TOPOGRAFÍA

MOMENTO 2. TAREA 3_CALCULAR RUMBO Y AZIMUT DE LOS

LINEAMIENTOS IP

ESTUDIANTE

JHON LEANDRO CRUZ CUYARES

CÓD. 1127141530

GRUPO COLABORATIVO: 201620_57

PROGRAMA: AGRONOMÍA

TUTOR: MAURO ALVEIRO BRAVO

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA – UNAD

SANTA ROSALIA VICHADA

Abril 2020
 INTRODUCCIÓN

La topografía es una ciencia que estudia el conjunto de procedimientos para determinar

las posiciones relativas de los puntos sobre la Superficie de la tierra y debajo de la misma,
mediante la combinación de las medidas según los tres elementos del espacio: distancia,
elevación y dirección. La topografía explica los procedimientos y operaciones del
trabajo de campo, los métodos de cálculo o procesamiento de datos y la representación del
terreno en un plano o dibujo topográfico a escala.
Introduction to GPS

The Global Positioning System is a satellite-based navigation system that was

developed by the United States Department of Defense in the early 1970s. The GPS
overview consists, nominally, of a constellation of 24 operational satellites. This
constellation, known as the initial operational capacity, was completed in July 1993. To
ensure continued worldwide coverage, GPS satellites are arranged so that four satellites
are placed on each.

With this constellation geometry, four to ten GPS satellites will be visible anywhere in
the world, considering an elevation angle of 10∞. As discussed later, only four satellites
are needed to provide the positioning or location information. The space segment
consists of the constellation of 24 satellites presented in the previous section. Operators
and codes are primarily used to determine the distance from the user's receiver to the
GPS satellites.

Generation of GPS satellites The accumulation of constellations of GPS satellites began

with a series of 11 satellites known as Block I satellites. Block I satellites were built
primarily for experimental purposes. The inclination angle of the orbital planes of these
satellites, with respect to the equator, was 63∞, which was modified in the following
generations of satellites. Although the design life of Block I satellites was 4.5 years,
some remained in service for more than 10 years. The last Block I satellite was taken
out of service on November 18, 1995.

Current GPS satellite constellation The current GPS constellation contains five Block II,
18Block IIA satellites and six Block IIR satellites. This makes the total number of GPS
satellites in the constellation 29, which exceeds the nominal constellation of 24 satellites
in five satellites. All Block I satellites are no longer operational. GPS satellites are
placed in six orbital planes, labeled A through F. Since there are currently more
satellites available than the nominal 24-satellite constellation, an orbital plane can
contain four or five satellites.

All the orbital planes have five satellites, except for the C orbital plane, which has only
four. Satellites can be identified by various systems. Control sites The GPS control
segment consists of a master control station, a worldwide network of monitoring
stations and ground control stations. The MCS, located near Colorado Springs,
Colorado, is the central processing facility for the control segment and is staffed at all
times.

As mentioned above, each GPS satellite continuously transmits a microwave radio

signal made up of two operators, two codes, and a navigation message. The partial
result of the signal processing consists of the distances to the GPS satellites through the
digital codes and the coordinates of the satellite through the navigation message.
RUMBO AZIMUT Y COORDENADAS
 References

El-Rabbany, A. (2002). Introduction to GPS: The Global Positioning System. Boston,

MA: Artech House, Inc.

Capítulo 10: GPS Applications

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