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1.1 Physical
Quantities & Units
(1 Hour)
1.2 Scalars and
Vectors (2 Hours)
1.3 Measurement &
Errors (Laboratory
works)
Chapter --- Physical Quantities & Measurement
Physical
Quantities &
Measurement
Addition,
Scalar & vector
Unit conversion subtraction &
products
vector resolution
(a) State basic quantities and their respective SI units: length (m),
time (s), mass (kg), electrical current (A), temperature (K),
amount of substance (mol) and luminosity (cd)
Physical quantities
Quantity
that can
•
Base quantities 70
Base quantities
• Derived quantities
Derived quantity
the house that4.5
is like
was m
be Base quantity build
km/h up from a collection
measured is like the brick – the
of bricks (basic quantity)
quantity
basic building block of a
which
house
cannot be
Derived quantities
Consist of derived
numerical from any quantity which can be derived from basic
value & physical quantity
unit quantities
1 Metre (m)
• the mass of a specific platinum-iridium alloy cylinder
1 Kilogramme (kg) kept at the International Bureau of Weights and
Measures in France
= mass acceleration
= m a
= kg ms -2
kg ms @ N
-2
Special Name
SI Unit
429 km
429 km h -1
1h
429 103 m
3 600 s
119.17 m s -1
OR
Bugatti Veyron Super Sport is 429 km 1 000 m 1h 1 min
the world fastest car. It
1h 1 km 60 min 60 s
recorded 429 km h-1 in
Germany on July 10, 2010. 429 1 000 m
Convert 429 km h-1 to m s-1. 3600 s
119.17 m s -1
6 kg
4 kg
+ =
10 kg
A Force
Magnitude = 100 N
Direction = Left
s
0 4
x/m
z/m
A+B=R
Resultant,R 40 N , east
R C
A B
1.2: SCALARS & VECTORS
Chapter --- Physical Quantities & Measurement
y
A C
C
B B
C @ A
Parallelogram/ Tail-to-tail method Triangle/ Tail-to-tip method x
A B A B
B
B
O O
A A
A A
O O
AC AC C
C
m = scalar quantity
Unit vectors
A unit vector is a vector that has a magnitude of 1 with no units.
y y
R R
Ry Ry
0
x
0
x
Rx Rx
Rx Ry
Adjacent
component
cos θ Rx R cos θ cos R y R cos
R R
Opposite Ry Rx
component sin θ R y R sin θ sin Rx R sin
R R
Ay A sin
A
| A | Ax 2 Ay 2
Ay
tan
θ Ax
x
Ax A cos
1.2: SCALARS & VECTORS
Chapter --- Physical Quantities & Measurement
Fy F sin
800 sin 35 Fx
Fy 459 N We may write in the unit vector form
F (655 N ) iˆ (459 N ) ˆj
1.2: SCALARS & VECTORS
Chapter --- Physical Quantities & Measurement
y
Fx 210
A particle S experienced a force x
30 S
of 100 N as shown. Determine
Fy
the x-component and the F
y-component of the force.
Solution :
Ay = 10 cos 45
By = 5 sin 30
R x Ax B x C x R Rx R y
2 2
Answer :
R = (199.1N )i + (14.3N)j
or R = 199.6 N at 4.1˚ above positive x axis.
y
B 18.0 m s -1
28.5 m s-1, 22.2
A 12.0 m s -1 37.0
x
0
Chapter --- Physical Quantities & Measurement
Multiplication of vectors
Dot (scalar) Cross (vector)
product product
W F s F s cos θ sF cos θ
A B B A
B cos θ
SOLUTION 1 SOLUTION 2
Let 𝐴 𝐵 cos
𝐴 = Ax𝑖 + Ay𝑗 + Az𝑘 𝐴 = 𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐴𝑦 2 + 𝐴𝑧 2
𝐵 = Bx𝑖 + By𝑗 + Bz𝑘 𝐵 = 𝐵𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑦 2 + 𝐵𝑧 2
𝐴∙𝐵 APPLICATION
= 𝐴𝑥𝐵𝑥 + 𝐴𝑦𝐵𝑦 + 𝐴𝑧𝐵𝑧 ∴ 𝐴 ∙ 𝐵 = 𝐴 𝐵 cos
𝐴∙𝐵
cos =
𝐴𝐵
B 1 1 3
2 2 2
11
,
The angle
A B AB cos θ
1 A B
1 5
θ cos cos
θ 112
AB 17 11
1.2 SCALARS & VECTORS
Chapter --- Physical Quantities & Measurement
Cross Product ( A B )
A
B
- The magnitude of the cross product is given by:
| A B || A | | B | sin 0° ≤ θ ≤ 180°
| A B | is equals the magnitude of A multiplied by the
component of B perpendicular to A .
B B sin
A
- the direction of new vector
(A B ) is normal to the plane that
contain vector A & B given by Right Hand Rule
A B
A B ( B A)
1.2 SCALARS & VECTORS
Chapter --- Physical Quantities & Measurement
Directed
upwards
A B
B B
A A
Directed
B A downwards
A B ( B A)
1.2 SCALARS & VECTORS
Chapter --- Physical Quantities & Measurement
1.3 Measurement and Errors
(*to be explained and carried out during practical)
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:
• Use appropriate instruments to measure physical quantities : length,
mass, time, temperature, angle, volume and pressure.
• Estimate rough order-of-magnitude of a physical quantity.
• Write the value of a measurement to the correct significant figures.
• Distinguish between systematic errors and random errors.
• Write the uncertainty for all measurements.
• Calculate the uncertainty for average value and derived quantities.
• Determine the uncertainty from a graph.
Chapter --- Physical Quantities & Measurement
Next Chapter…
CHAPTER 2 :
KINEMATICS OF LINEAR MOTION