MATH30-1 Unit 2 - Lecture Notes: Homework Listing Textbook Sections Question Numbers Worksheets

MATH30-1
UNIT 2 – LECTURE NOTES
Homework Listing Textbook Sections Question Numbers Worksheets
Unit 2: Logarithmic Functions

One-to-One Functions, Inverses ........................................................... 4.1 #1-91 (odds)
Review – Exponent Laws (product, power rules) ................................ R3 #7-35 (odds)

Review – Exponent Laws (negative, fractional) ................................... R6 #1-77 (odds)
Exponential Functions: Graphing (all bases including e) .................. 4.2A #1-5, 11-69 (odds)
Exponential Equations: Matching Bases ........................................... 4.2B #71-95 (odds)
Logarithms (convert exp and log equations, simple log equations).. 4.3A #1-41 (odds) (omit #9)
Properties of Logarithms .................................................................. 4.3B #9, 71-99 (odds)
Properties of Logarithms: Common & Natural Logs, Change of Base 4.4 #11-25, 45-61, 79-97 (odds) Worksheet 2A
Logarithmic Equations ....................................................................... 4.5A #41-83 (odds) Worksheet 2B
Exponential Equations: Non-Matching Bases ................................... 4.5B #1, 3, 7-33 (odds) Worksheet 2C
Logarithmic Functions: Graphing (all bases including e) ................. 4.3C #43, 49-63 (odds)
(omit #59, 63)
Applications of Exponents and Logarithms (pH, loudness, earthquakes,
compound interest, exponential growth and decay) .................... 4.2-4.6 4.2: #97-101, 109 (odds)
4.4: #29-35, 63-71 (odds)
4.5: #99-111 (odds)
4.6: #1-19, 25-53 (odds)
Chapter 4.1 INVERSES AND ONE-TO-ONE FUNCTIONS Page 2
INVERSES
EXAMPLE OF A FUNCTION AND ITS INVERSE:
Suppose you work at a company that pays $10 per hour for as many hours (x) as you wish to work, and you are paid at
the end of each day. Write a function that calculates y our salary in a day.
If you were to graph the rule, all the points on the graph would consist of a pair of numbers such as (hours, $ salary).
Domain is restricted to 0 ≤ hours ≤ 24 and Range is restricted to 0 ≤ salary ≤ $240
The inverse function is a kind of undoing function. Write the inverse rule that will show the number of hours worked
given Salary (x).
= $10 × Number of Hours worked is a function.

The first rule of Salary
Salary
The undo rule of Number of Hours worked = is the inverse function.
$10
The graphs of these two functions are related. For example, if the point (5 hours, $50 salary) is located on the graph of
the first function, you would know that the point ($50 salary, 5 hours) would be located on the graph of the inverse
function.
ANOTHER EXAMPLE OF A FUNCTION AND ITS INVERSE:

Temperature in Fahrenheit can be calculated by multiplying the temperature (T) in Celsius by 9/5 and adding 32. Write
this rule as a function.
Now write the function’s inverse. This will show the calculation of temperature in Celsius given the temperature (T) in
Fahrenheit.
INVERSES
Inverses: Given a function f ( x) and a function g ( x) . It is said that g ( x) is the inverse of f ( x) if for all ordered pairs
on the graph of f the x and y coordinates interchange places to form the graph of g . In other words the range of f is
the domain of g , and the domain of f is the range of g .
• We use the notation f −1 ( x) to represent the inverse of f ( x)
• To formulate an equation, f −1 ( x) , from f ( x)

 STEP 1: let f ( x) = y
 STEP 2: interchange the x’s and y’s in the equation
 STEP 3: Re-write the equation to once again read y = ...
 STEP 4: then replace y with f −1 ( x) .
3x + 2
Class Example 1 (function): Find the inverse of the function: f ( x) =
5
Class Example 2 (mapping): Given the following function, find the inverse.
34 𝑓𝑓 4.2
5.7 -6.4
-23 12.5
5
0
7
IMPORTANT OBSERVATION:
It is standard convention to express the inverse function in the same format as the original function.
• If the original function is a mapping then the inverse should be expressed using an mapping.
• If the original function is an equation then the inverse should be expressed using an
equation… etc.
EXAMPLE 1
Determine the inverse of the following:
x+2
f ( x) =
x −3
EXAMPLE 2
Sketch the graph of f ( x) and f −1 ( x) on the same axis.
) x3 + 3
f ( x= 8
6
4
2
-8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8
-2
-4
-6
-8
NOTE: inverse functions are reflected across the line y=x

Determine if two functions are Inverses: FUNCTION COMPOSITION TEST
Two functions, f ( x ) and g ( x ) are inverses if ( f  g )( x ) = x and ( g  f )( x ) = x
A function composed with its inverse function yields the original starting value, x. Think of the composition of a function
and its inverse as undoing one another and leaving you right where you started.
x+7
) 2 x − 7 and g ( x ) =
Example: Using function composition show that f ( x= are inverses.
2
EXAMPLE 3
For each of the following use the Function Composition Test to determine whether f and g are inverses.
x −3 4x + 3
f ( x) = g ( x) =
x+4 1− x
ONE-TO-ONE FUNCTIONS
One-To-One Functions: A function f ( x) is considered to be one-to-one (injective) if each x-value corresponds to only
one y-value and each y-value corresponds to only one x-value.
Formally we say that a function, f ( x ) , is one-to-one when one of the following occurs:
• GRAPHICALLY - if the graph of f ( x ) passes a horizontal line test (ie. if the graph is either
increasing or decreasing over its entire domain)
• ALGEBRAICALLY - if 𝑓𝑓(𝑎𝑎) = 𝑓𝑓(𝑏𝑏), then 𝑎𝑎 = 𝑏𝑏
IMPORTANT NOTE: If a function is not one-to-one, it cannot have an inverse.
One-To-One Functions: Horizontal Line Test

Class Example 1: Graphically determine which of the following functions are one to one:
a) f ( x=
) 2x + 3 2 c) f ( x) = x 2 + 5 x + 6 d) f ( x) =x 3 − 5 x 2 + 6 x
b) f ( x) =
x
Solution:
Draw a quick sketch of the graphs.
a) b) c) d)
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)

𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)
Determine which of the graphs will pass the horizontal line test.
One-To-One Functions: Algebraic Test If 𝒇𝒇(𝒂𝒂) = 𝒇𝒇(𝒃𝒃), then 𝒂𝒂 = 𝒃𝒃

Class Example 2: Algebraically determine which of the following functions are one to one:
a) f ( x) =− x + 6 b) f ( x=) x 2 + 11
Solution:
We want to show that if f (a ) = f (b) then a = b .
a) b)
The horizontal line test (used to test if a function is one-to-one) and the vertical line test
(used to test if a relation is a function) should not be confused.
• Vertical Line Test: If a vertical line crosses a graph more than once then the relation
graphed is not a function.
• Horizontal Line Test: If a horizontal line crosses a graph more than once then the
function graphed is not one-to-one.
EXAMPLE 1
Determine whether the following relation is one-to-one using the Horizontal Line Test.
x y
12 0.56
15 0.80
18 -0.12
21 0.56
24 1.40
EXAMPLE 2
Algebraically determine whether or not the following functions are one-to-one.
a) f (=
x) 3 x − 4 b) f ( x) = x 2 − 4 x + 4
SUMMARY:
1. Only one-to-one functions have a unique inverse.
Think about f ( x) = x 2
Not one-to-one and therefore
does not have an inverse… BUT
2. If the function is not one-to-one, the domain of the function must be restricted so that a portion of the
graph is one-to-one. You can find a unique inverse over that portion of the restricted domain.
Think about = f ( x) x 2 , x ≥ 0
Find the inverse if the domain

of the function is x ≥ 0 :
D :
y = x2 But since range of inverse is f ( x) 
R :
x = y2 y ≥ 0 then the inverse will be
D :
± x=
y positive only f −1 ( x ) = x f −1 ( x ) 
R :
or f ( x) x 2 , x ≤ 0
=
Find the inverse if the domain

of the function is x ≤ 0 :
D :
y = x2 But since range of inverse is f ( x) 
R :
x = y2 y ≤ 0 then the inverse will be
D :
± x=
y negative only f −1 ( x ) = − x f −1 ( x ) 
R :
3. The domain of the function is equal to the range of the inverse. The range of the function is equal to the
domain of the inverse.
EXAMPLE 3
For the following use the Function Composition Test to determine whether f and g are inverses. Graph both,
give domain and range.
f ( x) =x 2 + 3, x ≥ 0 g ( x ) = x − 3, x ≥ 3
Chapter R3, R6 EXPONENT LAWS Page 10
Exponent Law Review

• Product, Quotient, and Power Laws
• Negative Exponents Laws
• Fractional Exponent Laws
EXPONENT LAWS
a0 =(ab) m
( a mb n )
z
aman =
m
am a
= 
an b
z
 am 
(a ) m n
= n
b 
____________________________________________________________________
−n m
a
  =an
b
a−n =
1
=
a−n
_____________________________________________________________________
*leave all answers with positive exponents
EXAMPLE 1
Simplify with positive exponents:
−3
 −4a −2b 4 
 
 6ab 
Chapter R3, R6 EXPONENT LAWS Page 11
EXAMPLE 2
8
x5
( x)
3
4
EXAMPLE 3
1
 −2 2
1
4
 16a c 
 b −3 
 
 
Chapter 4.2A EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS: GRAPHING Page 12
GRAPHING EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
Graphical transformations of functions apply to exponential graphs:

f ( x) aZ x−h + k
=
• Z is the base of the exponential (which can affect the vertical stretch and/or vertical orientation).
• a is the vertical stretch
• h is the horizontal shift
• k is the vertical shift
𝑦𝑦
1 𝑥𝑥
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = � � 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 10𝑥𝑥
10 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 3𝑥𝑥
1 𝑥𝑥
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = � � 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 2𝑥𝑥
3
1 𝑥𝑥
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = � �
2
(0,1)
𝑥𝑥
1
Recall the exponent law: x − n = .
xn
x
1 1
Using this exponent law we can see that   = x = 10− x.
 10  10
x
 1
In other words the graph of y =   is the same as the graph of y = 10− x.
 10 
Using translations we can see that the graph is just the horizontal reflection of the graph of y = 10 x .
f ( x ) = 3− x f ( x ) = 3x
f ( x ) = 3x
f ( x ) = 3x − 3
f ( x=
) 3x + 2
f ( x ) = −3x
f ( x) = 3− x Shift ______
f ( x ) = 3x + 2 Shift ______
f ( x ) = 3x − 3 Shift ______
f ( x) = −3x Shift ______
Chapter 4.2A EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS: GRAPHING Page 13
You will need to become familiar with the number e in this course.
• Essentially e is an irrational constant and approximately equals 2.71828.
• Commonly the number e arises in exponential and logarithmic applications.
EXAMPLE 1
Graph the following functions. State the Domain and Range of each.
a) f ( x) = e x y
b) f ( x ) = e x −5
EXAMPLE 2
Graph the following function. State Domain, Range, Asymptotes, x-intercept, and y-intercept.
1
x
y
f ( x) =   − 4
4
x
Chapter 4.2B EXPONENTIAL EQUATIONS: MATCHING BASES Page 14
EXPONENT LAWS
Product of Powers: 𝑎𝑎𝑚𝑚 𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑛 = 𝑎𝑎𝑚𝑚+𝑛𝑛 𝑎𝑎𝑚𝑚

Quotient of Powers: 𝑎𝑎𝑚𝑚 ÷ 𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑛 = = 𝑎𝑎𝑚𝑚−𝑛𝑛
𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑛
Power of a Power: (𝑎𝑎𝑚𝑚 )𝑛𝑛 = 𝑎𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑎𝑎 𝑛𝑛 𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑛

Power of a Quotient: � � =
𝑏𝑏 𝑏𝑏 𝑛𝑛
𝑚𝑚
Power of a Product: (𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎)𝑛𝑛 = 𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑛 𝑏𝑏 𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛
Rational Exponent: 𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛 = √𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑚 = � √𝑥𝑥 �
𝑛𝑛 𝑚𝑚
1
Power of Zero: 𝑎𝑎0 = 1 Negative Exponent: 𝑥𝑥 −𝑛𝑛 =
𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛
SOLVING EXPONENTIAL EQUATIONS – MATCHING BASES
Class Example: Solve the following equation: 42 x +3 = 323 x − 4

Solution:
Use for Matching Bases:
=If b x b=
y
then x y.
To solve exponential equations:
• If the bases of the exponentials can be easily matched, use matching bases.
• If the bases of the exponentials cannot be easily matched, use logarithms (discussed later in Ch 4.5).
Chapter 4.2B EXPONENTIAL EQUATIONS: MATCHING BASES Page 15
EXAMPLE 1
Solve for the variable
(a) 64 x+1 = 25610 (b) 27 x +3 = 813 x −9
EXAMPLE 2
1
x+2
8
( 5)
−x x x −1
(a) 3
=  (b) 32 16 =
5 2x
EXAMPLE 3
x +1 3
x −1 1 (b) x = 27
2
(a) e = 4 
e 
Chapter 4.3A LOGARITHMS: EQUIVALENT FORMS Page 16
Logarithms: Equivalent Forms

• Convert equations to and from logarithmic and exponential forms.
• Solve logarithmic equations using exponential matching bases.
FUNDAMENTALS OF LOGARITHMS
The principles of transformations only apply for equations that read y = ... , so what happens for equations such as:
= x 3 y −3 + 1
Using transformations we might come to think of this as the graph of x = 3 y shifted right 3 units and up one unit, this
however would be completely wrong, since the principles of transformation will not work with x = ... equations.
As a result if we could find a way to “invert” an x = ... exponential equation into the form y = ... then we could use
transformations in the normal fashion. This idea gives rise to the logarithm. The logarithm operation is the inverse of
the exponential operation so equations not expressed in the normal y = ... fashion can be re-written in logarithmic form
and hence transformations can be used as normal.
Logarithms have the following components:

log x y
base argument
CONVERT BETWEEN EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC

You must memorize the following:
y = log a x is equivalent to x = a y
• The base of the logarithm becomes the base of the exponent.
• log10 100 = 2 and 102 = 100
EXAMPLE 1
For each of the following equations: if the equation is given in logarithmic form re-write it in exponential form, and if
the equation is given in exponential form re-write it using logarithmic form.
1 b) 5 ⋅ 32 =
45 c) A + B x − Cy =
Z
a) 3−4 =
81
d) log 3 81 = 4 e) log a b = c f) V + log x y =

W
Chapter 4.3A LOGARITHMS: EQUIVALENT FORMS Page 17
SOLVING LOGARITHMIC EQUATIONS USING EXPONENTIAL MATCHING BASES

EXAMPLE 2
Evaluate the following logarithms, do not use a calculator.
 3 b) log 5 1 = x
a) log 3 
 3 
 
EXAMPLE 3
Solve each of the following for x:
 1  5
log x   = −2 5log16 x =
a)  64  b) 4
Chapter 4.3B, 4.4 PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHMS Page 18
PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHMS
The Product Rule: ( MN ) log a M + log a N

log a =
The Quotient Rule: M 

On Formula Sheet
log a=
  log a M − log a N
N 
The Power Rule: log a M p = p log a M
Change of Base Formula: log a M

log b M =
log a b
Matching Bases Rules: log a a k = k
log a a = 1
b logb a = a
Common Log is base 10  log10 x = log x

Natural Log is base e  log e x = ln x
Special Note: log10 =
10 log10= 1 and log= ee ln=
e 1
Class Example: Combine each of the following into single logarithmic expressions.
a) log x + log(2 x − 3) b) log 3 ( x − 4) − 2log 3 x
Class Example: Use a calculator to evaluate the following logarithms (round to the nearest tenth).
a) log 9 243 b) log e 45
EXAMPLE 1
Evaluate the following logarithms with a calculator (round to the nearest hundredth).
a) ln 50 b) logπ 12
EXAMPLE 2
Use the properties of logarithms to rewrite each expression (if possible). Simplify the result if possible.
 2ab  b) log ( 2a + b ) c) ln e
a) log a  
 c 
EXAMPLE 3
Let u = ln a and v = ln b . Write each expression in terms of u and v without using the ln function.
a) ln
a3 (
b) ln 3 a ⋅ b 4)
b2
EXAMPLE 4
Given f ( x ) = 3x , evaluate each expression.
a) f ( log 3 2 ) b) f ( log 3 ( 2ln 3) )
EXAMPLE 5
Find log 𝑏𝑏 48 if log 𝑏𝑏 2 = 0.36 and log 𝑏𝑏 3 = 0.56
EXAMPLE 6
Evaluate log 5 a a 2
EXAMPLE 7
Use the properties of logarithms to rewrite and simplify each expression (if possible)..
4e 2 m5
ln 3
n2
EXAMPLE 8
Express as individual logarithms (ie. expand) and simplify:
 100 xy 
log  
 ab 
EXAMPLE 9
Express as an equivalent expression that is a single logarithm (ie. combine to one logarithm) and simplify:
log a 2 x + 3 ( log a x − log a y )
EXAMPLE 10
Express as an equivalent expression that is a single logarithm. Simplify if possible.
a) log( x 3 − 8) − log( x − 2) a
b) log a − log a ax
x
Page 23
WORKSHEET 2A – Properties of Logarithms

True or False
Indicate if each statement is true or false. If the statement is false, show why it is false.
log a P
1. = log a P − log a Q
log a Q
2. log e P = ln P
log P P
3. = log  
log Q Q
4. log( P 2 ) = (log P) 2
5. 2 log P = log(2 P )
F
6. log=
Q ( PQ ) F log Q ( P) + F
7. log P + log Q =
log( PQ)
2
8. log( P + Q)= 2 log P + 2 log Q
1
log P
9. = log P F
F
10. log( P − Q)= log P ÷ log Q
11. log 3 + log 3 =

log 6
12. log 2 − log 2 =

log1
Answers: 2, 6, 7, 9, 12 are True

Chapter 4.5A LOGARITHMIC EQUATIONS Page 24
LOGARITHMIC EQUATIONS
Category 1: A Single Log

Example: log 7 ( x 4 − 15 ) = 0
• Isolate the log(…) then convert to exponential form
• match bases OR use the change of base formula and solve the resulting equation directly
Category 2: 2 or more Logs & a Constant

Example: log 4 ( 3x + 8 ) + log 4 ( x − 6 ) =
3
• isolate the log(…), then convert to exponentials and solve the resulting equation
Category 3: 2 or more Logs with no Constant

Example: 2 log x − log( x +=
2) log(2 x − 3)
• Combine logs on each side as a single log
= • log x log= y therefore x y
• Isolate x to solve
IMPORTANT: You must check all solutions in the original equation.

Make sure that the base is not negative and remember you cannot take the log of a negative number.
EXAMPLE 1
Solve for the variable. Express your answer in simplified exact form.
log(3 x + 5) − log(2 x + 4) =
0
EXAMPLE 2
log 2 (5 x − 6) − log 2 ( x + 1) =
log 2 3
EXAMPLE 3
ln e x − ln e3 =
ln e3
Page 27
WORKSHEET 2B – Exponential and Log Equations

1. 3 x = 81 2. 4 x = 256
3. 2 x +3 = 32 4. 4 3 x = 64
5.
2
3 2 x ⋅ 35 x = 27 6. 2 log x = −6
7. log 2 (8 − 6 x) = 5 8. log( x + 9) + log x = 1
9. log 4 ( x + 3) − log 4 ( x − 3) = 2 10. log12 ( x − 4) − log12 ( x + 5) = log12 3
Answers:
1. x=4 2. x=4
3. x=2 4. x =1
1 1
5. x = −3, 6. x=
2 1000
7. x = −4 8. x =1
17 10. no solution
9. x =
5
Chapter 4.5B EXPONENTIAL EQUATIONS Page 28
RECALL: To solve exponential equations:
• If the bases of the exponentials can be easily matched, use matching bases.
• If the bases of the exponentials cannot be easily matched, use logarithms.
EXPONENTIAL EQUATIONS
Category 1: Matching Bases

x+2 x
Example: 3 = 81
• match the bases
= then use b x b=
y
therefore x y and solve
Category 2: Non-Matching Bases

Example: 1.2 ( 0.9 ) = 0.6
x
• isolate the base with the exponent, then take the log of both sides (ln for base e)
= x y= therefore log x log y
• use power rule to bring the exponent in front to multiply
• divide to isolate x then calculate
Category 3: Non-Matching Bases & Variable in exponent on both sides

3x 4 x+ 2
Example: 4 = 5
• take the log of both sides (ln=for base e) x y= therefore log x log y
• use power rule to bring the exponents in front to multiply
• move terms with x onto one side, factor out x
• divide to isolate x then calculate
Class Example: Solve the following equations:

4 x+3 = 182 x
EXAMPLE 1
Solve for the variable. Express your answer in exact form.
1000e0.09t − 3000 =
2000
EXAMPLE 2
2
+4 x 1
3x =
27
EXAMPLE 3
2 x+4 = 7 x−2
EXAMPLE 4
2 x = 32 x 4 x+1
Page 32
WORKSHEET 2C – EXPONENTIAL EQUATIONS

Solve the following for x to four decimal places:
x
1. 3 = 10 ANSWER: 2.0959
x
2. 4 = 6 ANSWER: x = 1.2925
x +3
3. 2 =9 ANSWER: x = 0.1699
2 x +1
4. 5 =8 ANSWER: x = 0.1460
−2 x
5. 6 =4 ANSWER: x = −0.3869
−x
6. 12 =5 ANSWER: x = −0.6477
x +1
7. 4 = 6 x −3 ANSWER: x = 16.6761
x+2
8. 8 = 3 2 x +5 ANSWER: x = −11.3274
x +1
1
9.   = 3x ANSWER: x = −0.5579
 4
x −3
1
10.   = 2 x +1 ANSWER: x = 1.9494
7
Chapter 4.3C LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS: GRAPHING Page 33
GRAPHING LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

Graphical transformations of functions also apply to logarithmic graphs:
=y a log b c ( x + h )  + k
a is the vertical stretch (negative will flip the graph about the x-axis (base point))
b acts similar to a horizontal stretch (less than one will flip about the x-axis (base point))
c divides all x-values by c (negative will flip the graph about the y-axis (base point))
h is the horizontal shift
k is the vertical shift
𝑦𝑦 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = log2 𝑥𝑥
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = log3 𝑥𝑥
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = log10 𝑥𝑥
(1,0) 𝑥𝑥
• Exponential graphs have a horizontal asymptote
and are inverses of log graphs.
• Log graphs have a vertical asymptote and are
inverses of exponential graphs.
LOGARITHMIC TRANSFORMATIONS
( x ) log x + 2
f=
f (=
x ) log ( − x ) f ( x ) = log x
f ( x ) = log x
f ( x ) = − log x
f ( x ) log ( x − 3)
=
f ( x) = log x + 2 Shift ______ f ( x) = − log x Shift ______
f ( x) = log ( x − 3) Shift ______ f (=

x) log(− x) Shift ______
Watch out for those brackets!

EXAMPLE 1
Graph each of the following, and state the Domain and Range.
y = log x
y = log 4 x
y = log 2 x
EXAMPLE 2
Graph and state Domain, Range, and Asymptotes.
y log ( x + 2 ) + 3
=
EXAMPLE 5
Graph:
1 
y log ( x − 4 ) + 2
a) = b) y = log  
 x −1 
INTERESTING NOTE:
The graph of y = − log 2 x and y = log 1 x are the same.

2
Here is the conversion of one function to the other using properties of logarithms:
log x log x log x log x

log 1 x =
y= = −1 = = − − log 2 x
=
 1  log 2 − log 2 log 2
2 log  
2
Chapter 4.2-4.6 APPLICATIONS OF EXPONENTS AND LOGARITHMS Page 36
EXAMPLE 1 FORMULAS GIVEN IN THE QUESTION

The hydrogen ion concentration of human blood is normally about 3.98 ×10−8 moles per litre. Find the pH
(using the formula: pH = − log  H +  where  H +  is the hydrogen ion concentration).

Sound at or above 90 dB are considered unsafe for humans. Using the formula below determine the intensity
of the minimum unsafe sound?
I
Formula: L = 10 log where I is the intensity of the sound in W / m 2 , I 0 is the softest
I0
hearable sound ( I 0 = 10−12 W / m 2 ), and L is the loudness of the sound in dB.

One side of the Eiffel Tower in Paris has a shape that can be approximated by the graph of the function
 x 
h( x) = −301ln  
 207 
Approximately how far from the center of the tower is the point on the side that is 500 ft above the ground?
If a question involving exponential or logarithmic growth/decay does not contain a formula or is a
financial problem in which interest is compounded continuously then the natural growth or decay
function will be required:
P ( t ) = P0 e kt
whereby k is positive for growth and negative for decay.
EXAMPLE 4 NATURAL-CONTINUOUS GROWTH

In 1970, cruise lines carried approximately 750,000 passengers. The number has increased exponentially to 24 million
in 2018.
a) Find the exponential growth rate and the exponential growth function.
b) Estimate the year in which the cruise lines will start carrying 30 million passengers.
EXAMPLE 5 NATURAL-CONTINUOUS GROWTH

Find the doubling time of an investment earning 3.6% interest per year if interest is compounded
continuously.
EXAMPLE 6 CARBON DATING (DECAY RATE)

Traces of burned wood along with ancient forestry tools were found in an archeological dig in Chile. The
traces of burned wood were found to contain approximately 1.67% of the original amount of carbon-14. If the
half-life of carbon 14 is 5750 years, approximately when was the tree cut and burned?
a) Find the decay rate and write a formula for the decay of carbon-14.
b) Approximately when was the tree cut and burned?
EXAMPLE 7 CARBON DATING (DECAY RATE)

The half-life of carbon-14 is 5750 years. If archeologists have determined that some corn pollen has lost
38.1% of its carbon-14, what is the age of the pollen?
Investments compounded at n-intervals

t ⋅n
 r
A=( t ) P 1 + 
 n
whereby:
• P is initial amount
• t is the time over which the growth happens (in years)
• r is the percentage interest rate.
• n is the times per year the growth compounds (occurs).
• A ( t ) is the amount after t years.
EXAMPLE 8
In the year 2000 a person invested $1,550 at 6% annual interest, compounded monthly. How much will the investment
be worth in the year 2013.
EXAMPLE 9
If you invest $10,000 at 4%/year compounded annually, the value, P, after t years, can be determined from the
formula P(t ) = 10000(1.04)t . How much will you have in 10 years.
EXAMPLE 10
If you invest $10,000 at 4%/year compounded quarterly, the value, P, after t years. How much will you have in
10 years.
EXAMPLE 11
Find the present value that will grow to $5000 if interest is 3.5% compounded quarterly for 10 years.
REVIEW Page 40
4.1 – One-to-One, Inverses
4.2A, 4.3C – Exponential Graphs, Log Graphs
4.3A, 4.3B, 4.4 – Log Properties
4.2B, 4.5A, 4.5B – Exponential Equations, Logarithmic Equations
4.2-4.6 – Applications

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UNIT 2 – LECTURE NOTES

Homework Listing Textbook Sections Question Numbers Worksheets

Unit 2: Logarithmic Functions

Review – Exponent Laws (product, power rules) ................................ R3 #7-35 (odds)

= $10 × Number of Hours worked is a function.

ANOTHER EXAMPLE OF A FUNCTION AND ITS INVERSE:

• We use the notation f −1 ( x) to represent the inverse of f ( x)

• To formulate an equation, f −1 ( x) , from f ( x)

NOTE: inverse functions are reflected across the line y=x

Determine if two functions are Inverses: FUNCTION COMPOSITION TEST

Two functions, f ( x ) and g ( x ) are inverses if ( f  g )( x ) = x and ( g  f )( x ) = x

IMPORTANT NOTE: If a function is not one-to-one, it cannot have an inverse.

One-To-One Functions: Horizontal Line Test

𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)

One-To-One Functions: Algebraic Test If 𝒇𝒇(𝒂𝒂) = 𝒇𝒇(𝒃𝒃), then 𝒂𝒂 = 𝒃𝒃

Find the inverse if the domain

Find the inverse if the domain

Exponent Law Review

GRAPHING EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS

Graphical transformations of functions apply to exponential graphs:

Product of Powers: 𝑎𝑎𝑚𝑚 𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑛 = 𝑎𝑎𝑚𝑚+𝑛𝑛 𝑎𝑎𝑚𝑚

Power of a Power: (𝑎𝑎𝑚𝑚 )𝑛𝑛 = 𝑎𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑎𝑎 𝑛𝑛 𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑛

SOLVING EXPONENTIAL EQUATIONS – MATCHING BASES

Class Example: Solve the following equation: 42 x +3 = 323 x − 4

Logarithms: Equivalent Forms

Logarithms have the following components:

CONVERT BETWEEN EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC

d) log 3 81 = 4 e) log a b = c f) V + log x y =

SOLVING LOGARITHMIC EQUATIONS USING EXPONENTIAL MATCHING BASES

The Product Rule: ( MN ) log a M + log a N

The Quotient Rule: M 

Change of Base Formula: log a M

Matching Bases Rules: log a a k = k

Common Log is base 10  log10 x = log x

WORKSHEET 2A – Properties of Logarithms

10. log( P − Q)= log P ÷ log Q

11. log 3 + log 3 =

12. log 2 − log 2 =

Answers: 2, 6, 7, 9, 12 are True

Category 1: A Single Log

Category 2: 2 or more Logs & a Constant

Category 3: 2 or more Logs with no Constant

IMPORTANT: You must check all solutions in the original equation.

WORKSHEET 2B – Exponential and Log Equations

7. log 2 (8 − 6 x) = 5 8. log( x + 9) + log x = 1

9. log 4 ( x + 3) − log 4 ( x − 3) = 2 10. log12 ( x − 4) − log12 ( x + 5) = log12 3

Category 1: Matching Bases

Category 2: Non-Matching Bases

Category 3: Non-Matching Bases & Variable in exponent on both sides

Class Example: Solve the following equations:

WORKSHEET 2C – EXPONENTIAL EQUATIONS

GRAPHING LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

f ( x) = log x + 2 Shift ______ f ( x) = − log x Shift ______

f ( x) = log ( x − 3) Shift ______ f (=

Watch out for those brackets!

The graph of y = − log 2 x and y = log 1 x are the same.

log x log x log x log x

EXAMPLE 1 FORMULAS GIVEN IN THE QUESTION

EXAMPLE 2 FORMULAS GIVEN IN THE QUESTION

EXAMPLE 3 FORMULAS GIVEN IN THE QUESTION

EXAMPLE 4 NATURAL-CONTINUOUS GROWTH

EXAMPLE 5 NATURAL-CONTINUOUS GROWTH

f ( x) = log x + 2 Shift f ( x) = − log x Shift