CHAPTOR TWO

Electrical wiring
circuits
 Distribution of Electrical Energy
 Electrical energy is supplied
to a building by a supply authority.

 The supply is provided by a cable

brought from outside into a suitable point in the building, which is

referred to as the main intake, and from this the electrical energy has

to be distributed to all outlets which use it.

 The incoming cable may be a 120

or 150 mm2 paper insulated cable and the current flowing along it

must be divided between a number of smaller cables to be taken to the

various final destinations throughout the building.

 There are two methods of distribution of

electrical energy beyond energy meter in the domestic

and power installation.

 Distribution board
system

 The tree system

Distribution Board System:

 This method is a

common system adopted by consumers of domestic

installations.

 The fuses of various

sub-circuits are grouped together at a place close to main

switch known as distribution board.

The sub-distribution boards
are employed near the load center if the building is large.

The cable feeding the sub-

distribution board should be large enough

The sub-distribution board

installed near the load center is mainly to save cable and to
prevent too great voltage drop.

The number of circuits and

sub-circuits are decided on the basis of number of points
and load to be connected to the supply.
The Tree System:

In this system, smaller branches are taken from the

main branch.
 A fuse is inserted at the commencement of each
branch.
It has the following disadvantages:
Voltage across all the lamps doesn't remain the same.
 A number of joints are involved in every circuit.
The fuses are not at one place.
Fault location is difficult.
 Wiring systems

The most commonly employed wiring systems are:-

 Cleat wiring system

 Catenaries wiring
system

 Conduit wiring
system

 Truncking wiring
Cleat wiring system

The system doesn't give any protection against mechanical

damage and so it is useful only for dry situations and
where the cables remain inaccessible.

The most frequently used cables are sheathed cables and all
insulated cables.
Catenaries wiring System

 These systems are

designed to take supplies from one building to another by
overhead means, or else for building with high ceilings.

 In this system,
insulated cables are carried on a steel wire strained
between two points.
Conduit wiring system
This system of wiring provides protection against fire, mechanical damage
and dampness.
It is used for:-
Places where considerable dust is present , such as in textile mills,
saw mills, flour mills etc,
 Damp situations
 In workshops for lighting and motor wiring
Places where there is possibility of fire hazards such as oil mills
varnish factories, etc.
Places where important documents are kept.
Places where appearance is prime importance.
Trunking
 rectangular in shape
with a removable lid which allows the conductors to be
laid instead of drawn in as is the case with conduit. It
is used where a large number of conductors are to be
carried, or follow the same route.

 Both steel and PVC

Trunking are available, with a wide range of such
accessories as bends, tees, risers and reducers.
 Choice of wiring system
In deciding the type of wiring system for a particular
installation, the following basic factors have to be taken in to
consideration.
Safety
Mechanical protection
Permanency
Appearance
Accessibility
 Cost
 Drawing representation of electrical circuits

The diagrams used in electrical engineering are classified

according to the purpose and the method of representation.

A ) Wiring Diagram

B) Schematic Diagram
 Wiring Diagram
Shows the connection of an installation or part of an
installation

Shows how the connections are actually made and gives

the lay out of the wiring

 intended to guide the execution and checking of the

internal and external or both connections of an
installation or part of the installation.
 Schematic Diagram
 This is an explanatory
diagram for easy understanding of operation of an
electric circuit.

 It is drawn in a
straight line in order that it may easily be followed

 Simple and clear

understanding of the system
Examples 1 of Wiring Diagram
2. Two lights controlled by two individual switches and
one fan controlled by one switch and a fun regulator.
Examples 1. of Schematic Diagram
example 2
wiring diagram can also be represented by Single Line
Diagram:
Fire alarm open circuit
Fire alarm closed circuit
 Methods of Wiring
There are two methods by which connections to
various electrical points are given:

Junction box (Joint box) method

 Loop
in method
Junction box method
 In this system the
length of wire required may be less but extra cost of
joint boxes.
 The other
disadvantage, fault location may be difficult and as
such, all joint boxes have to be inspected to locate the
fault.
 The fixing of joint
box may require skill
Loop-in method
 Most commonly employed
for domestic installations
 In this system when a
connection is required for a lamp through switch, the feeding
conductor is looped - in by ringing it direct to the terminal of
the switch and then carrying it forward again to the next
switch.
 The phase wire is looped-in
from one switch to the other
 neutral are looped - in from
one point to another.
Advantages
 No junction boxes are required
 joints are made only at outlets and switch boards.
 The connections are accessible for inspection and
hence fault location is easy.

Disadvantage
 The cable required is
more and hence voltage drop and copper losses are
comparatively more.
Jointing and terminations of wires
Jointing
 Whenever a conductor is to be joined to
another conductor, or to accessories, or to bus-bars; a
safe and effective termination or joint must be made.

 There are many different ways of joining two

conductors together.

• Here we will discuss some of the more popular methods.

The screw connector
Junction box:
Soldered joints:
Terminations

 When a cable
conductor is finally connected to the apparatus it is
supplying, a safe and effective termination of that
conductor must be made.
PVC singles into screw terminals
Lug terminations - Lug terminations are frequently
used for connecting a conductor to a bus-bar.
Termination into appliances Usually termination of cable
into appliances, especially the portable type, should be
firmly connected at or near the point of entry.