Nama : Muhammad Irfan Ali

Nim : 18.05.51.2092

Tugas : Ekonomika Mikro

1. Review picture 3.4 Suppose the price of

gasoline is $ 1.60 per gallon. Is the quantity
demanded higher or lower than the $ 1.40 gallon
equilibrium price? What about the amount
provided? Are there any shortages or surpluses
on the market? if so, how much?
Answer : To find the equilibrium price, we must plot supply and
demand curves, or solve the expression equation for supply and
demand.
An example might be:
{\ displaystyle {\ begin {alignedat} {2} Q_ {s} & = 125 + 1.5 \ cdot P \\
Q_ {d} & = 189-2.25 \ cdot P \\\ Q_ {s} & = Q_ {d } \\ 125 + 1.5 \ cdot
P & = 189-2.25 \ cdot P \\ (1.5 + 2.25) \ cdot P & = (189-125) \\ P & =
{\ frac {189-125} { 1.5+ 2.25}} \\ P & = {\ frac {64} {3.75}} \\ P & =
17,067 \\ end {alignedat}}}

In the diagram, illustrating a simple series of supply and demand

curves, the quantity demanded and supplied at the P price is the
same.
At any price above P supply exceeds demand, whereas at prices
below P the quantity demanded exceeds that provided. In other
words, the price at which demand and supply are out of balance is
called the disequilibrium point, creating shortages and oversupply.
Changes in demand or supply conditions will shift the demand or
supply curve. This will cause changes in equilibrium prices and
quantities in the market.
Consider the following supply requests and schedules:
Price ($) Request for
Supply8,006,00018,0007,008,00016,0006,0010,00014,0005,0012,00
012,0004,0014,00010,0003,0016,0008,0002,0018,0006,0001,0020,0
004,000.
Here we see that an increase in disposable income increases the
quantity demanded by 2,000 units at each price. This increase in
demand will have the effect of shifting the demand curve to the
right. The result is a price change where the amount offered is the
same as the amount requested. In this case we see that both of them
are now equal to each other with a price increase of $ 6.00. Note
that decreasing disposable income will have the opposite effect on
market equilibrium.
We will also see similar behavior in prices when there are changes in
the supply schedule, which occur through changes in technology, or
through changes in business costs. An increase in the use of
technology or knowledge or a reduction in costs will have the effect
of increasing the quantity supplied at each price, thereby reducing
the equilibrium price. On the other hand, a decrease in technology or
an increase in business costs will reduce the quantity provided at
each price, thereby increasing the price balance.
The process of comparing two static equilibrium with each other, as
in the example above, is known as comparative statics. For example,
because an increase in consumer income leads to higher prices (and
a decrease in consumer income leads to a decrease in prices - in each
case two things change in the same direction), we say that the
comparative static effect of consumer income on prices is positive.
This is another way of saying that the total price drop with respect to
consumer income is greater than zero.
2. Why do economists use the Ceteris Paribus assumption?
Answer : Understanding carteris paribus assumptions in economics is
if the assumptions of the formulation are balanced and appropriate
in economic assumptions. for example the price of rice will rise if
demand rises, the carteris paribus is in accordance with the law of
demand, where "if demand increases, the price rises. and this
carteris paribus describes the relationship between demand for rice
and the price of rice.

Discussion
In economics, we will recognize the law of demand and supply, the
law of demand reads "if prices fall then demand increases, and if
prices rise then demand decreases". Requests are goods or services
requested for a certain amount.

The offer is the overall amount of goods available to be offered at

various price levels and at a certain time. The law of supply reads
"The higher the price, the more number of goods offered. Conversely
the lower the price of the goods, the number of goods offered is
less." The law of supply shows the relationship between the amount
of goods offered and the price level. The law of the offer will apply if
the factors that influence it are Cateris Paribus.

There are several factors that affect the supply of goods, namely:

Price of goods
Price of substitute goods or substitute goods
Production cost
Technological will
Tax
Demand and supply are used to determine the price and quantity
sold in the market. This model is very important for conducting
microeconomic analysis of the behavior of buyers and sellers, as well
as their interactions in the market.
3. In a market analysis for paint, an economist finds the facts listed
below. state whether each of these changes will affect supply or
demand, and in what direction.
(a) recently there have been several important inventions which save
costs in paint manufacturing technology.
(B) the paint is durable, so the property owner doesn't need to paint
often.
(c) due to heavy hail, many people need to repaint now.
(d) hail burns several factories that make paint, forcing them to close
for several months.
Answer : The paint industry is predicted to experience slowing
growth in the first quarter of this year. Moment ahead of Eid which
should be able to boost demand has not been felt by paint business
people.
PT Propan Raya Industrial Coating Chemical Chief Executive Officer
Kris Rianto Adidarma said the retail segment would slow down a bit
earlier this year. "The current market tends to be stagnant," he told
Kontan.co.id, Friday (3/22).
Regarding the cause of this stagnation, management is still watching
the market to be able to know in more detail. As before Kris said
there was a possibility of spending a lot of people spent during the
new year yesterday to cause funds for home decoration diverted.
The public purchasing power factor is quite important for Propan,
because the retail segment still dominates the company's sales by
70%, the remaining 30% comes from various projects. Entering
Lebaran the company continues to carry out promotional strategies
and product discounts to attract consumer interest.
Nevertheless Kris hopes that after the general election the market
can still be hoisted up. As a wood paint manufacturer, Propan is still
confident to reap a sizable market in Indonesia according to its
segment.
"We are the market leader in wood finishing, we see competition
and face it with innovation and improve branding," Kris said when
asked about business competition.
With a production capacity of 50,000 tons per year, the company is
estimated to dominate the national market share of 10%.
Regarding business expansion, Propan ensures that the company will
not add new production capacities. As for business targets,
management has set a single-digit growth in 2019.
Meanwhile Jon Tan, CEO of Decorative Paints, PT Nipsea Paint and
Chemicals, said specifically for the regular paint segment at the retail
level has experienced a decline recently.
"For the past three months the market has been very quiet and
demand has fallen, except for the premium segment which has
risen," he explained to Kontan.co.id, Friday (3/22).
Regarding this decline, Jong admitted that he was still looking for it
and had not found a quiet market background earlier this year.
Just so you know, the manufacturer of the Nippon Paint brand is
estimated to control the national paint market share by 25% with a
production capacity, estimated at around 100,000 tons per year.
Because premium products are more prospective, the company's
strategy this year is to focus on premium segments such as
waterproofing and anti-bacterial products. Jon mentioned the
contribution of premium products in terms of sales value has
reached 30% at this time.
Currently between the retail and project segments, Jon said 97% of
Nippon Paint's sales are still dominated by the retail market and the
rest are projects. But seeing the development potential and the
population of Indonesia, it is not impossible that the company will
boost its project lines.
Jon said, some store franchise companies have also appointed
Nippon Paint as their standard paint.
"Like KFC, which makes us the authorized paint supplier for its
branches in Indonesia," he added. In the automotive industry, this
brand is also a paint for many vehicle brands such as Toyota, Honda,
Yamaha, and others.
4. many changes that affect the market for oil. predict how each of
the following events will affect the price balance and quantity on the
market for oil. in each case, state how the event will affect the supply
and demand diagram. sketch a diagram if recessed.
(a) the car becomes more fuel efficient, and thus gets more miles to
the gallon.
(B) winter is very cold.
(c) Large new oil discoveries were made off the Norwegian coast.
(D) economists from several major oil-consuming countries, such as
Japan, slowed.
(e) War in the Middle East disrupts oil pumping schedules.
(f) the land installs additional insulation on the building.
(g) the price of solar energy drops dramatically.
(h) chemical companies find a popular new type of plastic made from
oil.
Answer : Chemical Analysis

.08 max

MN

2.00 max

.03 max

.03 max

Si

.75- 1.50
Cr

17.0- 20.0

Ni

34.0- 37.0

Mo

1.00- 1.75

Cu

1.00 max

Ti

1.90- 2.30

Fe

bal
Sn

.025

pb

.005 max

Incoloy® 330 is a steel alloy that is high in nickel and chromium. It

provides good resistance to carburization, oxidation, and nitridation.
RA 330 is also easily welded using all conventional processes; it can
be formed hot (between 1750-1200° F) and cold.

Alloy 330® Features

Magellan Metals’ RA 330® is an extremely strong steel alloy that

offers many beneficial features, including:

Carburization resistant
Good nitridation resistance
Resists heat & oxidation
Corrosion resistant
Good strength
Meets UNS N08330 specifications
RA 330 Applications

Incoloy 330™ is a 330 stainless steel alloy that is commonly used in

chemical, petrochemical, ore, power generation and thermal
processing applications, some of which include:

Industrial heating furnaces

Petrochemical furnace parts
Perlite systems and equipment
Boiler fixtures
Gas turbine components
Heat-treat furnace containers
High temperature fans
Salt pots
Alloy 330® Available Formats

Magellan Metals offers RA 330® nickel cobalt alloy in a variety of

forms, including:

Seamless & welded pipe

Seamless & welded tube
Bar.
Wire.
Sheet.
Plate.
Forgings
Pipe fittings
Flanges.
Figure 1 shows the CCT diagram for steel in a schematic way. It
appears that continuous cooling curves with different cooling rates
will produce different steel phases or structures. Each cooling curve,
i.e. (a), (b), and (c) shows the beginning and end of the austenite
decomposition into the final steel phase or structure.

This diagram can estimate phases that are formed with different
cooling rates. Or in other words, this diagram can see the effect of
the cooling rate on the formed phase.

Each phase has its own mechanical properties, so the nature of the
metal will be determined by the phase contained in it. This means
that the metal (mechanical) properties can be changed or adjusted
to the needs through heat treatment with different cooling rates.

Figure 1. Continuous Cooling Transformation Diagram, CCT Diagram

As an illustration, steel contains 0.2 percent carbon which has been
justified at 920 centigrade, then cooled at different rates to
temperatures 200 and 250 centigrade.
The cooling curve (a) shows continuous cooling that is very fast from
austenite temperatures around 920 centigrade to temperatures of
200 centigrade. This rapid cooling rate results in the decomposition
of the austenite phase to martensite. The Austenite phase will start
to decompose into martensite at the Ms Temperature, martensite
start. While the end of martensite formation will end when the
cooling reaches Mf temperature, martensite finish.

The cooling curve (b) shows continuous cooling at a medium /

medium rate from 920 centigrade to 250 centigrade. With this
continuous cooling rate the austenite phase decomposes into bainite
structures.

The cooling curve (c) shows continuous cooling with a slow cooling
rate from a temperature of 920 centigrade to 250 centigrade. This
slow cooling causes the austenite phase to decompose to the ferrite
and pearlite phase.

Microscopically, the effect of different cooling rates for curves (a),

(b), and (c) on the final steel phase or structure can be seen in Figure
2 below.

Figure 2. Micro Structure at Different Cooling Rates

The microstructure of carbon steel before and after undergoing heat
treatment with different cooling was observed with a metallographic
optical microscope at magnification of 500 x.
5. mari kita pikirkan pasar untuk perjalanan udara. dari Agustus 2014
hingga Januari 2015, harga bahan bakar jet turun sekitar 47%.
menggunakan analisis empat langkah, bagaimana menurut Anda
penurunan harga bahan bakar ini mempengaruhi harga ekuilibrium
dan jumlah perjalanan udara?
 Answer :