ASSIGNMENT

CONCRETE DESIGN COURSE

LITERATURE REVIEW :

HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF CONCRETE IN INDONESIA

Name : Bahrun Najah

Student ID : L201604160122

Dateline : November 04 2019

Class : Civil Engineering 2016

Teacher : Zheng Jianjun

Table Of Contents :

CHAPTER PAGE

1. CONCRETE INTRODUCTION

I. Definition.............................................................................1
II. Composition.........................................................................1

2. THE HISTORY OF CONCRETE AND ITS DEVELOPMENT IN INDONESIA

I. The History.........................................................................2
II. The development of precast concrete in the world and in
indonesia...........................................................................4

3. REFERENCES.................................................................................6
 1. CONCRETE INTRODUCTION

I. CONCRETE DEFINITION
Concrete is a composite material composed of fine and coarse aggregate bonded
together with a fluid cement (cement paste) that hardens over time—most frequently in the
past a lime-based cement binder, such as lime putty, but sometimes with other hydraulic
cements, such as a calcium aluminate cement or with Portland cement to form Portland
cement concrete (for its visual resemblance to Portland stone).Many other non-
cementitious types of concrete exist with different methods of binding aggregate together,
including asphalt concrete with a bitumen binder, which is frequently used for road
surfaces, and polymer concretes that use polymers as a binder.
When aggregate is mixed with dry Portland cement and water, the mixture forms a fluid
slurry that is easily poured and molded into shape. The cement reacts with the water and
other ingredients to form a hard matrix that binds the materials together into a durable
stone-like material that has many uses.Often, additives (such as pozzolans or
superplasticizers) are included in the mixture to improve the physical properties of the wet
mix or the finished material. Most concrete is poured with reinforcing materials (such as
rebar) embedded to provide tensile strength, yielding reinforced concrete.
Concrete is one of the most frequently used building materials. Its usage worldwide, ton for
ton, is twice that of steel, wood, plastics, and aluminum combined.[5] Globally, the ready-
mix concrete industry, the largest segment of the concrete market, is projected to exceed
$600 billion in revenue by 2025.

II. COMPOSITION

Concrete is a composite material, comprising a matrix of aggregate (typically a rocky

material) and a binder (typically Portland cement or asphalt), which holds the matrix
together. Many types of concrete are available, determined by the formulations of binders
and the types of aggregate used to suit the application for the material. These variables
determine strength, density, as well as chemical and thermal resistance of the finished
product.

Aggregate consists of large chunks of material in a concrete mix, generally a coarse gravel or
crushed rocks such as limestone, or granite, along with finer materials such as sand.

A cement, most commonly Portland cement, is the most prevalent kind of concrete binder.
For cementitious binders, water is mixed with the dry powder and aggregate, which
produces a semi-liquid slurry that can be shaped, typically by pouring it into a form. The
concrete solidifies and hardens through a chemical process called hydration. The water
reacts with the cement, which bonds the other components together, creating a robust
stone-like material. Other cementitious materials, such as fly ash and slag cement, are
sometimes added—either pre-blended with the cement or directly as a concrete component
—and become a part of the binder for the aggregate. Admixtures are added to modify the
cure rate or properties of the material.

Mineral admixtures use recycled materials as concrete ingredients. Conspicuous materials

include fly ash, a by-product of coal-fired power plants; ground granulated blast furnace
slag, a byproduct of steelmaking; and silica fume, a byproduct of industrial electric arc
furnaces.

Structures employing Portland cement concrete usually include steel reinforcement. Such
concrete can be formulated with high compressive strength, but always has lower tensile
strength. Therefore, it is usually reinforced with materials that are strong in tension,
typically steel rebar.

Other materials can also be used as a concrete binder, the most prevalent alternative is
asphalt, which is used as the binder in asphalt concrete.

The mix design depends on the type of structure being built, how the concrete is mixed and
delivered, and how it is placed to form the structure.

2. THE HISTORY OF CONCRETE AND ITS

DEVELOPMENT IN INDONESIA

I. THE HISTORY

The oldest knowledge about concrete is found in the Middle East and dated in 5600 BC;
the Egyptians (in the 26th century BC) had used a mixture with straw to bind dry stone,
gypsum, and lime cement in stone carpentry (based on facts in Pyramid construction).

Greek people who lived in Crete and Cyprus used the best lime cement (8th century BC),
bearing in mind the Babylonians and Syrians used "bitumen" to build rocks and stone
buildings.

The same was true of the Ancient Greeks, using calcined limestone, when the Romans made
the first concrete; which is mixed with putty lime with rock dust or volcanic ash. They use it
with stones to build roads, buildings, and waterways (water tunnels).

The Romans used pozzolana, a particular type of sand from Pozzuoli, near the volcano
Vesuvio (southern Italy), to build important buildings, such as the Pantheon or the Colosseo.
Pozzolana is an extraordinary type of sand in which its chemical reactions with lime and air,
become rocks that have mass; Furthermore, the chemicals are silica and aluminum which
contain calcium hydroxide to make compositions with cement properties.

The Pantheon dome, built in the second century AD, which was the Greatest Work of the
Romans at that time, has a structure with a number of vacancies, niches and domes with
small spaces intended to increase its burden; In the Dome of the Dome it shows a thicker
structure inside, or above, a high-rise dome, with a high-rise dome (in other words, the
thickness of the dome is inversely proportional to height).

Pliny has blasted cement lime and sand (representing one part of lime through sand four /
1: 4), and Marco Vitruvio Pollione (first century BC) blasted a mixture of pozzolana and lime
(two for pozzolana and 1 for lime / 2: 1) and we also has his essay on the Nature of
Concrete. The name Concrete from Latin is Concretus, which means to grow together.

During the middle of the year, the quality of cement materials: lime and pozzolana were not
long used. They were reintroduced in the 13th and 14th centuries. Based on the 15th
century, Contractors from Venice used Black Lime Abetone - an area near Vicenza (northern
Italy) - which had support with pozzolana.

In 1779 AD, Fra Giocondo used pozzolana sand as a mortar at the Pont de Notre Dame Pier
in Paris.

In 1779 AD, Higging had granted a patent for the hydraulic cement used in Exterior Plaster.

In 1793 AD, John Smeaton discovered Calcined limestone containing clay produced in a type
of limestone used under air, Smeaton used hydraulic limestone to build the Eddystone
Lighthouse in Cornwall, England.

Precisely in 1824, was the most important in the History of Concrete, in 1824 J. Aspdin who
had developed what was called the Portland Cement - a term after high quality stones dug
up in Portland, England - by burning with a mixture of lime and soil clay until carbon dioxide
is lifted; Semen Aspdin is a success.

In 1887, H. Le Chatelier compiled an oxide to prepare a mixture for the production of

Portland Cement, which did not matter was Tri Calcium Silicate, Aluminate, and Ferrite (this
comparison was expected to be chosen / corrected).
J. Monier. Flower Pot with Reinforced Concrete (1850)

II. THE DEVELOPMENT OF PRECAST CONCRETE IN THE WORLD AND IN

INDONESIA

Precast concrete is a concrete structure construction technology with its constituent

components. printed first in a special place (off site fabrication), sometimes the components
it is arranged and put together first (pre-assembly), and then installed on location
(installation), thus this precast system will be different from monolith construction in
particular on the aspect of planning which depends or is also determined by the method of
implementation of the fabrication, unification and installation, and also determined by the
technical behavior of the precast system in terms of how to join between join components
(meeting fields).

Some principles that are believed to provide more benefits from this precast concrete
technology among others related to time, cost, quality, predictability, reliability,
productivity, health, safety, environment, coordination, innovation, reusability, and
relocatability. Building implementation using the precast concrete method has advantages
and disadvantages. That matter due to the advantages of the implementation method by
using this precast concrete will reach maximum results if the construction project achieved
reduction of work time and reduction construction costs.

In some cases the property design using the precast concrete method increases material
costs concrete due to the analysis of material properties must also be designed on aspects
of the installation, appointment, and transportation aspects so that the selection of
dimensions and strengths is needed be greater than the design property with the cast
method in place. Other than that on the process installation of precast concrete elements
requires more equipment than the installation process of elements cast concrete in place.

The Development of Precast Concrete in the World

The modern-day precast system developed first in European countries. First precast
structure used is as a precast concrete beam for the Casino in Biarritz, which was built by
the contractor Coignet, Paris 1891. Reinforced concrete foundations were introduced by a
German company, Wayss & Freytag was in Hamburg and came into use in 1906. In 1912
there were several multi-storey buildings using precast systems in the form of component
components, such as walls, columns and floors introduced by John.E.Conzelmann. The
structure of reinforced concrete precast components was also introduced in Germany by
Philip Holzmann AG, Dyckerhoff & Widmann G Wayss & Freytag KG, Prteussag, Loser etc.
The earthquake resistant precast system spearheaded its development in New Zealand.
Countries such as the United States and Japan are known as the rising sun Developed
countries in the world, apparently just doing research on earthquake-resistant precast
systems new in 1991. By creating a joint research program called PRESS (Precast Seismic
Structure System).

The Development of the Precast System in Indonesia

Indonesia is familiar with precast systems in the form of components, such as piles, beams
bridges, columns and floor plates have been around since the 1970s. The precast system is
growing marked by the emergence of various innovations such as the Column Slab System
(1996), the L-Shape Wall System (1996), All Load Bearing Wall System (1997), Beam Column
Slab System (1998), Jasubakim System (1999), The Bresphaka System (1999) and the T-Cap
system (2000). In Indonesia, precast buildings are often used for the construction of rental
flats (rusunawa). Besides that, along with the times, precast products are currently being
produced and people are looking for is u ditch, which is a water channel made of concrete
and reinforced with shape cross section like the letter U and can also be given a cover, with
a relatively affordable price u ditch make the channel work finished faster with good quality.
Another product is fence concrete panels, which are fences whose material is in the form of
concrete panels and concrete columns that are made in a manner bulk in the factory, has a
standard size and sturdy shape. This product was created for make it easier for people to
make fences, with the price of a precast concrete panel fence as well relatively affordable
can speed up its implementation.

In connection with the Accelerated Apartment Development Acceleration Program initiated

by the Government in 2006, the parties related to the precast industry in 2007 were
develops and tests earthquake resistant precast systems for simple multi-story flats height
that is ready to be used to support the program. The precast system has been proven can
support the construction of high-quality apartments and simple houses, fast and
economical. Synergy between government, universities, researchers, inventors, research
institutions, and industry in this field has produced dozens of new building systems created
by the sons a nation that has been patented and actively applied.

The application of the precast system for high rise high rise building was first carried out on
Rusunami Pulogebang. At present there is a 16 storey multi-storey flat. In the Pulogebang
area too East Central Area was built with a center on the residential 20-20 rusuna floor
Problem fundamental in the development of the precast system in Indonesia today is:

1. This system is relatively new.

2. Less socialized types, products and capabilities of existing precast systems.

3. Reliability of the connections between components for the precast system against
earthquake loads.

4. The absence of official guidelines regarding the procedures for analysis, planning and
level of control

specifically for the precast system which can be used as a guide for construction players.

References
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precast_concrete

1
Kirby, R. S., dan Laurson, P. G., 1932, The Early Years of Modern Civil Engineering (New
Haven: Yale University Press), hal. 273-275.
2
Straub, H,. 1964, A History of Civil Engineering (Cambridge: The M.I.T. Press), hal. 205-
215. Translated from the German Die Geschichte der Bauingenieurkuntst, Verlag Birkhauser,
Basel, 1949.
3
Kirby, R. S., dan Laurson, P. G., 1932, The Early Years of Modern Civil Engineering (New
Haven: Yale University Press), hal. 273-275.
4
Ward, W. E., 1883, “Beton in Combination with Iron as a Building Material,” Transactions
ASME, 4, hal. 388-403.
5
Kirby, R. S., dan Laurson, P. G., 1932, The Early Years of Modern Civil Engineering (New
Haven: Yale University Press), hal. 275.
http://www.tecnologos.it/Articoli/articoli/numero_010/concrete.asp
http://one.indoskripsi.com/node/405