INTRODUCTION: GEOGRAPHIES AND

WORLD HISTORIES OF ASIA

1. Introduction
We are studying East Asia –or Asia- but this is a modern concepts. Normally, as
Europe and Asia are not separated by oceans –as all the continents are- it is called
Eurasia (in a geography way).

For practical terms, it has been acceptant that Asia is a continent and Europe
another different. This continent is the biggest (45 million km2) and the most populated
(4.3 billion people), although being the biggest and the most populated, only 30% of the
total land area is populated (Asia has the seventy percent of total population, so in this
continent the density of population is very high).

Asia can be divided in subcontinents: North Asia, central Asia, South Asia,
central Asia and East Asia.

 East Asia:People Republic of China (PRC), Taiwan, Hong Kong, Japan, South
Korea, North Mongolia and Macau.
 South East Asia:
 o Continental South East: Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Thailand.
o Insular South East: Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Philippines.
 South Asia: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh…
 Central Asia: Tajikistan, Uzbekistan...

If you divide population and the GDP (the economy, what a country produces) we have
the capital GDP (average development of this country)

Why Asia, especially East Asia so important? Principally, because more

than a half of the world population lives there and they are reaching a considerable
level of economy.

1.1 Was it always like that?

History remarks that Asia has always been the most populated continent. If we
go back to the 17th century, we would see that the population vas higher than it is
today, so the question now is how the population of East Asia is going to evolve. The
population of China, for example, vacillated between 20 and 35 percent of the world
total population (17th century). Nowadays is below average, around 19%. Actually, the
only population that is rising is the African one; Europe’s and North America’s are
declining while Asia’s and America’s is remaining stable.

2. Economic growth
Asia has experienced the longest and the biggest economic evolution in the
world (fifty per cent of the world economic growth comes from Asia). The important
thing there is that it is easy to rise your economy –o growth, make it better- when you
are poor but, when you have a minimum level of development is hard to make it grown
or holt it. In addition, we have to keep in mind that when economic grow, also grow the
way of life of the citizens.

The weight of Asia in the world economy

The GDP (PPP) of Asia is now superior to the European Union, the United
States and the rest of the world. However, Asia’s share of the world GDP is still inferior
to its population. Before 1950, in the 18th century (before industrial revolution) the
economy of Asia was comparable to the one that we have today (even higher). The
question here is, Why Asia, although having a high population in the second part of 19 th
century, had such a low economy?

What does PPP means?

The Purchasing Power Parity is a term that allows us to compare the levels of life of
different countries. If we try to compare them using PIB we will find that it is not logical,
because maybe we are comparing two countries with high differences in the
population. Therefore, what we do is to divide PIB between the nº of habitants and,
then, compare PIB per capita.
 According to the classification of the World Bank.

 Top high income –more than 50.000- Brunei, Hong Kong and Macau.
 High-income (more than 12.000) Japan, South Korea and Taiwan.
 Middle high income (from 4-12) Malaysia, China and Thailand).
 Lowe middle income (1-4): Indonesia, Vietnam, India
 Lower income (less than 1): North Korea , Afghanistan, Nepal

We have to keep in mind that we cannot say that a country has to copy the
model of Macau (for having a better income) because not all the countries have the
same conditions.

2.1 Conclusions
 Asia is the most populated country in the world, with a high density and
high diversity of populations.
 Also, Asia has lead the most impressive period of economic growth in
the world history That’s the reason why it has become the most
important region in the economic weight (GDP)

3. Traditional perceptions of Asia

Eurocentric perspective: Asia was a traditional society, rural,
undeveloped and illiterate.
Marxist and liberal (and neoliberal) theories shared the thought of
the evolutionism Eurocentric, being Europa at the core and Asia in the
periphery.

3.1 New concepts and theories

1. Angus Maddison: 2000s, he tried to calculate the GDP from where Christ
was born (year 0).
2. Kenneth Pomeranz: Coastal China and the UK had the same standard of
living in 1750.

The world Economy is not a flat lane of progress there are divergences and
convergences. Sometimes, China has crisis while The United States no.

4. Why the population of Asia is that big?

GDP and population tend to converge. One of the explanation is rice economy,
because rice farming is more productive than other cereals. Rice brings high land
productivity and is labour intensive.

4.1. The rice economy

The most densely populated agricultural regions of the world have a long
tradition of intensive wet-rice farming. In these regions, labour is cheap and machinery
(that substitutes work) expensive. For example, textile has been cheaper than other
labour in the world (because China has produced a lot) Land, labour and capital.

Characteristics:

 Land has to be flat, terraced in small plots. In addition, you need water
irrigation infrastructures like canals or damns.
 It is needed a continuous general investment (land productivity, labour
and intensive works)
 It is mainly masculine –women are active in domestic productions like
textile.

Which is the world biggest economy, China or The

U.S.A?
In China the salary is lower, so, if we adapt what you can buy and what it is
necessary to cover your basics necessities, you will find that china is now the first world
economy. Theoretically is still the United States, but we have to adjust the GDP of both
countries (PPP)

4.2. Conclusions
 China has not become the factory of the world. Principally because it
has always exported many textiles –for example- so, it is not something
that happened nowadays.
 The economy of Asia does not follow the same patterns that European,
it has it owns characteristics, for instance, the main diet is rice, while in
Europe is cereal or meat.

5. Asia and the first globalization

First globalization: 1550-1825

Second globalization: 1870-1915

Third globalization: 1980- Now

5.1 The first globalization

The first globalization took place in the end of the 16 th century (1570-1815), with
the opening of the pacific trade with manila galleon (Spanish ship that linked
Philippines with Mexico –commercial trades, American silver was exchanged for Asian-
made consumer goods-).

Silver was very expensive, was worth to take silver out of Americas and take it
to Manilla (Spanish colony in West Asia), with that silver they could buy many products.

 The pre-industrial European presence in Asia: Portuguese, Spanish,

Dutch, British, traders and religion missionary

From 1550 onwards, a massive billion of silk from America and Europe went to
Asia, there, was exchanged for manufactured products, textiles, species, lacquers,
porcelains…

In addition, it was a sino-russian trade. Russian expansion to Siberia by Peter

the Great (in 1689) made that tea traders and fur trade meet once in a city.

5.2. Adam Smith (1723-1790) and the market theory

“China is a much richer country than any part of Europe, the difference between
the price of subsistence in China and in Europe is very great. Rice is much cheaper
than wheat is anywhere in Europe”. “In China, a country much richer than any part of
Europe, the value of the precious metals is much higher than any part of Europe”. “The
difference between themoney price of labour in china and in Europe is still greater than
that between the money price of subsistence; because the real recompense of labour
is higher in Europe than in China; the greater part of Europe being in an improving
state, while China seems to be standing still”.

6. What is pre-modern and what is modern?

- Urban

Modern -
-
Industry and later service
Industry use Non-renewable energy (coal,
oil, nuclear energy, etc.

- Overwhelmingly –huge- rural

- Agriculture is the main economic activity
- Economy depends on climate, drought –no
rain- create huge hunger, mortality is always
high
Pre- Modern - 40 years average life
- Industry traditional (textile industry is the most
important).
- Production takes place in small units and
uses renewable energies (human, animal and
natures energies)
 Conclusions
 Asia had a central role in the firs globalization that started in 1550 with the
connexion with the American continent.
 East Asia played with its economic factor endowment: high land productivity
and labour intensive economies: cheap manufactured goods.
 European traders benefited from the high price of silver and others products
that were comparatively more expensive in Asia.
 These trade networks were pre-modern, because there was no industries
involved, but they were already capitalistic in similar terms (trade
capitalism).

20/09/18

He emphasises the 90 crisis. China and India were rich countries in 18th century but
in the 19 and 20th Century, they became poor countries. We are going to discuss
the factors that explain why this situation happened. What happened to these
countries?

EMPIRES IN ASIA AND THE GREAT

DIVERGENCE DEBATE

What is an empire?
In the 19th Century western empires try to dominate other regions, also, in that
century appeared imperialism. We have had many empires, like Mongolian, British,
Russian, China, Ottoman…

Nowadays, we have something called “nation states”. An Empire is a

political unit, which an Emperor dominates. Also, is a multination,
where we have different kinds of people, languages, cultures... That
Emperor has universal authority, because he aims to be universal, to affect all kind of
people, nationalities… He considers itself as the centre of the world, of the universe.

We can discuss if there are empires in the 20 th century. Japan is the last country
that has an empire. All of the empires were extinguish at the final of the world war.

Pre-modern empires and trade

Empires are the typical political organization of pre-modern and modem times,
until the nation-state took their place in 19-20 th centuries. Both of them are different
nations living together in an autocratic state, with an emperor or a big king.

Empires are big, they seek auto-sufficiencyand are nor especially interested
of foreign trade, they limit foreign trade to political interest. Foreign trade is a luxury
thing (is marginal,just a very small proportion of economy, the first thing is rice
agriculture) destined to the aristocracies of empires, they consumed sugar, tea, silk,
porcelains...

The explanation is that long distance trade was very expensive (the products
had to be carried by horses, men...). In addition, if you have camels and two persons
carrying rice, the people that is carrying it will eat this. Long distance trade were only
logical when we are talking about expensive products, like silk, pictures…

1998:Macartney’s embassy meets Qiang long emperor (Qing dynasty). It

happened when Britain was started their revolution, as a modern state, they wanted to
go to china to sell their products. Emperor Qianlong said that he has to knee to the
emperor (he think that he was inferior) but he did not. Because of that, he said that he
could go and do not return. Later, China was forced to open because Britain put more
pressure on China).

Qing China ant the tributary trade in East Asia

Qing Empire was multicultural. The king of Vietnam for example, recognize that
the big emperor was the maximum authority, once a year they made some trades.

 Ideal of Confucian cultural centrality and diplomacy

 Tributary trade regulated foreign trade relations with other kingdoms
 Trade with other distant regions was less regulated and, sometimes,
forbidden.
 The Qing Empire acquired its maximum size in the 1750s with Emperor
Qianlong.
 Europe did not fit in the structure.

Qing china and the origins of modernity in Europe

In Europe, Qing Empire was recognized by Europe. Chinese empire at the
beginning of the 18thcenturywas known for being one of the most important empires of
the world. Members of tribunals, which pass some exams (Voltaire), made the politics.

Intra-Asia trade in pre-modern times

Japan as an empire, had not a direct relation with china. After the 16-17
century, there was a conflict of pirates. The diplomatic trade was very important, but
personal trades was important too.

Tokugaba japan had a similar way of regulating commerce

 Ryukyu Islands had an intermediary between china and Japan.
 Korea accepted tributary trade from China and Japan.
 Japan did not accept Western traders (only a few dutch). They did not fit
in these structures. Japanese situation was a similar situation of china.
 Pre-modern trade diasporas and network in Asia
 Sometimes there were a huge group that not accepted the government
and it was a problem, other times as empires were bigger they could
control it.
 Independent traders travelled around Asia for trade, Jews, Arabs,
Parsees, Iranian and Armenians.
 The Chinese and India diasporas were present everywhere in Asia
(despite not being officially recognized by their empires).
 European traders (Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch and British) were just
more networks that were added.

Santiago Barrachel and Gregorio Zacharias. They were christians from Armenia
arrived to manila (Spanish colonies), they were baptism as christians in manila, there,
they explained all of their adventure. They were traders that could not go back to their
country because the trade that they were doing was forbidden.

Conclusions
 In pre-modern times, foreign trade was dominated by luxury products
and pre-modern empires.
 Trade between empires and kingdoms was regulated under diplomatic
conditions (tributary trade).
 Beyond the borders of empires, trade networks developed the distance
trade of luxuries.
 Before the industrial revolution, Europeans were not particularly
dominant in this trade; there were just one more network. Marco polo
explain how small communities were able to go to china and trade with
them.

THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AND THE

MAKING OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE

What is industrialization?
 Industry places designed and build for production textile production were placed
in specifically places, which were privates (pre-capitalism)
 Productive (GDP):production take place in industries, private venues, and in
cities (urbanization)
 Population:demographic transition.
  Technology: technology is intensive in capital; machines save labour (are labour
substitutive). Machine tries to substitute labour.
 Energy:transformation from a renewable energy in agricultural societies to non-
renewable energies in industry. Renewable means that energy were persons or
animal, the energy of this person can be renewed every day by eating for
example. Non-renewable is coat, oil… the energy came from coat (non-renewal
forces)
 Social:evolution from a rural society (where income comes from land and
agriculture: peasant and landowners) to an urban society where income comes
from industry (capitalist and worker) also increases.
 Trade:as industrial production increases, foreign trade (imports of rare materials
and exports of finished products) also increases.

Land, labour and technology

Population in industrialized countries.

 Mortality reduction:Scientifics discovering, application of
engineering to the construction of cities, water treatment, disinfection
and regular food secures. When you have a transport way,it is possible
to deliver food to one place when you need it.
 Population grows
 Urbanization: Britain is the first country to have more people living in
cities than in the countryside. La línea de natalidad empieza a bajar
(post-industrial estate)
 Because of urbanization, fertility rate diminishesand population
stabilizes.

The GDP structure in the west, 1840-2010

 The share of agriculture in the economy diminishes while non-rural
activities (industry and trade) increases.
 Industrialization and urbanization
 Industry is later stabilized (and finally decreases), while services keeps
growing, until becoming dominant in xxxx
 Pre industrial agriculture is always majoritarian (the sectors change)

The “capital” factor: technology

Spinning jenny: It was a machine created in China. Before this machine, maybe
two person worked and got 100 of cotton. Later, with that machine just one person
worked and got more than 2000. They created in in China but they do not use it, unlike
happened in Europe with the industrialization
 Max weber and the question of why?
Max Weber asked, Why if China had that much of economic power, they did not
have the period of industrialization, unless like Britain. Weber did not understand why
Industrial revolution take place in Europe, more specifically in the UK.

 The answer are the institutional and cultural factors, like rationalism,
work ethics, liberal values (democracy), protection of private property...

Factor endowments in Britain: energy/labour

What he does consist in comparing the price of the factors of production, like
coat, or even he compared the prices of real salaries (what they earn less what they
spent). In conclusion, when China invented the Spinning Machine the labour was very
cheap, so the machine was not as efficient that it was in Britain, where the labour was
very expensive and the salary was very high.

Free-trade and the gunboat diplomacy, 18400-1914

 1757-1858: The east India company colonizes India and opens its regions to foreign
trade (after 1859 it is a formal colony of Queen Victoria, empress of India).
 1840; first opium wat the steam ship […..]

Conclusions
 Industrialization is a revolution(industrial revolution) and
means a total transformation of a society, population, production, etc.
 Industrialized economies need foreign trade to provide themselves with
raw material needed for industry (cotton, coal, oil, wheat, sugar, wood,
etc.) and, for exporting their surplus –excedente- manufactured
products. World trade was forced to open.
 The expansion of western modern empires provoked a sharp economic
crisis in the Asian pre-modern empires with their labour-intensive
economies. That is called the great divergence.

25/09/18
 Regionalism and regional economies in East Asia
China, Japón e India eran economías importantes, pero con la Revolución
Industrial, Asia sufrió una crisis. ¿Cómo se adaptaron a la revolución industrial?
Convergencias y divergencias.

La gran divergencia
Kenneth Pomeranz utilizó este concepto a escala mundial. Desde 1830s hasta
1980s, había una divergencia muy grande entre países ricos y pobres. Los ricos
crecen mucho más que los demás, creando una divergencia ya que lo hacen a su par.
Los pobres, convergen y se estancan juntos (hasta 1970).

India y China convergen en el final del siglo 19. Estos dos países se
estancaron, en comparación a Japón, que es el único país que se queda con los ricos.

La segunda globalizació n, 1870-1914

La segunda revolución industrial se expande en Europa occidental, USA,
Japón.. Mediante los vehículos a vapor, textiles, ferroviarios...

- Hay una revolución en el transporte, canal de Panamá, nuevos trenes...

- También encontramos nuevas tecnologías, como la electricidad, los aviones,
los coches con motores de combustión...
Oro como estándar de pagos internacionales. A los países no industrializados
se les impone el free trade.

Y la Gran Divergencia
Los países tropicales con gran productividad en tierra (como países basados
en cultivo de arroz), fueron colonizados y obligados a centrarse en el monocultivo y
campos estatales.

Estos estados regían su economía en plantar azúcar, caucho, opio, té... Para
exportar a Europa a precios bajos. Fueron obligadas a abrir intercambios con bienes
Europeos como los textiles, tabaco, hospitales, electricidad...

India, por ejemplo, era una colonia del Imperio Británico, China, en cambio,
simplemente fue obligada a comercializar. Este tipo de países estatales no tenían
economía propia, simplemente seguían órdenes.

El final de la segunda globalizació n, 1914-45

 Final de la 1GM y de los imperios como los Qing, los Otomanos..
 Gran depresión de 1929, afectó a todos los países ricos, obligándolos a cerrar
los intercambios, movimientos fascistas y comunistas.
 La segunda guerra mundial y el final de los imperios nuevos (imperio británico y
japonés) . De 1945 hacia delante África y Asia son independientes.
 Después de 1945 el mundo es dividido en dos potencias, Estados Unidos y
USSR.
 RECUPERACIÓ N DE POSTGUERRA

Conferencia de Bandung y el tercer mundo, 1955-1989

Conferencia en Bandung 1955, se habla del no intervencionismo,
negociaciones pacíficas, no posicionamiento... Se discutía cómo los países pobres
podían industrializarse. Restricciones al libre intercambio y a la inversión extranjera.

Los países pobres querían ser

independientes y autónomos. No querían
abrirse al libre intercambio, querían decidir qué
importar y qué exportar, querían un
intercambio selectivo. Algunos países
como África o América querían importar
máquinas textiles para ser capaces de producir
bienes textiles en unos años. 1967 ASEAN.

La "edad dorada" y Asia, 1950-73

Después de 1950 hay una mejora de la economía mundial. Por ejemplo, en esta época
es el milagro Japonés, que provoca una gran dispersión del mercado japonés a otras
zonas de Asia.

The flying geese pattern: ganko1 ri

Ganko1 ri, empieza en Japón y se esparce a otros paísesHow these positives
progress happen is ganko1 ri, was started in Japon and then se esparció a otros
países. Antes de la segunda Guerra mundial Japón era industrializado, que creó
muchas facilidades para seguir siendo industrializada después de la segunda guerra
mundial.

Cuando la economía japonesa empieza a crecer en 1915, empezando a

bifurcar de las otras economías de la ASEAN. Dedicarse al sector textil no merece la
pena, así que cambian la producción, trasladando ese mercado a otros países, Hong
Kong en 1960 es el mejor produciendo textil. Ahí es cuando empiezan a producir otras
cosas como acero, que localizan el mercado a Sur Corea. Cuando Hong Kong deja el
mercado textil, lo traslada a Taiwan, Singapur..

China no participa en este juego

porque su mercado estaba cerrado y, cuando
se abre, tiene una economía superior a la de
Japón.
 La industrializació n orientada a las exportaciones - EOI
El estado da soporte a la esportación de bienes manufacturados, como las
partes de coches, los componentes... Se produce para exportar, el estado es
intervecionista, no sigue la política laissez-faire (no intervenir en financias, mercado
en general).

El estado no deja, tampoco, que haya un libre flujo de inversiones, las

compañías extranjeras han de ser aprobadas por el estado, teniendo en cuenta los
intereses de éste. A su vez, las compañías privadas siguen las directivas del estado.
No hay democracia, el estado da énfasis a la educación, burocracia tecnológica,
meritocracia, hay muchas desigualdades económicas, impuestos altos, control clase
media... Países como Taiwán y Hong Kong especializados totalmente en
exportaciones.

REGIONALIZACIÓ N EN LA TERCERA OLA

DE GLOBALIZACIÓ N

La tercera ola de globalizació n, 1980 - actualidad

Con el colapso de USRR y del comunismo, el capitalismo es la única opción.
Los estados Unidos salen ganando (1980-90). La ideología capitalista es mucho más
radical, intercambio libre, neoliberales:

 El estado no ha de intervenir, los ricos son ricos y los pobres son pobres
por mérito propio.

Las empresas se empiezan a deslocalizar, buscando los costes de producción

más baratos. La producción se realiza por partes. Revolución de informática: Se
popularizan los PCs, internet, teléfonos... La mayor parte de estos se producen en
Asia. Desde 1980 en adelante China empieza el período más importante de
crecimiento económico de la historia mundial.

La fragmentació n de la producció n
El sistema Breton Woods se centraba en el dólar como patrón económico.
Cuando en 1970, con la guerra vietnamita, la inflación de los Estados Unidos,
recuperación de Europa y Japón, el sistema keynesiano cayó, permitiendo el capital a
moverse libremente.

La producción de cualquier producto es divida en partes, cada una de estas se

fabrica en la zona con costes de producción más baratos. Asia empieza a
industrializarse, mientras que Europa y USA pierden industria. Por ejemplo, un
procesador se hace en Corea, cámara en Alemania, componentes como la pantalla en
Japón...

Corea y Japón exportan a China los productos más sofisticados, como los
microchips. Después, los no tan sofisticados se producen en Asia del sur y se envían a
China, donde se monta el teléfono y es enviado a Occidente.

La crisis de 1997/1998
Durante los años 90, algunos países del sur este asiático hicieron reformas
neoliberales, abriendo sus mercados al capital extranjero sin ningún tipo de
restricciones.

Se empezó a invertir en Tailandia, pero cuando el mercado empieza a verse

resentido todos dejan de invertir, cuando el baht -moneda de Tailandia- cae, el pánico
se extiende a otros mercados, creando una sensación de pánico. China no fue
afectada por esta crisis, ya que invertir en China era muy complicado.

El efecto "Noodle Bowl"

El aumento en los "Free Trade Agreements" (FTA) entre países hace que las
relaciones economícas vayan más lentas. Analogía entre la maraña de espaguetis en
un bol y las relaciones económicas. En los FTA se acuerda tener unos impuestos
menores entre ellos, mientras cada miembro los aumenta a las relaciones externas.
FTA entre Asia del Sur y Asia del este.

Asia and the Great Recession, 2007-18

Gracias a la crisis de 1997-98, Asia estaba preparada para esta crisis. Así
pues, durante los peores años de la crisis Asia continuó creciendo, poniéndose a la
altura de las economías de Europa.

28/09/18

JAPAN AND THE MEIJI REVOLUTION

Japan
Japón tiene diferentes densidades demográficas -debido a su geografía
accidentada-, culturas y condiciones climáticos.

La sociedad Tokugawa y el período Edo

El sistema Bakufu del período Tokugawa
Desde el primer shogun, el emperador en Kyoto ha jugado un papel tanto ritual
como simbólico. El gobierno, llamado Bakufu tenía la administración dividida, se
relegaba a gobernadores locales, recordando a un estado pre moderno. Cuando el
bakufu siente que una región se puede revelar se llama a la corte, o daimyo, para que
vaya a Edo para mostrar su respeto. Al tener a la corte en Edo, o a la familia, no se
podían relevar porque si lo hacían los mataban. Políticamente es un gobierno
centralizado, pero económicamente no. Habían unos 270 dominios que pagaban
impuestos en arroz.

The Japanese social order:

Samuráis (no trabajaban, tenían que darles de comer) , campesinos, artesanos
y mercaderes.

La economía en Tokugawa
Hasta 1830 hay paz económica y en crecimiento demográfico. Había también
cinco ciudades con más de 100.000 habitantes, como Edo, Kyoto y Osaka. La
agricultura era importante, pero también otros sectores como los artesanos. Agitación
social entre los campesinos y mercaderes, tenían mucho poder económico pero poco
estatus, no como los samuráis, que tenían mucho estatus pero poco poder económico.

El aislamiento de Japó n: sakoku

Tradicionalmente solo tenían contacto comercial con Corea y China -con estos era
contacto tributario, de la dinastía Tang)

Entre 1550-1620 es el período dorado del comercio, porque es la primera globalización

y la entrada del cristianismo. En 1616-1635 se prohibe el viaje al extranjero, políticas
contra la inversión extranjera. En 1825 se ordena matar a los forasteros que se
acerquen a Japón.

The dutch and Chinese trade, 1600-1850

Un pequeño grupo alemán mantiene intercambios con los japoneses, se
permiten los estudios alemanes y estos estudian a japón. Se tiene a gente que actue
de intermediarios.

The forced opening of japan

En 1853 se produce la primera visita de Comodoro Perry a Japón, en un barco
diplomático. Les explica que volverá más tarde para con una flota de guerra para ver si
se iban a abrir económicamente o no. Así pues, Perry les enseño el ferrocarril, un
telescopio, fusiles modernos, y ellos, asustados, tuvieron que abrir el país.

Kaikoku and late tokugawa

Después de estar cerrados durante 200 años, hubo un shock cultural al
empezar a llegar productos occidentales. Se creó un movimiento conservativo y
confuciano en contra de la inversión extranjera y a favor del emperador. También se
empezó a viajar a occidente para aprender. Se produce el último shogun.
 Conclusion
El estado Tokugawa era pre moderno, pero tenía características que le
falicitarian la industrialización, como ciudades importantes, educación, pequeño
porcentaje de población que se dedicaba a la agricultura... Estaba cerrada casi
totalmente a la inversión extranjera. Después de Perry, la estructura Tokugawa era
muy inflexible, no pudiéndose adaptar a tiempos modernos.

MEIJI REVOLUTION

Crisis y guerra 1863-68

Presión tanto de campesinos, de rebeldes samuráis y de los extranjeros. Los
samuráis se revelaban contra los daimyos feudales. Empiezan a haber guerras a lo
largo del país. En 1868 se produce la guerra de Boshin.

La restauració n Meiji: Meiji ishin

La primera cosa a hacer fue abolir el bakufu. Se crea un moderno adaptado a
occidente, basado en el emparador. Se crea una dieta imperiar, el emperador nombra
a sus lideres políticos y a los primeros modernos, la población podía votar pero no
valía mucho (su voto). El gobierno como tal era flojo aún, no tenía armas ni nada.

Constitución basada en el modelo alemán de Bismark. Se consideran

conservadores (no siguen revolución francesa). Mucha población de samuráis, les
tenían que dar privilegios o se revelarían.

Estructura de Meiji temprano y intercambio extranjero

Japón necesitaba armas y tecnología extranjero. Empiezan a importar para
poder aprender y no tener que recurrir a las importaciones. Se premian a las
compañías que hagan productos que exportan, para así no tener que hacerlo. Sus
primeras exportaciones son de tela, algodón, de textil. Los Zaibatsu exportan cosas a
otros países de Asia. A su vez, se contratan a ingenieros extranjeros y expertos, para
contratarlos en compañías y que enseñen. Las empresas extranjeras estaban
limitadas a zonas con puerto.

Tratados portuarios: La construcción de puertos era aprovechada por Japón

para penetrar en el mercado China, ganando así territorio frente a empresas británicas
y americanas. Al principio solo competían con éstos a nivel de seda o algodón, pero
rápido empezaron a hacerlo con "productos buenos" como el tabaco.