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S T. T H O M A S A Q U I N A S
LOVEISFREEDOM
“Show situations that demonstrate freedom of choice REALIZE THAT INTERSUBJECTIVITY REQUIRES
and the consequences of their choices” DIFFERENCES AND NOT TO IMPOSE OTHERS
•According to Rand, individual freedom should be Though we are part of our society, we are still different
aligned with economic freedom. The Filipino harmony individuals living in this society. Each of us will have
can be a helping value to the full development of different appearances or points of view.
Filipino if it opens up to embrace the whole Philippine
society. Labels could be negative or limiting, you may be called
•There are cases where the Filipino may adversely “impatient,” “whiny” (to complain in an annoying way)
affect the social and financial status of the one moving or “stubborn.” Nevertheless, we could go beyond the
upward the social ladder. For instance, the more well- labels.
off members of a family share their gains with their
relatives and friends in need. As humans we are holistic. As humans, we are to be
•Sometimes, the beneficiaries of the monetary regarded in our totality. Thus, we can redesign the
assistance (utang or loan) just use the money for non- labels to something new and exciting.
essentials. Where there are more important concerns
that should be prioritized. INTERSUBJECTIVITYAS ONTOLOGY: THE SOCIAL
•As leader or manager with “magandang kalooban” is DIMENSIONS OF THE SELF
not passive but plays active role in economic
development. Leaders should not just focus on the Ontology is a branch of metaphysics concerned with the
impact of job performance but treats every individual nature and relations of being
worker as persons and not as objects.
•“kasarinlan” promotes entrepreneurship which For this section, Martin Buber`s and Karol Wojtyla`s
minimize foreign control of Filipinos. views will be used as the main framework in
•Individualism should be tied with social responsibility understanding intersubjectivity.
and should not be just “tayo-tayo” or “kami-kami”. Our
own individuality should be interact with others. Both philosophers were influenced by their religious
•As individuals who are free, Filipinos should recognize background. They believed in the notion of concrete
their own brand of uniqueness, instead of copying experience/existence of the human person.
foreign cultures.
•For Aristotle and Rand, reason and will or volition is They also think that one must not lose the sight of one`s
part of our being human. In relation to this, Filipinos self in concrete experience.
had proven matured thinking, pertaining to EDSA
revolution. For both views, the human person is total, not dual. For
•The decision Is based on the Filipinos` belief in Wojtyla, the social dimension is represented by “We
freedom. They also voluntarily risked their lives as they relation” and for Buber the interpersonal by the “I – you
face danger. Again, the EDSA Revolution is one example relation.”
of social contract as discussed earlier in this lesson.
Martin Buber is Jewish existentialist philosopher. He
INTERSUBJECTIVITY was born in Vienna and was brought up in a Jewish
tradition.
Intersubjectivity is a term used in philosophy,
psychology, sociology, and anthropology to represent In his work I and thou (ich and Du), he conceives the
the psychological relation between people. human person in his/her wholeness, totality, concrete
existence and relatedness to the world.
Saint Pope John Paul II or Karol Wojtyla was born in Whether these pertain to deafness or spirited children,
Wadowice Poland. He was elected to the Papacy on denial, for instance, is universal. During diagnosis,
October 16, 1978 (264th pope) and was considered a isolation of affect occurs when the parents intellectually
great pope (88%) accepts deafness of their child. The loss should require
mourning or grief; otherwise, something is seriously
He was also an architect of Communism`s demise in wrong.
Poland. In his encyclical letter, Fides set ratio, he Feeling of impotence or questioning “why me?” are
criticized the traditional definition of human as “rational some feelings of ambivalence regarding a child`s
animal.” condition. Some parents turn to religion, and consider
“heaven sent blessing in disguise,” this denies the real
He maintains that the human person is the one who implications of the disability.
exists and acts. Additional reactions include fear of the future, when
parents worry about how the disability of the child will
For Wojtyla, action reveals the nature of the human affect his/her productivity, or become lifelong burden.
agent. Participation explains the essence of the human Parents whose children were diagnosed with disability
person. Through participation,the person is able to have to let go of their dream child. Realization and grief
fulfill one`s self. can blind parents to their child`s uniqueness.
There are many categories of PWD. To mention some,
The human person is oriented toward relation and there are the hearing impaired, diabetic, asthmatic, or
sharing in the communal life for the common good. As cystic fibrotic persons.
St. Augustine of Hippo said “No human being should
become an end to him/herself. We are responsible to Negative attitudes of the family and community toward
our neighbors as we are to our own actions.” PWDs may add to their poor academic and vocational
outcomes.
We participate in the communal life (we). Our notion of Parents need to reach the point of constructive action.
the neighbor and fellow member is by participating in They can decide to restructure certain aspects of their
the humanness of the other person (i-you). lifestyle In order to accommodate the communicative
as well as the educational needs of their child with
Bubbers i-thou philosophy is about the human person disability.
as a subject, who is a being different from things or Community sensitivity, through positive and supportive
from objects. attitudes toward PWDs, is also an important
component. (Mapp2004)
The human person experiences his wholeness not in
virtue of his relation to one`s self, but in virtue of his ON UNDERPRIVILEGED SECTORS OF SOCIETY
relation to another self. The human person establishes
the world of mutual relations, of experience. Dimensions of Poverty
The notion of poverty is not one-dimensional; rather it
The human persons as subjects have direct and mutual is multidimensional. A number of different concepts and
sharing of selves. This signifies a person-to-person, measures of poverty relate to its various dimensions.
relation or acceptance, sincerity, concern, Each of these dimensions has the common
respect,dialog, andcare. characteristic of representing deprivation that
encompasses:
The human person is not just being-in-the-world but Income
being with-others, or being-in relation. health
Education
APPRECIATE THE TALENTS OF PERSONS WITH Empowerment
DISABILITIES (PWD) AND THOSE FROM THE Working condition
UNDERPRIVILEGED SECTORS OF SOCIETY AND THEIR The most common measure of the underprivileged is
CONTRIBUTIONS income poverty, which is defined in terms of
consumption of goods and services.
The process of suspecting, recognizing, and identifying
the handicap for parents with PWD will include feelings The World Bank categorizes poverty in two levels: poor
of shock, bewilderment, sorrow, anger, and guilt. and extremely poor.
of animals for food for a more stable and predictable
Other important aspect of poverty food supply.
Health deprivation •Horticultural Society- primarily engages in the small
Violation of human rights scale cultivation of plants , fruits and vegetables and
domestication of animals.
THE HUMAN PERSON IN THE SOCIETY
SOCIETY HOW DOES SOCIETY INFLUENCE OUR DEVELOPMENT AS
• A society is an organized group of people whose PERSONS?
members interact frequently and have a common
territory and culture. • The persons and the society have a very dynamic
•It also refers to a companionship or friendly relationship in which one cannot exist without the
association with others , an alliance, a community, or a other. Because of this, it is important to consider
union. society’s role in the growth and development of a
person , and the person’s role in transforming society.
WHAT DRIVES HUMAN TO ESTABLISH SOCIETIES?
Society is the backdrop by which we adopt the
• The human person exists to relate others. The person prevailing culture ,identity , values, ideas and
is by nature a social being because he has the tendency knowledge of the persons , groups , and
to go out of himself to form bonds and relationship communities that surround us.
with others. • Society influences the interactions of its
• Our freedom gives us the opportunity to pursue members through the establishment of norms,
various activities to achieve our goals and attain well- which are set of traits and behavior that society
being happiness. considers acceptable ,and are thus encouraged
• Society also makes possible the emergence of certain and passed on the other members.
individuals .The survival of a human being is essentially • Laws in our society, which are more formal and
rooted in a society and human relations. stringent norms, define acceptable behavior of
Example: Filipinos value family ties with family our citizens.
members . Western families send elderly to retirement • Society also transforms human relations, which
homes. leads to the transformation of its members . A
person will undertake various social roles as he
THE SOCIAL CONTRACT THEORY continually interacts with other members of
•Thomas Hobbes - persons in their natural states are society.
governed by their desires and these often lead to
conflict with their fellowmen.
•John Locke - considered persons in their natural states
as more cooperative and reasonable, and that society is
formed through the consent of the individuals that
organized it.
•Jean Jacques Rousseau – advocated the concept of
the general will.
•John Rawls – redefined the social contract and
explained that human beings approach social
cooperation in a rational manner in order to meet their
individual self interest.
•David Gauthier- described peoples selfinterest as a
significant factor in building and maintaining societies.