible solution – formed when two liquids are insoluble to each other
Concentrated solution – contains a large amount of dissolved solute
Dilute solution – contains small amount of dissolved solute
 2. Suspension – are heterogeneous mixtures containing larger particles that settle out when left
undisturbed.
- They do not mix when combined. They just settle at the bottom or float on top
- Substances like oil, soil, sand and gravel do not mix when placed in water
- Examples: oil and water in a clear glass, sand and water in a clear glass, soil and water in a
clear glass, gravel and water in a clear glass, whole milk, peanut butter, oil and vinegar

3. Colloids – are heterogeneous mixtures with intermediate particle size between a solution and a
suspension
Examples: milk, fog
Tyndall effect – dispersed colloid particles scatter light

Importance and Uses of Colloids:

1. dialysis
2. pottery
3. artificial fiber industry
4. pharmaceutical industry

Mixture – when two or more materials or substances are mixed together but do not chemically combne.
- This means they retain their original properties
- This means that they can be separated by physical means
-
Different Ways of Separating Mixtures
1. Magnetism - If one component of the mixture has magnetic properties, you could use a magnet
to separate the mixture. Iron, nickel and cobalt are all materials that are magnetic.
- Not all metals are magnetic: gold, silver and aluminum are examples of metals that are not
magnetic
- Example: using a magnet to separate nails from wood chips
2. Hand Separation – separating parts of a mixture by hand
- Only useful when the particles are large enough to be seen clearly.
Example: useful for separating parts of a salad. Using your fork to separate tomatoes, lettuce,
cucumber, onions, etc. in your salad
3. Filtration – used when separating a solid substance from a fluid (a liquid or a gas) by passing a
mixture through a porous material such as a type of filter.
- Works by letting the fluid pass through but not the solid
- Examples of filters: coffee filter, cloth, oil filter, sand
- Example of Filtration: using a coffee filter to separate the coffee from the coffee beans
4. Sifting or Sieving – used to separate a dry mixture which contains substances of different sizes
by passing it through the sieve, a device containing tiny holes.
Example: Using a sieve to separate sand from pebbles
5. Extraction – used to separate an insoluble solid (something that doesn’t dissolve in a liquid)
from a soluble solid (something that DOES dissolve in a liquid). Done by adding a solvent (liquid
that does the dissolving) to the mixture. Then pouring the liquid through a filter.
- Example: With a mixture of sugar and sand, pouring water in the mixture which causes the
sugar to dissolve. Then pouring the solution through a filter, causing the sand to separate
from the sugar water.
6. Evaporation – allowing the liquid to evaporate, leaving the soluble solid behind.
Example: heating sugar water. The water evaporates and the sugar crystals are left behind
Example of using extraction and evaporation together: Using water to dissolve sugar, then
letting the water evaporate, leaving the sugar behind.
7. Chromatography – used to separate dissolved substances in a solution from each other.
Example: using chromatography paper to separate ink into its original components
8. Decantation – is a technique used in separating a less dense liquid from a denser one.
Identify whether heterogeneous or homogeneous mixture
1. Spaghetti sauce
2. Pure air
3. City air
4. Chocolate chip ice cream
5. Sugar
6. Sugar water
7. Black coffee
8. Salad dressing
9. Paint
10. Alcohol
11. Iron
12. Aluminum foil
13. Beach sand
14. Soil
15. A flat soda drink

Determine if the following mixtures are solutions, colloids or suspension

1. Salt and water
2. Smog
3. Oil and water
4. Vinegar
5. Gelatin
6. Soil and water
7. Smoke
8. Alloy
9. Cough syrup
10. Soft drink
11. Sugar
12. Milk
13. Chalky water
14. Clay mixed in water
15. Fog
16. Dust in air
17. Whipped cream
18. Brass
19. Air
20. Chocolate milk
21. Muddy water
22. Orange juice
23. 3% hydrogen peroxide
24. Oil and vinegar salad dressing
25. marshmallow

Identify if it is an Element, Compound and Mixture

1. Italian salad dressing
2. Pepsi
3. Oxygen
4. Salt
5. Copper
6. Helium
7. Water
8. Carbon dioxide
9. Fruit salad
10. Soil
11. Sugar
12. Gold
13. Air
14. Hydrochloric acid
15. Sodium chloride
16. Chlorine
17. Hydrogen peroxide
18. Gravel
19. Hydrogen
20. Sodium bicarbonate