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Procurement
Discussion document
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C.2 Zero based budgeting (ZBB) P.2 360° Product Value/Cost O.3 Agile & Lean Procurement
Indirect spend control, demand Management (PVM/PCM) Purchase to pay (P2P), incl. source to
management, budget / P&L link Product oriented and customer focused contract (S2C) or requisition to pay (R2P)
value/cost optimization, sourcing programs
Best-Practice set-up
C.3 Supplier Management P.3 Project Procurement Excellence O.4 Strategy, governance, processes, organizati-
Identification, qualification, evaluation, Collaboration of engineering, project on, people, change mgmt., KPIs, savings, etc.
development procurement & commodity/category mgmt.
O.5 Shared Service Center
P.4 Special Sourcing Support Organization, location, procurement factory,
C.4 Supplier Partnership 4.0 Innovation, Best Cost Country, Capex, business process outsourcing (BPO)
Supplier partnership concepts, expectations
& commitments, monopoly/oligopoly P.5 Technology & Commodity O.6 Advanced Methods & Analytics
Strategy (T&CS) Toolbox with, e.g. cost engineering, Linear
Joint strategy of engineering & procurement Performance Pricing (LPP), tear down
C.5 Collaborative Supplier
Improvement P.6 Advanced negotiation capabilities O.7 Procurement Academy
Joint supplier optimization, joint idea Negotiation types & design, tender design, Training, coaching, enablement, e.g.
generation online variants, game theory strategic sourcing methodology
Core
process Source-to-contract
(S2C)
Technology & Purchase-to-pay
category strategy (P2P)
Project
procurement
Supplier management
Relevant pain point(s) in RPA/AI context Potential of RPA/AI solution: High Low
2 Major European Procurement process Analyzed the procurement process in the plant all over Europe,
electricity producer improvement covering multiple BUs alignment & system assessment
Energy and utility New procurement Defined a transformation strategy for procurement function through
3
solution operator transformation a new centrally managed organization system
Germany energy holding Procurement Developed, piloted and implemented procurement strategies that
4
company transformation program solve the client issue in the high pressure market
6 Russian largest territorial Procurement strategy Identified new target organization structure for procurement along
power generator company for budget increase with procurement process modernization and investment mgmt.
7 Global largest natural gas Procurement Developed new procurement unit concept and suppoerted the
company organization implementation, covering organization and IT system assessment
Procurement tomorrow
> Automation of large
parts of operational,
Procurement
tactical & strategic must
tasks incl.
Tasks Resources negotiations > Reposition itself
> Focus on efficiency > Define a new/
extended value
proposition
Tasks Resources
Today
… Sourcing innovation
Core question: What is the future value added of your procurement organization?
Technology will fully digitalize procurement & enable real time transparency across
the entire supply chain (from tier x suppliers to the customer)
-5-40% Material
costs -80% Email -50% Procurement
headcount
communication
-40% Time-to-
market -50% Working -30% Cost of
procurement
capital
-80% Order to
customer
+80% 'True'
no-touch
delivery POs
Source: Roland Berger 20190918_PLN_Digital procurement v2.pptx 14
To cope with the changes, there are five levels of technology
digitization process – From the basics to Artificial Intelligence
Five levels of digitalization in procurement 5 Artificial
Intelligence
4 Big Data > AI enables the computer to
answer questions that it could
analytics not answer before
> In many cases AI allows to
3 Robotic Process > Big Data involves the storage
and usage of large amounts of generate value from data pools
2 Enterprise soft- Automation data to gain business relevant that were not accessible with
insights traditional analytic methods
> RPA solutions provide a simple
ware and work- yet powerful remedy for the > Often, Big Data is limited by (or at least much harder)
flow automation problems of the previous levels, either the quality of the > Therefore, AI unlocks a whole
new s-curve of productivity
given their ability to easily underlying data or the ability to
Strategic Impact
Level of maturity
Source: Roland Berger 20190918_PLN_Digital procurement v2.pptx 15
We leverage our cognitive lens approach to deliver process efficien-
cies and clarity about the future skill portfolio of procurement (1/2)
Cognitive lens approach
21st Century Procurement Skills
Spend
High complexity
analysis Strategy
development > The cognitive lens is our approach
Negotiation
matching 21st century skills with
procurement tasks
Gather > The required skills to meet
Problem Solving Skillset business the future challenges in
Creativity
requirements procurement encompass
Request Digital Fluency comprehensive problem solving
quotation Leadership Skills
Complex Problem Solving as well as creativity and
Analytical Capabilities 4 Establish
TCO drivers leadership
2 3 Review
> They enable procurement
professionals to solve complex
1 Human Interaction
supplier
proposals problems in a highly collaborative
Explicit Digital Knowledge Collaborative Problem setting with the support of digital
Determine
PO
Solving Define
tools and transform procurement
Sourcing
Schedule into a digital-first organization
Low complexity
Approve or
reject
Execute supplier
shopping Complete
card qualification
web form
approval
Complex solution
solitary collaborative 4 Finalize RFx negotiations 2.90 3.35
5 Receive & evaluate proposals 2.88 3.38
3
Cognitive automation Decision support 6 Gather business requirements 2.86 3.58
models
7 High lev. analysis of sup. market 2.86 2.86
Complexity
I.2. Business partner demand I.3. Market Intelligence II.2 Value workshop III.5. Action plan
> Collaborative
> Aggregated > Aggregated > Workflow > Collaborative
> Rule based
> Auto-classified > Automated > Roles & > Integrated
> Virtual
> Standardized > Learning Responsibilities > Smart Contracts
> Synchronized > Process Controls
Data Lake
I Digital
> TerraNumerata, Spielfeld & our Procurement Technology Radar deliver profound
insights on the maturity of digital solutions
> We manage complex IT requirements, but we do not get lost in bits & bites
Performance management 4
Vendor dashboard Spend Analysis (SAVE) IMP Scorecard Spend SCM Cloud iTrack
Inventory dashboard Cost Database (CoOA) Icode Downstream Performance & Management Reporting System
M & Access Share point M & Access M & Net M & Access Share point PHP
Having worked with almost all larger SRM/eProcurement providers we can match
requirements with provider capabilities
> Very strong strategic sourcing suite with tendering platform, also
offers operational procurement
> No supplier network yet, but it was recently acquired by
Jaggaer (Pool4Tool) and plans to leverage their supplier network
Source: Roland Berger Technology Radar; Roland Berger analysis 20190918_PLN_Digital procurement v2.pptx 27
We select and implement BOM data management tool to improve
and govern material data quality
Overview of BOM/material data management tools Non-exhaustive
Source: Roland Berger Technology Radar; Roland Berger analysis 20190918_PLN_Digital procurement v2.pptx 28
We will assist SVI in leveraging blockchain tools to automate
procurement processes while lowering transaction costs
Overview of blockchain tools for procurement efficiency Non-exhaustive
Source: Roland Berger Technology Radar; Roland Berger analysis 20190918_PLN_Digital procurement v2.pptx 29
We incorporate P2P tools for automation in ordering, invoicing &
other processes as well as spend analytics
Overview of Procure-to-Pay digitization tools Non-exhaustive
Source: Roland Berger Technology Radar; Roland Berger analysis 20190918_PLN_Digital procurement v2.pptx 30
D. EPC related
procurement
1 Vision, Governance & Strategy > Get control on the P2P & S2C processes with modern IT tools
> Create advanced analytics on spend & process (e.g. process
2 Commodity Management mining) to identify and eliminate Maverick Buying
3 Project Purchasing > Centralize knowledge & methods due to designated category
managers & "Go to stakeholders"
4 Processes
> Define clear processes & governance
5 Organization > Automate or outsource the tailend spend to the highest
degree (RPA, AI, catalogues,…)
6 Committees
> Deliver business insights & foresights to your business
partners (clear category strategies, Cognitive procurement,…)
7 Employee Management
> Invest in the "brand reputation of proc." and strategic FTE´s
8 Controlling/KPIs
> Do not forget innovation & risks
9 Systems & Tools
Control by respective
Subgroup subgroup purchasing unit
management (DSP)
(DSP)
TECHNICAL POTENTIAL
NPM: Non-production material, PM: Production material, CSP = Corporate strategic purchasing, DSP = Divisional strategic purchasing
Lack of documentation
Lack of process to return goods Poor data quality1) Missing material number
Reporting DWH issues Supply time > client lead time
Digital maturity
Size of bubble = Business impact High Medium Low
1) Vendor & material data, but also lead times, payment terms, mapping/labeling of data etc.
There are 3 basic organization concepts with its each details based
on the ability to fulfil requirements
Three basic organizational concepts, details – Schematic
A.1 Cooperation A.2 "Own unit, legal entity" A.3 Central procurement
> A procurement cooperation is > A separate legal entity offers > A central operational and
owned by different BUs, procurement services to all strategic procurement takes
organized as profit center locations over all procurement tasks
> Bundling of procurement > Profit or cost center > Central procurement owns
services across companies > Business units are forced to use process and tools
the Procurement Unit/legal entity > Physically decentral possible
> Physically decentral possible
Central procurement with Decentralized procurement with Decentralized procurement with
B.4 governed decentral LB B.5 centralized functions B.6 centralized coordination
> Central procurement has full > Central procurement consoli- > Decentralized self-responsible
authority and can even issue dates actively volume and procurement departments
directives negotiates prices mainly in > Central procurement ensures
> Decentral procurement depart- general procurement coordination between business
ments implement directives > Decentralized self-responsible units only & cannot issue any
and serve for the group procurement departments directives
B.7 Pure Lead Buying C.8 Virtual Central procurement C.9 Decentralized procurement
> No centralized procurement > A central information system > No centralized procurement
> Local buyers take on provides the basis for functions
responsibility for group-wide coordination > Decentralized self-responsible
coordination > Decentralized self-responsible procurement departments
procurement departments
May
Aug
Sep
Nov
Dec
Jun
Oct
Apr
Training catalogue
Jul
EU NAO MC AP content manager in
responsibilities 360° PCO
Lever Training
13
18
9
3
3
2
5
4
Germany
> Global trainer network material cost reduction program
extension through train-
Roles and responsibilities for all players in the new11Procurement
Negotiations 3 1 4 the-trainer
> Training volume planned Approach
Academy have been defined Supplier Mgmt (SQE) 4 2 1 2
on job profiles per region
> Skill matrix revised and gaps identified
Language skills 5 - 1 tbd.
> Each job profile with
Roles and responsibilities Commodity Management 10 2 2 3 specific training
requirements (mandatory
> Training catalogue with >10
Sourcing and Tendering 18 5 3 6
Head of Academy > Coordination of training promotion and optional)
Trainer
> Training document development and maintenance (DE/EN)
> Trainer network coordination
> Run local trainings
∑ 105 31 19
Measurement
Procurement
> General
Administration
>
>
Language skills
Sourcing and Tendering
> Global rollout roadmap with first
> Quality
> Participation
Academy > Planning
> Booking
>
>
Technical Training BU
Technical Basic Training trainings in regions developed
> Commodity Mgmt Onboarding
Objectives • Provide data for procurement • Measure P&L relevant • Analyze efficiency of • Understand if the system is
strategy/tactics savings and procurement procurement organization 'doing the right things'
• Analyze important facts & success in soft and hard • Identify potential over- / or • Measure if the desired
figures of procurement indicators undersizing of proc. functions processes are working
organization • Provide tool for performance • Use specific KPIs that allow • Assure team qualification
management of procurement comparison with benchmarks
team
KPIs • Purchasing volume (current) • Ongoing products cost index • Purchasing hours per project • Procurement project manager
(selection) • Purchasing volume simulation • Project target cost • Number of projects covered by coverage
(3 years) achievement % buyer/project manager • Number of suppliers with
• Contracted purchasing • Project cost planning • Purchasing effort/costs over frame contracts
volume accuracy purchase value • Negotiation training status
• Project list & status • Material quota per project • Time since last RFQ
type
Measurement mainly
Permanent measurement during change
> Detailed, advanced MVP dashboards in Tableau with data housed in SQL
and core data framework implemented and managed in Tableau Prep
> Detailed roadmap with three waves of prioritized projects to be
implemented in 12-18 months
Source: Roland Berger 20190918_PLN_Digital procurement v2.pptx 43
This project was ideated as part of Client's overall digital
transformation initiative
Project background and objective
Ideation session
outcome
Client had recently completed
Objective for this project
a digital ideation session around Create a first, fully functioning reporting
Big Data in Procurement and analytics dashboard (MVP) to provide
real-time transparency on Client procurement
Out of the session were clear priorities spend
for initial work in regards to data
transparency and visualization Outline functionality for future versions of the
dashboard
Further, it was clear that Procurement
Develop an overarching digital road-map for
and Finance would require a roadmap to
reporting and analytics in procurement
outline a logical development roadmap,
beyond the spend transparency dashboard
including directional execution costs, for
the digitalization of procurement at Client
• Develop spend cube architecture • Further detail the two other key topics identified in the
– Data collection, preparation and cleaning ideation workshop (Three way match and KPI
Alignment)
– Spend hierarchy development
• Further elaborate digital/analytics opportunities
• Develop dashboard for the procurement function e.g.
– Link spend cube with dashboard – S&OP link
– Develop dashboard (design sprints to – AI supported optimization of inventory levels
define KPIs and visualization)
– Supply chain insights and impact on (raw
• Hand over to Client and training of internal material availability and pricing)
Client users
• Develop an overarching digital ambition and
implementation roadmap for procurement
Fully functional and value-adding MVP to provide Clear overarching roadmap to create state-of-the-art
spend transparency and clear outline of future digital and analytics environment for Client
functional enhancements procurement
> The client's business did not have a proper understanding of > Ensuring understanding of expectations of the roles, resp-
roles, responsibilities and participation in digital projects onsibilities and level of participation required prior to project start
> Alternatively, raise the flag when project members are not
participating to take corrective action (e.g., redefine participation,
identify an alternative participant, etc.)
> Client participants misunderstood how agile methodology works > Schedule an agile workshop to educate the organization
> Stakeholder communication was lacking and the organization > Ensure full clarity and alignment among all parties on statement
seemed misaligned on what is an MVP up front, particularly in of work and project charters
the project's charter – Define what is desired out of tool at start
– Properly define governance structure up-front to ensure
alignment throughout
> Data was requested in the first touchpoint, but only made > Structure data acquisition into pre-planning prior to SOW sign-off
available 3 weeks and 6 weeks into the project > Pause projects when data not made available
January 2019
Developing a multi-sided digital procurement platform for the Swiss
banking landscape
Background/objective
1. Market study 2. Go-to-market strategy
> Push Procurement at Swiss banks to a new standard through digitalization
> Attract selected Swiss banks as interested parties
> Identify first joint pilot projects together with selected banks
> Develop a digital platform specifically for the solution of the pain points of
our shareholders
Approach
> Conducted a market study to evaluate Swiss procurement market volume
and clients' needs
> Developed a product and go-to-market strategy
> Developed a high-fidelity mockup (iPad) 3. Mockup 4. Interviews with clients
> Arranged interviews and meetings with potential clients to onboard them as
early adopters
Results
> Procurement market analysis
> Go-to-market strategy
> Business case
> Platform MVP
> List of potential clients
228 bn CHF
164 bn CHF
1) Including private banks and foreign banks
Source: SNB; Roland Berger 20190918_PLN_Digital procurement v2.pptx 53
1 Market study
Private banks > Relatively little sourcing needs small volumes due to
7.1 condensed and centered operations
(34.8%) III (Bank Vontobel, > Patchwork sourcing volumes (< m 1 CHF) as banks are
Pictet, etc.)
∑: 43 generally small (median AuM < bn 10 CHF)
1.5 Foreign banks > Low sourcing needs due to procurement functions in
(7.4%) home country or already outsourced sourcing activities to
IV (HSBC, BNP Paribas, third-party providers in home market (e.g. Deutsche Bank
3.4 Deutsche Bank, etc.)
(16.5%)
∑: 107 outsourced procurement to Accenture)
> Would banks also be willing to synchronize technical IT landscapes with other banks to enable cross-bank spending consolidation?
> Do banks have a significant spend volume and what negotiating power do banks have in the respective spend categories?
> What are the needs beyond leveraging bargaining power? (e.g. quality "seal" for suppliers, external workforce vetting)
> …
Source: SNB; Roland Berger 1) Can savings be realized by consolidating spends across other banks 2) Several providers available;20190918_PLN_Digital
provider switch possible, etc. v2.pptx
procurement 55
1 Market study
Private banks
BiC ~40% ✓ ≈ 1 FTE > Centralized ≈ 3-5 FTE
(Bank Vontobel,
III Pictet, etc.)
Ø ~60% N/A > Decentralized within ≈ 1-2 FTE
∑: 43
business units
Foreign banks N/A1) > Centralized at ≈ 1-3 FTE
BiC ~20% headquarters
(HSBC, BNP Paribas,
IV Deutsche Bank, etc.)
∑: 107 Ø ~80% N/A1) > N/A N/A – part of
business unit staff's
1) Fully centralized at headquarters 2) BiC = Best in Class
daily business
Source: Roland Berger 20190918_PLN_Digital procurement v2.pptx 56
1 Market study
Partnerships with suppliers in the context of smart procurement are becoming more Apply smart
Smart important; however, banks lack the tool set to generate strategic insights to shape sourcing
procurement partnerships with suppliers concepts
Digital/ Many midsized/ small banks lack a required mindset and appropriate resources to set up Secure
innovation unit own internal innovation unit and exploit the potential of agile collaborations with start-ups innovation
Manage
Regulation and Banks stumble with the implementation of regulatory requirements; this could be a possible
regulatory
compliance starting point for a 3rd party procurement service
requirements
Product value Consistent focus on quality and operational excellence is key; providing procurement Enhance product
focus savings services to the banks is not a focus topic value
Spend Financial institutions struggle to optimize their spend management by improving their Optimize
working capital through cost-effective measures, such as supplier contract handling, product
management bundling, introduction of digital products and tools spends
Screenshot
> 19 interviews conducted > Strategy on lead acquisition, > Reflection on relevant pricing strategies
> Interview partners are potential attraction and long-term > Grouping of offering packages in two
customers, supplier as well as development to generate revenues key packages
competitors > Overview on available marketing > Pricing and time reflections of customer
> Clear statements and opinions on tools to support clients in their perspectives
ABC procurement platform decision-making process
> Awareness on how to generate > Setting of potential target pricing
> Better understanding of customers' leads – Options from initial closed guidelines
willingness to pay for specific community to active lead
services purchases
3 Retention
4 Referrall > Creation of emotional and system-based
Homepage/Landing page
Emails & Alerts lock-in effects
> Full registration on platform step-by-step
Product Features Emails &
System Events & 3 Retention Referral camp. 4 Referral
Time-based Features
> Objective is to get a high customer
involvement
Blogs, Content Ads, Lead Gen, > Word-of-mouth as the most efficient method
Subscriptions, etc
ABC- 5 Revenue
Business
procurement.com development > Customers who trust the system do not
need check single payments
> Subscription as basic income – Add-on to
additional revenues
High potential for ABC Medium potential for ABC Low potential for ABC
Source: Roland Berger 20190918_PLN_Digital procurement v2.pptx 60
2 Go-to-market strategy
Outbound Basic
acquisition subscription
team
Signs the contract
4 Premium Payout of provision
subscription 5
Scheduling of Sale of customer Independent
1 appointments 2 lead to freelance agent
… sales agent
> Quality leads by > Quality sales agents by selling > High impact by providing strong
standardized/trusted sales the leads (no "no-show") incentives
approach
Win subscribers
Sign-up Profile
link completed
Offline Skype
Call
meeting meeting
Contract
Price list
signed
Daily performance tracking via
CRM updated Calendar Demand Invitation sent Registration
(Interest) updated assessment completed intuitive sales tools
(e.g., pipedrive)
Product
and project
Banks Procurement
manager manger
Procurement
community Dashboards
Procurement Excl.
network exchange
Procurement
platform
Consulting Infrastructure
firms providers
Services Solution
Goods
Technology Information External
workforce pods
Suppliers
provider
Purchase of services
(e.g. market information, consulting,
services and
external staff)
Prototype – Compliance
Credit Suisse Senior project manager Global bank Sparkasse Hannover Project manager Savings bank
Credit Suisse Project manager; product owner - Global bank Stadtsparkasse Düsseldorf Department manager Savings bank
investment product platforms
"I can safely speak for a variety of executives "I see no problem, why a small fee should "Monthly payment would probably be the most
and confirm absolutely without any problems prevent us from using this platform." popular purchase option for average services. "
that a fee would be absolutely no obstacle Senior project manager, Stadtsparkasse Project manager, Sparkasse Hannover
when using the platform." Düsseldorf
Project manager, Credit Suisse
"The implementation plays a crucial role here. "Should it be urgent and we definitely need an "If we need the express service, whichever the
Of course, the concept you mentioned sounds express service, we would certainly be willing case may be, we would be willing to pay over
very interesting, but ultimately it's all about to pay between 5-8 percent more." 10-15% more."
implementation and usability. If this model Head of finance, Urner Kantonalbank Project manager, Credit Suisse
turns out to be meaningful, we will also use
this platform for the long term."
Senior project manager, Credit Suisse
"We are willing to spend what we do on other "We would definitely be interested and - if we are "The most important thing is the onboarding of
lead generation platforms: 15-20% of the satisfied - would pay significantly more than customers. It has to be easy and simple. Best
respective customer budget. But we are surely for example with KPMG or EY." case, you only ask for first and family name. After
interested in such a platform." Product owner, Credit Suisse that, you need to make sure to receive more
Supplier information afterwards."
Software supplier
"If all the test procedures and reviews from the "Money would play a very minor role here. It is "Within our market, everyone knows the time
responsible decision-makers are positive, we more important, in my view, to what extent the pressure that exists on important projects from
would definitely pay for it. The presented service will satisfy us later and whether we can the very beginning. So it is important to know that
service would definitely meet with interest from see an increasing benefit compared to other there is an express service. It can even be
us and many more banks.." services in this area.." assumed that at least every 10th user would use
Project and process manager, Thurgauer Project manager, Sparkasse this service. Time pressure is a continuous
Kantonalbank Hannover problem and would justify a readiness to pay
more than 5 percent at the standard price (if
not more). "
Product owner, Credit Suisse
"First and foremost, I see no problem in paying
for it. So far, the concept is already sounding
very good and I can definitely say that we "You can easily calculate from 5% upwards for
would have an overriding interest in such a an express service." "We are used to pay a price for lead generation
platform." Project manager, St. Galler Kantonalbank based on the overall budget size of our clients."
Head of project management, Zürcher Supplier
Kantonalbank
"After a successful test phase and positive "Since independence is definitely important to us,
"It will be quite an obstacle for suppliers to pay feedback from employees and executives - who even with respect to different platforms, we would
upfront. However, if we could upload our have also dealt with it intensively – we would definitely prefer the monthly purchase option.."
company presentation or get some ads space, definitely pay more than for the big four." Department manager, Stadtsparkasse
then it looks more promising." Project manager, St.Galler Kantonalbank Düsseldorf
Supplier
May 2018
We established E2E procurement process optimization/automation
and digital procurement roadmap using SAP, SRM, RPA, AI
Project case study
Background/objective
Pain point analysis IT solution overview
> Global organization with heterogeneous processes
> Limited degree of process automation – support mainly via
standard SAP functionality
> Too much time spent on operative activities, not enough time for
strategic procurement processes
Approach
Results
– As-is process and systems
– To-be changes and systems
> Processes for S2C and P2P have
been aligned with regions (APAC,
AMERICAS, EMEA) in two
workshops each
> P2S and Supplier Mgmt. processes
have been aligned with global
responsibles
Supplier management
…
Product
management Support Perform. Data quality Tools & systems
processes management (KPIs) management development
Core Enhance x x x
processes
Enhance x
Supplier management
x Enhance x x
Support Performance Data quality Tools
processes management (KPIs) management & systems development
26 27 Focus
19
for near term
1 implementation
21 28
20
25
4 15
14 24 18
22 71)
8
23 11
Mid term focus 16
13 17 given required 6
9
10
process changes
2
12 5 3
29
Digital maturity
Business impact: High/Medium/Low
(is it an IT problem?)
1) Vendor & material data, but also lead times, payment terms, mapping/labeling of data etc.
Maturity
Ease of
implementation
Supplier management
Rollout xxx
xxx xxx
Supply Plan-to-strategy xx
chain Category Market Strategy Stakeholderap Strategy Review &
classification analysis definition proval2) execution update Finance/
x x x x x x Accounting
Source-to-contract: Outline agreements xx Purchase-to-pay xx
Specification RfX process Quotation Negotiation & Agreement Exceptions management
x evaluation Awarding implement- x
x x x x ation x
Manu- Order / Order & deliv. Goods / Invoice
PR1) call off monitoring service process-ing
facturing Source-to-contract: Spot buy and projects xx x x receipt x x
Specification RfX process Quotation Negotiation &
x (light) (light) evaluation Awarding Claim
x x (light) x (light ) x mgmt. x
Other
Supplier management xx
(HR,
Supplier Supplier Supplier Supplier Supplier Supplier phase Risk manage- marketing,
b
Product identification selection evaluation classification development out ment
legal, …)
manage- x x x x x x x
ment
Support Tools & systems
Performance mgmt. (KPIs) Data quality management
processes x x development x