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FLUIDS
 CLASSIFICATION OF FLUIDS

1. Gases: fluids which have little resistance to change either in form

or volume. It occupies all the space in which it is contained. The
molecules are spaced in which it is contained. The molecules are
spaced and have much more activity which results in its lighter
weight
Pressure (P) = Is the force per unit area exerted by a liquid or gas on
2. Liquids: fluids which offer great resistance to change in volume. It a body or surface with the force acting at normal to the surface
occupies a definite portion in which it is contained. The molecules uniformly in all directions.
posses a cohesiveness which tends to hold them together.
F
 2 CATEGORIES OF FLUIDS P=
A
1. Ideal/ Perfect fluid – is one in which viscosity and compressibility
are conveniently eliminated for the purpose of developing theories  Gauge pressure – or relative pressure above or below the
and making mathematical derivations atmosphere and can be measured by pressure gauges and
manometer. U-tube manometer for small pressure.
2. Real fluid- compressible exhibit infinite viscosities, non – uniform
velocity distribution when flowing.  Atmospheric pressure – the pressure at any point surface
at earth surface from the weight of air above it.
 PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
Vacuum – a space that has all matter removed from it. Or a region of
1. Mass (m) – A quantitative measure of the amount of the matter in
space where the pressure is less than the normal atmospheric
a given body.
pressure of 760 mm of mercury.
W Patm = 1 atm = 101.325 kPa = 14.7 Psi = 760 mm Hg
m=
g
 Absolute Pressure – pressure above vacuum.
2. Mass density (ρ) – The mass per unit volume of a substance. Pabs = Pgauge + Patm

m
ρ=
V WAVES
where: ρw= 1000 kg/m3 @ T= 4⁰C

*note: for gases, the density ρ is computed by HEAT TRANSFER

P
ρ=
RT ELECTRICITY
where:

P=absolute pressure
R = gas constant (N∙ m /kg⁰K), for air
R= 287 (N∙ m /kg⁰K)
T = in Kelvin = ⁰C +273

3. Specific Weight (ϒ) – The weight of unit volume of a substance.

W
ϒ=
V
where: W =Weight, V = Volume

ϒ w= 9.81 kN/m3 @ T = 4⁰C, ϒ w= 9.79 kN/m3 @ T = 20⁰C

*note: for gases, the Specific Weight (ϒ) is computed by

P
ϒ=
RT
where:

P =absolute pressure
R = gas constant (m /⁰R)
for air, R= 16.25 (m /⁰R)
T = in Rankine = ⁰F +460

4. Specific gravity (SG) – dimensionless ratio of density or specific

weight of substance to that of some other standard substance.

SG = ρ/ρs = ϒ/ ϒs

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