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Glass � glass is the most common and inexpensive fiber and is usually use for the
reinforcement of polymer matrices. Glass has a high tensile strength and fairly low
density (2.5 g/cc).
Polymer � the strong covalent bonds of polymers can lead to impressive properties
when aligned along the fiber axis of high molecular weight chains. Kevlar is an
aramid (aromatic polyamide) composed of oriented aromatic chains, which makes them
rigid rod-like polymers. Its stiffness can be as high as 125 GPa and although very
strong in tension, it has very poor compression properties. Kevlar fibers are
mostly used to increase toughness in otherwise brittle matrices.
Ceramic � fibers made from materials such as Alumina and SiC (Silicon carbide) are
advantageous in very high temperature applications, and also where environmental
attack is an issue. Ceramics have poor properties in tension and shear, so most
applications as reinforcement are in the particulate form.
Metallic - some metallic fibers have high strengths but since there density is very
high they are of little use in weight critical applications. Drawing very thin
metallic fibers (less than 100 micron) is also very expensive.
Dispersion Strengthen Composites
In dispersion strengthened composites, small particles on the order of 10-5 mm to
2.5 x 10-4 mm in diameter are added to the matrix material. These particles act to
help the matrix resist deformation. This makes the material harder and stronger.
Consider a metal matrix composite with a fine distribution of very hard and small
secondary particles. The matrix material is carrying most of the load and
deformation is accomplished by slip and dislocation movement. The secondary
particles impede slip and dislocation and, thereby, strengthen the material. The
mechanism is that same as precipitation hardening but effect is not quite as
strong. However, particles like oxides do not react with the matrix or go into
solution at high temperatures so the strengthening action is retained at elevated
temperatures.
Interface
1. The interface is a bounding surface or zone where a discontinuity occurs,
whether physical, mechanical, chemical etc.
2. The matrix material must "wet" the fiber. Coupling agents are frequently used to
improve wettability. Well "wetted" fibers increase the interface surface area.
3. To obtain desirable properties in a composite, the applied load should be
effectively transferred from the matrix to the fibers via the interface. This means
that the interface must be large and exhibit strong adhesion between fibers and
matrix. Failure at the interface (called debonding) may or may not be desirable.
This will be explained later in fracture propagation modes.
4.Bonding with the matrix can be either weak van der Walls forces or strong
covalent bonds.
5. The internal surface area of the interface can go as high as 3000 cm2/cm3.
6. Interfacial strength is measured by simple tests that induce adhesive failure
between the fibers and the matrix. The most common is the Three-point bend test or
ILSS (interlaminar shear stress test)