What to Model ????

 Static Information
 Data --- Entities
 Associations --Relationships
among entities
 Dynamic Information
 Processes –
Operations/Transactions
 Integrity Constraints – Business
rules/regulations and data
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 What is Data Model

 A collection of tools for Describing

 Data

 Data Relationships
 Data semantics
 Data constraints

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 System Model Tools

 Data Flow Diagram (DFD)

 Hierarchical input process and
output (HIPO)
 State Transition Diagrams
(STD)
 Enitity Relationship (ER)
Diagrams

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 Basic Terms in Data Model
 Entity : Something that exists and can be
distinguished from other entities
 Ex:
 Student entity with unique roll number
 Account Entity with unique account
number

 Entity Set : A set of entities of the same type

 Ex:
 All the student entities in a college

 Entity sets need not be disjoint.

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 Types of Entities

 Entities with physical Existance

 Ex: Student,Book,Customer

 Entities with logical Existance

 Ex: sale, University,course

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  Relationship: An association among two
or more entities
 Relationship set: A set of relationship of
the same type
 Attribute: A characteristic of an entity
 Domain of Attribute: A set of possible
values for an attribute

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 The Entity-Relationship Model

 The overall logical structure of a database can

be expressed graphically by an E-R diagram
 Models an enterprise as a collection of entities
and relationships among these entities
 E-R diagram is used in conceptual design and it
gives pictorial representation for all the
requirements
 This must be shown to the user for evaluation
purpose and it must be done iteratively till to
get valid E-R diagram

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 Components of E-R diagram

 Entities

 Relationship

 Attributes

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 Notations used in E-R
diagram
 Rectangles- represents entity set
 Ecllipses- represents attribute
 Diamonds- represents relationships
among entity set
 Lines- represents link between entity sets
and entity sets to relationships

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 Relational Model
 It uses a collection of tables to represent both
data and the relationships among those data
 Each table has multiple columns, and each
column has unique name
 The relational model hides low-level
implementation details from database
developers and users
 The relational model is the most widely used
model
 The relational model is at a lower level of
abstraction than E-R model
 Database designs are carried out in the E-R
model and then translated to the relational
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model 11
 Other Data Models

 Object-oriented model : Extending E-R

model
 Object-relational model : features of the
object-oriented Data model and
relational data model
 Semistructured Data model : permits the
specification of data where individual
data items of the same type may have
different sets of attributes, Ex: XML
 Network Data Model:
 Hierarchical Data Model:
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