Wind Energy Resource and Technologies

Dr. Ram Chandra

Assistant Professor
Centre for Rural Development and Technology
Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
Hauz Khas, New Delhi – 110 016 1
Wind Energy
Wind possesses energy by virtue of its motion. Wind
speed increases with height. The measurement of
wind speed is done at a standard height of 10 m.
The wind speed at surface is nearly 20–25 % lower
than that at standard height. At a height of 60 m wind
speed may be 30 – 60 % higher due to reduction in the
drag effect of the earth’s surface.
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Three factors determine the power output from a
wind energy converter:
1) Wind speed
2) Cross sectional area of wind swept rotor
3) Overall conversion efficiency of the rotor,
transmission system and generator or pump
Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine
Verticle Axis Wind Turbine

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The Energy Extracting Stream-tube of a Wind Turbine
 Continued…
The power in wind can be computed by using the concept of
kinetics. Wind mill works on the principles of converting kinetic
energy of the wind into mechanical energy.
Power = Work done/time (J/sec = Watt)
Kinetic Energy = ½ (mV2) ……………1
The amount of air passing in unit time, through an area, A with a
velocity
= AV
Then, m = ρAV ………………………….2
(ρair = 1.225 kg/m3)
 Continued…
Thus, K. E. = ½ (ρAV3) …………………………….3
Then, Power Available in wind,
Pa = ½ [ρ(π/4)D2V3)………………………………...4
Pa = 1/8[ρπD2V3]………………………………........4a

The fraction of the free flow wind power that can be extracted by
the rotor is called POWER COEFFICIENT.
Power Coefficient = [Power of Wind Rotor/Power Available in the
Wind)
 Continued…
The maximum theoretical coefficient is equal to
16/27 or 0.593. For the best practical rotor, the
power coefficient is about 0.4 – 0.45.

The factor 0.593 is known as the BITZ LIMIT (after

the name of the engineer who first derived this
relationship)
 WIND FARM

132KV/33KV 33KV/690V

GRID Line feeder

Wind generator
 WIND DATA
Surface wind data on a national or regional basis is
usually presented in the form of:
1: Isovents: are contours of average wind velocity
(m/s or km/h). The average period varies widely but
monthly, quarterly, and yearly averages are
common.
2: Isodynes: are contours of constant wind power
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(W/m of area perpendicular to the wind flow).
Wind Survey: Typical wind measurements at potential sites for
wind machines usually requires the following:
(1)Instrumentation: 3 cup anemometer and wind direction
sensors, height of instruments, 10 m for preliminary data, 15 –
45 m for long time data.
(2) Data Recording System: Strip chart, magnetic tape.
(3) Type of Data: Wind speed and hourly direction.
(4) Data Reporting: Wind frequency curves------ daily, weekly,
monthly, energy estimation – are basic wind data.
Annual hours or duration of various wind speed associated with
design of wind mill.
1.Cut in speed: The speed below which the wind mill does not
work.
2. Design Speed: The speed for which rotor is designed.
3. Furling Speed: The speed at which the rotor is turned away
from facing the wind or stopped otherwise, with a view to
protect the wind mill.
4. Rated Velocity: At which the plant output is maximum.
 YAW CONTROL
The area of the wind streams
swept by the wind turbine is
maximum, when blade face into
the wind. This is achieved by
control arrangement, in which
when the wind direction
changes, a motor rotates the
turbine slowly about the vertical
(or yaw) axis so as to face the
blades into the wind.
• Cut-in speed (Vin)
• Rated speed (Vfull)
• Cut-out speed (Vout)
 Advantages of Wind Power
1. The wind is free and with modern technology it can be captured efficiently.
2. Once the wind turbine is built the energy it produces does not cause green house gases or
other pollutants.
3. Although wind turbines can be very tall each takes up only a small plot of land. This means
that the land below can still be used. This is especially the case in agricultural areas as
farming can still continue.
4. Many people find wind farms an interesting feature of the landscape.
5. Remote areas that are not connected to the electricity power grid can use wind turbines to
produce their own supply.
6. Wind turbines have a role to play in both the developed and third world.
7. Wind turbines are available in a range of sizes which means a vast range of people and
businesses can use them. Single households to small towns and villages can make good use
of range of wind turbines available today.
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 Disadvantages of Wind Power
1. The strength of the wind is not constant and it varies from zero to storm force. This
means that wind turbines do not produce the same amount of electricity all the time.
There will be times when they produce no electricity at all.
2. Many people feel that the countryside should be left untouched, without these large
structures being built. The landscape should left in its natural form for everyone to enjoy.
3. Wind turbines are noisy. Each one can generate the same level of noise as a family car
travelling at 70 mph.
4. Many people see large wind turbines as unsightly structures and not pleasant or
interesting to look at. They disfigure the countryside and are generally ugly.
5. When wind turbines are being manufactured some pollution is produced. Therefore
wind power does produce some pollution.

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Thank You