BOLIVARIAN REPUBLIC OF VENEZUELA

MINISTRY OF POPULAR POWER FOR HIGHER EDUCATION

UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF CIVIL AERONAUTICS

MAJOR AV MIGUEL RODRIGUEZ

GLOSSARY

TEACHER: AUTHOR:

Sheyda Pacheco DANIEL BERRIOS C.I: 26.746.907

Maracay, April 2020

 INDICE
A ............................................................................................................................................. 5
1. Allergies: ..................................................................................................................... 5
B ............................................................................................................................................. 6
4. Backache.................................................................................................................... 6
5. Bite .............................................................................................................................. 7
6. Bleeding...................................................................................................................... 7
7. Blister .......................................................................................................................... 8
8. Bloddy nose ............................................................................................................... 8
9. Bone fracture or broken: arm, leg, etc ................................................................... 8
10. Bronchospam or a bronchial spam..................................................................... 9
11. Bruise ...................................................................................................................... 9
12. Burn ....................................................................................................................... 10
C ........................................................................................................................................... 10
13. Chicken pox ......................................................................................................... 10
14. Chills ...................................................................................................................... 11
15. Cold ....................................................................................................................... 11
16. Cough .................................................................................................................... 12
17. Cut ......................................................................................................................... 12
D ........................................................................................................................................... 13
18. Dehydration (hypohydration) ............................................................................. 13
19. Dermatitis ............................................................................................................. 13
20. Dizziness .............................................................................................................. 14
E ........................................................................................................................................... 15
21. Ear Infection ......................................................................................................... 15
22. Earache................................................................................................................. 15
23. Epilepsy seizure .................................................................................................. 16
F ............................................................................................................................................ 17
24. Feel dizzy ............................................................................................................. 17
25. Feel nauseas ....................................................................................................... 17
 26. Fever/Temperature ............................................................................................. 18
27. Flu .......................................................................................................................... 18
G ........................................................................................................................................... 19
28. Gastritis ................................................................................................................. 19
H ........................................................................................................................................... 20
29. Head injury ........................................................................................................... 20
30. Headache ............................................................................................................. 21
31. Heart attack .......................................................................................................... 22
32. Heart discase ....................................................................................................... 22
33. Hypoglycemia: hyperglycemia, high blood sugar........................................... 23
34. Hypovolemia ........................................................................................................ 24
35. Hypoxia ................................................................................................................. 24
I ............................................................................................................................................. 25
36. Inflammation......................................................................................................... 25
37. Insect Bite ............................................................................................................. 26
38. Intestinal parasites .............................................................................................. 26
39. Intoxication ........................................................................................................... 27
M ........................................................................................................................................... 27
40. Measles................................................................................................................. 27
41. Mumps .................................................................................................................. 28
N ........................................................................................................................................... 28
42. Naematoma or Hematoma ................................................................................ 28
43. Nasal congestion ................................................................................................. 29
44. Nausea .................................................................................................................. 29
P ........................................................................................................................................... 30
45. Perspiration (sweating transpiration or diaphoresis) ..................................... 30
46. Pneumonia ........................................................................................................... 30
47. Poison ................................................................................................................... 31
48. Presyncope .......................................................................................................... 31
R ........................................................................................................................................... 32
 49. Rash ...................................................................................................................... 32
50. Runny nose .......................................................................................................... 33
S ........................................................................................................................................... 33
51. Severe allergic reaction ...................................................................................... 33
52. Sneeze .................................................................................................................. 34
53. Sore throat ............................................................................................................ 34
54. Sprained ankle or wrist ....................................................................................... 35
55. Stomachache ....................................................................................................... 36
56. Strep throat........................................................................................................... 36
57. Sunburn ................................................................................................................ 36
58. Swollen finger ...................................................................................................... 37
59. Syncope ................................................................................................................ 38
T ............................................................................................................................................ 38
60. Tachycardia .......................................................................................................... 38
61. Toothache............................................................................................................. 39
62. Tuberculosis ......................................................................................................... 39
V ........................................................................................................................................... 40
63. Vertigo ................................................................................................................... 40
64. Vomiting ................................................................................................................ 40
 A
1. Allergies:
An allergy is an immune system response to a foreign
substance that’s not typically harmful to your body. These
foreign substances are called allergens. They can include
certain foods, pollen, or pet dander.
Main allergy symptoms Common symptoms of an allergic reaction include
and part of the body that affects:

 Sneezing and an itchy, runny or blocked nose (allergic rhinitis).

 Itchy, red, watering eyes (conjunctivitis).
 Wheezing, chest tightness, shortness of breath and a cough.
 A raised, itchy, red rash (hives).
 Swollen lips, tongue, eyes or face.
 Tummy pain, feeling sick, vomiting or diarrhoea.
 Dry, red and cracked skin.

The treatment for an allergy depends on what you're allergic to. In many cases, a
GP will be able to offer advice and treatment.

They'll advise you about taking steps to avoid exposure to the substance you're
allergic to, and can recommend medicines to control your symptoms.

2. Asphyxia of suffocation
Asphyxia happens when your body doesn't get enough oxygen to
keep you from passing out. It can be a life-threatening situation.

Signs and Symptoms of Asphyxia

Any of the following symptoms can lead to asphyxia.

 Difficulty and/ or noisy breathing, which may ultimately lead to cessation.

 Rapid pulse.
 High blood pressure (hypertension).
 Cyanosis of the face.
 Swollen veins on the head and neck.
 Convulsions.
 Paralysis.
 Slowly losing consciousness.
Treatment of suffocation in adults Here is a step-by-step guide on how you can
treat an adult who is suffocating:

 Bring the victim in a position that allows the head to be lower than the chest.
  Use your hand to slap between the victim's shoulder blades at least 5 times.
 If the object causing the person to choke has not been evicted, use the
abdominal thrust technique, hug the person, and as your hands are on the
person's upper abdomen, pull up. Repeat the process at least five times.
 If at any time during your first aid treatment the victim becomes
unconscious, immediately call the doctor.

3. Asthma
Asthma is a long-term disease of the lungs. You might hear your
doctor call it a chronic respiratory disease. It causes your airways to
get inflamed and narrow and makes breathing difficult. Coughing,
wheezing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness are classic
asthma symptoms. Severe asthma can make it hard to talk or be
active. Some people refer to asthma as "bronchial asthma."

Symptoms of Asthma
 Cough: phlegm, dry, chronic, during exercise, at night, intense or mild.
 Respiratory: difficult breathing, wheezing, difficulty breathing at night,
frequent respiratory infections, short breathing, mouth breathing or rapid
breathing.
 Also common: chest tightness, anxiety, waking up early, fast heart rate,
or sore throat.
Treatment of asthma Treatments for asthma fall into three primary categories:
breathing exercises, rescue or first aid treatments, and long-term asthma control
medications.Asthma is usually treated with rescue inhalers to attack symptoms and
with control inhalers (steroids) that prevent symptoms. More severe cases may
require long-acting inhalers that keep the airways open, in addition to oral steroids.

B
4. Backache
Back pain is a symptom. Common causes of back pain involve
disease or injury to the muscles, bones, and / or nerves of the spine.
Pain arising from abnormalities of organs within the abdomen, pelvis,
or chest may also be felt in the back. This is called referred pain.

Signs and symptoms of back pain can include:

 Muscle ache.
 Shooting or stabbing pain.
 Pain that radiates down your leg.
 Pain that worsens with bending, lifting, standing or walking.
 Pain that improves with reclining
Back pain treatment Many individuals will not need extensive treatment for back
pain. Over-the-counter pain medications are often sufficient. In more severe cases,
stronger treatments may be necessary, but they’re typically provided under close
supervision from your doctor.

5. Bite
Just as you may receive a bite from an animal, you can also be bitten
by a human. It’s most likely that a child will inflict the bite. After dog
and cat bites, human bites are the next most common bites seen in
emergency rooms.

Symptoms of infection include:

 Redness, swelling, and heat around the wound.
 A wound that discharges pus.
 Pain or tenderness on or around the wound.
 Fever or chills.

Treating bites:
 Cleaning and bandaging the wound are frequent treatments for human
bites.
 If your child has received a bite, wash your hands with antibacterial soap
before tending to the bite. If possible, wear clean medical gloves to reduce
the risk of transmitting any bacteria into the wound.
 If the wound is mild and there’s no blood, wash it with soap and water. Avoid
scrubbing the wound. Use sterile nonstick bandages to cover it. Don’t try to
close the wound with tape, as this may trap bacteria in the wound.
 If there’s bleeding, raise that area of the body and apply pressure to the
wound using a clean cloth or towel.
 After cleaning and bandaging the wound, call your doctor right away.

6. Bleeding
Bleeding is defined as the loss of blood. The organs and blood
vessels contain blood. If any of these is damaged, blood can flow
freely inside or outside the body. If blood flows inside the body, it’s
referred to as internal bleeding. If it flows through a break in the skin
or a natural body opening, such as the vagina, rectum, mouth, nose,
or ears, it’s called external bleeding.

SymptomsThe primary symptom of bleeding is the loss of blood either through an

external or internal wound. If the bleeding is not stopped, the patient may go into
shock. In some cases, fever or infection may also develop.

Treatment bleeding
 Stop Bleeding. Apply direct pressure on the cut or wound with a clean cloth,
tissue, or piece of gauze until bleeding stops.
 Clean Cut or Wound. Gently clean with soap and warm water. ...
  Protect the Wound. Apply antibiotic cream to reduce risk of infection and
cover with a sterile bandage.
 When to Call a Doctor.

7. Blister
Blisters are painful skin irritations that occur due to friction. If a blister
bursts, bacteria can enter the wound and cause a skin infection.

Symptoms that indicate the infection of a blister include:

 Worsening redness around the blister, although this may not be apparent in
people with darker skin.
 Pain that gets worse rather than better over time.
 Swelling that gets worse rather than better over time.
 The fluid becoming cloudy or resembling pus.
 Yellowish crusting on the area.
 Tenderness in the area.

Treatments and first aid

 Use rubbing alcohol to sterilize a small needle.
 Gently pierce one edge of the blister to allow some of the fluid to drain.
 Wash the area with soap and water, being careful not to remove the top of
the blister, as leaving this on will protect the skin below.
 Cover loosely with a bandage, raising the dressing a little in the middle to
give the blister space to move.

8. Bloddy nose
Bloody noses are common and can be caused by a variety of factors
including dehydration, cold, dry air, sinusitis, allergies, blood-thinning
medications, and trauma.

Common causes of this symptom Nosebleeds can have causes

that are not due to an underlying disease. For example, nasal
dryness, sticking your finger in your nose, or injury.

Self-treatment Sitting up straight, leaning slightly forward, and pressing the

nostrils to keep them closed for five to ten minutes can help stop nosebleed. It may
also help to repeat these steps.

9. Bone fracture or broken: arm, leg, etc

The causes of bone fractures can be trauma, overuse, and diseases
that weaken the bones. The main symptom is pain. There may also be
loss of functionality depending on the affected area. Treatment usually
involves putting the bone back in place, then immobilizing it with a
cast or splint to give it time to heal. Sometimes it may be necessary to
do surgery or insert metal rods to rearrange the bone.
The main symptom is pain. There may also be loss of functionality depending on
the affected area.People can suffer:
 Pain areas: bones
 Also common: limp, physical deformity, bruising, swelling, loss of height,
bleeding, or tenderness

Treatment depends on the patient's state of severityTreatment usually involves

putting the bone back in place, then immobilizing it with a cast or splint to give it
time to heal. Sometimes it may be necessary to do surgery or insert metal rods to
rearrange the bone.

10. Bronchospam or a bronchial spam

Bronchospasm is a tightening of the muscles that line the airways
(bronchi) in your lungs. When these muscles tighten, your airways
narrow. Bronchospasm often affects people with asthma and allergies. It
contributes to asthma symptoms like wheezing and shortness of breath.

Symptoms of bronchospasmWhen you have bronchospasm, your chest feels

tight, and it can be hard to catch your breath. Other symptoms include:
 wheezing (a whistling sound when you breathe).
 Chest pain or tightness.
 Coughing.
 Fatigue.
Treating bronchospasm Your doctor may treat your bronchospasm with
medicines that widen your airways and help you breathe easier, including:
 Short-acting bronchodilators. These medicines are used for quick relief of
bronchospasm symptoms. They start working to widen the airways within a
few minutes, and their effects last for up to four hours.
 Long-acting bronchodilators. These medicines keep your airways open
for up to 12 hours but take longer to start working.
 Inhaled steroids. These drugs bring down swelling in your airways. You
can use them for long-term control of bronchospasm. They also take longer
to start working than short-acting bronchodilators.
 Oral or intravenous steroids. These may be required if your
bronchospasm is severe.

11. Bruise
A bruise is a common skin injury that results in a discoloration of the skin.
Blood from damaged blood cells deep beneath the skin collects near the
surface of the skin, resulting in what we think of as a black and blue mark.
Symptoms of the bruise vary depending on the cause. Discoloration of
the skin is often the first sign. While they’re usually black and blue, bruises
can also be:
 Red.
  Green.
 Purple.
 Brown.
 Yellowish, which most often occurs as the bruise heals.

The treatment for a bruise is most effective right after the injury, while the bruise is
still reddish. A cold compress such as an ice pack or a bag of frozen vegetables
should be applied to the affected area for 20-30 minutes in order to speed healing
and reduce swelling. Do not apply ice directly to the skin.

12. Burn
Injury to the skin or deeper tissues caused by the sun, hot liquids,
fire, electricity, or chemicals.

Burn symptoms and signs

 Blisters.
 Leathery Look to the Skin.
 Numbness.
 Pain.
 Peeling Skin.
 Red Skin.
 Scarring.
 Splotchy Skin.
 Swelling.
 White Skin.
To treat minor burns, follow these steps:
 Cool the burn. Hold the burned area under cool (not cold) running water or
apply a cool, wet compress until the pain eases.
 Remove rings or other tight items.
 Don't break blisters.
 Apply lotion.
 Bandage the burn.
 Take a pain reliever.
 Consider a tetanus shot.

C
13. Chicken pox
Chickenpox is a very contagious infection caused by the varicella-zoster
virus. It mainly affects kids, but adults can get it, too. The tell-tale sign of
chickenpox is a super-itchy skin rash with red blisters. Over the course of
several days, the blisters pop and start to leak. Then they crust and scab
over before finally healing.
Symptoms of chickenpox typically appear within 10 to 21 days after you’ve been
exposed to the virus. The first sign is usually a general feeling of being unwell.
That’s normally followed by these symptoms:
 Body aches.
 Fever.
 Feeling extremely tired (fatigue).
 Feeling irritable.
 Loss of appetite.
 Headache.
Treatment Chickenpox generally resolves within a week or two without treatment.
There is no cure, but a vaccine can prevent it. A doctor may prescribe medication
or advice on how to reduce symptoms of itchiness and discomfort, and also on how
to prevent the infection from spreading to other people.

14. Chills
The term “chills” refers to a feeling of being cold without an apparent cause.
You get this feeling when your muscles repeatedly expand and contract and
the vessels in your skin constrict. Chills can occur with a fever and cause
shivering or shaking.
Chills are commonly associated with the following symptoms:
 Bacterial or viral gastroenteritis.
 Flu.
 Meningitis.
 Sinusitis.
 Pneumonia.
 Strep throat.
 Urinary tract infections (UTIs).
 Malaria.
Treating chills at home If you or your child has a fever with chills, there are some
things you can do at home for comfort and relief. Keep reading to learn how to treat
a fever with chills and when you should call a doctor

15. Cold
Unlike the complaint, the common cold can be caused by different
types of viruses. The condition is usually harmless, and symptoms
usually disappear within two weeks.
Symptoms include a runny nose, sneezing, and congestion. High
fever or severe symptoms are good enough reasons to see a doctor, especially for
children.

Treatment cold Stay hydrated. Water, juice, clear broth or warm lemon water with
honey helps loosen congestion and prevents dehydration.
  Rest.
 Soothe a sore throat.
 Combat stuffiness.
 Relieve pain.
 Sip warm liquids.
 Add moisture to the air.
 Try over-the-counter (OTC) cold and cough medications.

16. Cough
Cough is a rapid expulsion of air from the lungs typically in order
to clear the lung airways of fluids, mucus, or material.
Symptoms and signs of cough:
 Sore throat.
 Postnasal drip.
 Runny or stuffy nose.
 Hoarseness.
 Heartburn.
 A bad taste in the mouth.
 Phlegm.
Treatment:
 Use cough drops or hard candy.
 Try a teaspoon of honey.
 Drink up.
 Heat up that drink.
 Use cough medicine.
 Use a decongestant.
 Breathe in steam.
17. Cut
A cut is a damaged area of skin that usually results from some form
of trauma. A cut can appear anywhere on the body.
Symptoms
 Although it can be obscured by blood, a cut is one of the easiest medical
conditions to diagnose.
 A deep cut may reveal underlying tissues such as fat, tendon, muscle, or
bone.
 Some people faint at the sight of their own blood (this is a neurological
reaction in which a reflex slowing of the heart causes a low blood pressure
called vasovagal syncope). Physicians need to distinguish this common faint
from people who pass out from loss of blood (haemorrhagic shock).
Treatment and Prevention The most important thing to remember when dealing
with a cut or open wound is to keep it clean. To prevent infection, make sure that
anything that touches the scrape or cut is as clean as possible. This is not always
easy, as bacteria are on almost everything in our environment. However, most
medical supplies are sterilized and free of bacteria that may cause infection.

D
18. Dehydration (hypohydration)
Dehydration happens when your body doesn't have as much water as it
needs. Without enough, your body can't function properly. You can have
mild, moderate, or severe dehydration depending on how much fluid is
missing from your body.
Symptoms Signs of mild or moderate dehydration include:
 Thirst.
 Dry or sticky mouth.
 Not peeing very much.
 Dark yellow pee.
 Dry, cool skin.
 Headache.
 Muscle cramps.
Signs of severe dehydration include:
 Not peeing or having very dark yellow pee.
 Very dry skin.
 Feeling dizzy.
 Rapid heartbeat.
 Rapid breathing.
 Sunken eyes.
 Sleepiness, lack of energy, confusion or irritability.
 Fainting.
Treatments Dehydration must be treated by replenishing the fluid level in the
body. This can be done by consuming clear fluids such as water, clear broths,
frozen water or ice pops, or sports drinks (such as Gatorade). Some dehydration
patients, however, will require intravenous fluids in order to rehydrate. People who
are dehydrated should avoid drinks containing caffeine such as coffee, tea, and
sodas.

19. Dermatitis
Dermatitis is a general term for skin inflammation. With
dermatitis, your skin will typically look dry, swollen, and red.
Depending on the type of dermatitis you have, causes vary.
However, it’s not contagious.
Symptoms of dermatitis The symptoms of dermatitis range from mild to severe
and will look different depending on what part of the body is affected. Not all people
with dermatitis experience all symptoms. In general, the symptoms of dermatitis
may include:
 Rashes.
 Blisters.
 Dry, cracked skin.
 Itchy skin.
 Painful skin, with stinging or burning.
 Redness.
 Swelling.
At-home and medical treatment options
Treatments for dermatitis depend on the type, severity of symptoms, and cause.
Your skin may clear up on its own after one to three weeks. If it doesn’t, your
doctor or dermatologist may recommend:
 Medications to reduce allergies and itching, like an antihistamine such as
diphenhydramine (Benadryl).
 Phototherapy, or exposing affected areas to controlled amounts of light.
 Topical creams with a steroid, like hydrocortisone, to relieve itchiness and
inflammation.
 Creams or lotions for dry skin.
 Oatmeal baths to relieve itching.

20. Dizziness
Dizziness is the feeling of being lightheaded, woozy, or unbalanced. It affects
the sensory organs, specifically the eyes and ears, so it can sometimes
cause fainting. Dizziness isn’t a disease, but rather a symptom of various
disorders.
Symptoms of dizziness People experiencing dizziness may feel various
sensations, including:
 light-headedness or feeling faint.
 a false sense of spinning.
 Unsteadiness.
 loss of balance.
 feeling of floating or swimming.
Treatments for dizziness Treatment for dizziness focuses on the underlying
cause. In most cases, home remedies and medical treatments can control the
cause of dizziness. For example:
 Inner-ear issues may be managed with medications and at-home exercises
that can help control balance.
  BPV can be resolved with manoeuvres that can help alleviate symptoms.
Surgery is an option for patients whose BPV is not otherwise controlled.
 Meniere’s disease is treated with a healthful low-salt diet, occasional
injections, or ear surgery.
 Migraines are treated with medications and lifestyle changes, such as
learning to identify and avoid migraine triggers.
 Medication and anxiety-reducing techniques can help with anxiety disorders.
 Drinking plenty of fluids can help when dizziness is caused by excessive
exercise, heat, or dehydration.

E
21. Ear Infection
An ear infection occurs when one of your Eustachian tubes becomes swollen
or blocked, causing fluid to build up in your middle ear. Eustachian tubes are
small tubes that run from each ear directly to the back of the throat.
A few of the common symptoms of ear infections include:

 Mild pain or discomfort inside the ear.

 A feeling of pressure inside the ear that persists.
 Fussiness in young infants.
 pus-like ear drainage.
 Hearing loss.
How are ear infections treated? Most mild ear infections clear up without
intervention. Some of the following methods are effective in relieving the symptoms
of a mild ear infection:
 Apply a warm cloth to the affected ear.
 Take over-the-counter (OTC) pain medication such as ibuprofen (Advil) or
acetaminophen (Tylenol). Find ibuprofen or acetaminophen online.
 Use OTC or prescription ear drops to relieve pain. Shop for ear drops.
 Take OTC decongestants such as pseudoephedrine (Sudafed). Purchase
pseudoephedrine from Amazon.
22. Earache
Earaches usually occur in children, but they can occur in adults as well.
An earache may affect one or both ears, but the majority of the time it’s
in one ear. It may be constant or come and go, and the pain may be
dull, sharp, or burning.
Earache symptoms Earaches can develop from ear infections or injury.
Symptoms in adults include:
 Ear pain.
  Impaired hearing.
 Fluid drainage from ear.
 Children can typically show additional symptoms, such as:
 Ear pain.
 Muffled hearing or difficulty responding to sounds.
 Fever.
 Sense of fullness in the ear.
 Difficulty sleeping.
 Tugging or pulling at the ear.
 Crying or acting irritable more than usual.
 Headache.
 Loss of appetite.
 Loss of balance.
Treating earaches at home You can take several steps at home to reduce
earache pain. Try these options to ease the ear pain:
 Apply a cold washcloth to the ear.
 Avoid getting the ear wet.
 Sit upright to help relieve ear pressure.
 Use over-the-counter (OTC) ear drops.
 Take OTC pain relievers.
 Chew gum to help relieve pressure.
 Feed an infant to help them relieve their pressure.

23. Epilepsy seizure

An epileptic seizure, is a period of symptoms due to
abnormally excessive or synchronous neuronal activity
in the brain. Outward effects vary from uncontrolled
shaking movements involving much of the body with loss of consciousness (tonic-
clonic seizure), to shaking movements involving only part of the body with variable
levels of consciousness (focal seizure), to a subtle momentary loss of awareness
(absence seizure).
The signs and symptoms of seizures vary depending on the type. The most
common type of seizure is convulsive (60%). Two-thirds of these begin as focal
seizures and become generalized while one third begin as generalized seizures.
The remaining 40% of seizures are non-convulsive, an example of which is
absence seizure.
Treatment There is currently no cure for most types of epilepsy.
A doctor may prescribe antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) to help prevent seizures. If
these drugs do not work, some other potential options include surgery, vagus
nerve stimulation, or a special diet.
Doctors’ objective is to prevent further seizures. They also aim to prevent side
effects so that the person can lead an active and productive life.
 F
24. Feel dizzy
Many parts of your body -- including your eyes, brain, inner ear, and nerves in
your feet and spine -- work together to keep you balanced. When a part of that
system is off, you can feel dizzy. It can be a sign of something serious, and it
can be dangerous if it makes you fall.
Get medical attention immediately if you're dizzy and you faint, fall, or can't walk or
have any of the following:

 Chest pain.
 Different or really bad headache.
 Head injury.
 High fever.
 Irregular heart rate.
 Seizures.
 Shortness of breath.
 Stiff neck.
 Sudden change in speech, vision, or hearing.
 Vomiting.
 Weakness or numbness in your face.
 Weakness in your leg or arm.
Treatment varies widely and depends on the cause of the patient's dizziness.
Dizziness often is a symptom of another medical condition. Treating the underlying
illness or condition can improve the symptoms of dizziness.

25. Feel nauseas

Nausea or feel nauseous is stomach discomfort and the sensation of wanting
to vomit. Nausea can be a precursor to vomiting the contents of the stomach.
The condition has many causes and can often be prevented.

Nauseous Symptoms Nausea is an unpleasant although usually painless

symptom.
The most common symptom that occurs with nausea is vomiting. Symptoms that
are also associated with nausea include dizziness, faintness, dry mouth, diarrhea,
fever, abdominal pain, and decreased urination.
Nauseous Prevention and Treatment
Treatment for nausea depends on the underlying cause. In most cases, nausea
resolves by itself, especially if relieved by throwing up.
Treatment may include plenty of fluids and a clear liquid diet. Severe nausea may
require treatment with medications.
If you feel nauseous, you are probably not interested in food or drink, although
sometimes light, plain foods such as such as bread and crackers can make you
feel better. Avoid any foods that have strong flavours, are very sweet, or are
greasy or fried, and these may make nausea worse or even induce vomiting.

26. Fever/Temperature
Fever is when a human’s body temperature goes above the normal range of
36–37° Centigrade (98–100° Fahrenheit). It is a common medical sign.
Symptoms When somebody has a fever, signs and symptoms are linked to
what is known as sickness behavior, and may include:

 feeling cold when nobody else does.

 Shivering.
 lack of appetite.
 dehydration — preventable if the person drinks plenty of fluids.
 Depression.
 hyperalgesia, or increased sensitivity to pain.
 Lethargy.
 problems concentrating.
 Sleepiness.
 Sweating.
Treatment Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin or
ibuprofen can help bring a fever down. These are available to purchase over-the-
counter or online. However, a mild fever may be helping combat the bacterium or
virus that is causing the infection. It may not be ideal to bring it down.

27. Flu
A common viral infection that can be fatal, especially in high-risk groups. The
flu affects the lungs, nose, and throat. Young children, older adults, pregnant
women, and people with chronic illnesses or a weak immune system are at
higher risk.
Common Flu Symptoms Unlike cold symptoms, signs of the flu tend to come
on suddenly. You might have:
 Fever above 100 F.
 Severe aches in your muscles and joints.
 Weakness or severe fatigue.
 Warm, flushed skin and red, watery eyes.
 Chills.
 A headache.
 A dry cough.
 A sore throat and runny nose.
How to Treat Flu Symptoms? In most cases, the best things to do when you
have the flu are:
 Rest at home.
 Drink plenty of fluids.
 Avoid contact with other people.

G
28. Gastritis
Gastritis is an inflammation of the protective lining of the stomach. Acute
gastritis involves sudden, severe inflammation. Chronic gastritis involves long-
term inflammation that can last for years if it’s left untreated.
Symptoms of gastritis vary among individuals, and in many people there are
no symptoms. However, the most common symptoms include:
 Nausea or recurrent upset stomach.
 Abdominal bloating.
 Abdominal pain.
 Vomiting.
 Indigestion.
 Burning or gnawing feeling in the stomach between meals or at night.
 Hiccups.
 Loss of appetite.
 Vomiting blood or coffee ground-like material.
 Black, tarry stools.
Treatment for gastritis usually involves:
 Taking antacids and other drugs (such as proton pump inhibitors or H-2
blockers) to reduce stomach acid.
 Avoiding hot and spicy foods.
 For gastritis caused by H. pylori infection, your doctor will prescribe a
regimen of several antibiotics plus an acid blocking drug (used for
heartburn).
 If the gastritis is caused by pernicious anaemia, B12 vitamin shots will be
given.
 Eliminating irritating foods from your diet such as lactose from dairy or
gluten from wheat.
 H
29. Head injury
A head injury is any sort of injury to your brain, skull, or scalp. This can
range from a mild bump or bruise to a traumatic brain injury. Common head
injuries include concussions, skull fractures, and scalp wounds. The
consequences and treatments vary greatly, depending on what caused
your head injury and how severe it is.
Symptoms A head injury may present different symptoms depending on its
severity.
Symptoms of a mild head injury include:
 some bleeding.
 Bruising.
 a mild headache.
 feeling sick or nauseated.
 mild dizziness.
Symptoms of a moderate head injury include:
 passing out for a short time.
 confusion or distraction.
 Vomiting.
 a lasting headache.
 temporary changes in behavior.
 memory problems.
 loss of balance.
Symptoms of a severe head injury include:
 significant bleeding.
 passing out and not waking up.
 having a seizure.
 problems with vision, taste, or smell.
 difficulty staying alert or awake.
 clear fluid or blood coming out of the ears or nose.
 bruises behind the ears.
 weakness or numbness.
 difficulty speaking.
Key symptoms of a concussion include:
 confusion.
 a headache.
 dislike of noise or light.
 nausea.
  balance problems.
 blurred vision.
 feeling groggy.
 difficulty concentrating.
Treatment and first aid
 A cold pack can help to reduce swelling.
 People can often treat mild head injuries at home. Applying a cold pack to
the area can help to reduce swelling.
 A person can also take Tylenol but should avoid non-steroidal anti-
inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen and aspirin, unless a
doctor prescribes them.
 In the first 24 hours after a mild head injury, a person should ask someone
to check on them regularly.
 If a person loses consciousness or shows signs of confusion or memory
loss, it is vital to see a doctor.
 A person should avoid using drugs or alcohol, driving, or playing contact
sports after a head injury. They may need to take time off work or school.
 Severe head injuries require immediate medical attention. Anyone who sees
someone with symptoms of a severe head injury should call 911 or their
local emergency number.
 It is best not to move a person with a severe head injury to avoid making
their injuries worse. People should also not attempt to remove a person’s
helmet if they are wearing one.
 Severe head injuries often require a stay in the hospital, surgery, or long-
term treatment.

30. Headache
Painful sensation anywhere in the head, ranging from sharp pain to mild
pain and can occur with other symptoms.

Symptoms & Signs

 Nausea.
 Vomiting.
 pain in the eyes when looking into bright lights (photophobia).
 Dizziness.
 Vertigo.
 tenderness of the scalp.
 tightness sensation in the head.
 Stroke.
Treatment The most common ways of treating headaches are rest and pain relief
medication.
Generic pain relief medication is available over the counter (OTC), or doctors can
prescribe preventative medication, such as tricyclic antidepressants, serotonin
receptor agonists, anti-epileptic drugs, and beta-blockers

31. Heart attack

A heart attack is the death of a segment of heart muscle caused by a loss
of blood supply. The blood is usually cut off when an artery supplying the
heart muscle is blocked by a blood clot.
Symptoms Common heart attack signs and symptoms include:
 Pressure, tightness, pain, or a squeezing or aching sensation in your chest
or arms that may spread to your neck, jaw or back.
 Nausea, indigestion, heartburn or abdominal pain.
 Shortness of breath.
 Cold sweat.
 Fatigue.
 Light-headedness or sudden dizziness.
Treatments during a heart attack Sometimes, a person who is having a heart
attack will stop breathing. In this case, cardio-pulmonary resuscitation, or CPR,
should be started immediately. This process involves:
 Manual chest compressions.
 A defibrillator.
Treatments following a heart attack Most people will need several kinds of
medications or treatments after a heart attack. The aim of these measures is to
prevent future heart attacks occurring. They may include:
 Aspirin and other antiplatelet.
 Beta blockers.
 ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme) inhibitors.
 Statins.
 Angioplasty.
 CABG or coronary artery bypass graft

32. Heart discase

Heart condition that manifests itself through diseased blood vessels, structural
problems, and blood clots.
Symptoms The symptoms of heart disease depend on which condition is
affecting an individual.
However, common symptoms include chest pain, breathlessness, and heart
palpitations. The chest pain common to many types of heart disease is known as
angina, or angina pectoris, and occurs when a part of the heart does not receive
enough oxygen.
Treatment Heart disease treatments vary by condition. For instance, if you have a
heart infection, you'll likely be given antibiotics. In general, treatment for heart
disease usually includes:
 Lifestyle changes. These include eating a low-fat and low-sodium diet,
getting at least 30 minutes of moderate exercise on most days of the week,
quitting smoking, and limiting alcohol intake.
 Medications. If lifestyle changes alone aren't enough, your doctor may
prescribe medications to control your heart disease. The type of medication
will depend on the type of heart disease.
 Medical procedures or surgery. If medications aren't enough, it's possible
your doctor will recommend specific procedures or surgery. The type of
procedure will depend on the type of heart disease and the extent of the
damage to your heart.
33. Hypoglycemia: hyperglycemia, high blood sugar
Hypoglycemia occurs when there is not enough glucose in your blood. It
usually comes on suddenly and can happen after strenuous exercise or
when you’ve waited too long to eat. Strictly speaking, you’re considered
hypoglycemic when your blood glucose levels are less than 70 mg/dl.
Symptoms If you’re not carrying around a blood testing kit, here are
some other symptoms that may indicate a hypoglycemic state:

 Sweating.
 Shakiness, dizziness, weakness.
 Anxiety.
 Rapid pulse.
 Irritability (if you’re “hangry” – ‘hungry’ and ‘angry’ – chances are your blood
sugar is low).
 Headache.
 Fatigue.
 Difficulty concentrating.
Treatment The first step in treatment is usually the consumption of a fast-acting
carbohydrate, to supply sugar to the body and fast. This can be candy, fruit juice, a
soft drink, or glucose tablets or gel. Protein should be avoided since it slows the
body’s absorption of sugar and will interfere with a quick recovery.

Hyperglycemia Unlike hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia (too much sugar in your

blood) usually occurs slowly, over the course of several hours or days. It can be
brought on by illness, infection, certain medications, too much food, not enough
insulin or exercise, or plain old stress.
Symptoms Due to its slow onset, recognizing hyperglycemia can be difficult.
Symptoms may include:
  Increased fatigue.
 Difficulty concentrating.
 Dizziness.
 Drowsiness.
 Headaches.
 Blurred vision.
 Irritability.
 Intense thirst.
 Increased urination.
 Involuntary weight loss.
 Excessive hunger.
Treatment Acute occurrences of hyperglycemia may require emergency treatment
in the form of fluid and electrolyte replacement and/or insulin therapy. Long-term,
your health care professional may recommend a combination of the following:

 Regular exercise as a way to control blood sugar.

 Medication as prescribed by a health care professional.
 A healthy diet that reduces the amount of sugary foods and drinks and
encourages the consumption of whole foods.
 Regular blood sugar monitoring to ensure you’re in the optimal range.
 Insulin regulation to supplement and/or adjust your insulin levels, helping to
temporarily correct a high level of sugar in the blood.
34. Hypovolemia
Hypovolemia is a decrease in the volume of blood in your body, which can be due
to blood loss or loss of body fluids.
Symptoms of hypovolemia can include dry mucous membranes, loss of skin
elasticity, and decreased urine output. As hypovolemia progresses, more serious
symptoms develop. Hypovolemia may develop gradually or occur suddenly.

Treatment Fluid intake is the treatment for hypovolemia. In the case of direct blood
loss, a blood transfusion could be necessary for severe cases. Otherwise, an
intravenous infusion may be required. The most important treatment is to correct
the underlying cause of the hypovolemia.

35. Hypoxia
Hypoxia is a condition or state in which the supply of oxygen is
insufficient for normal life functions.
Symptoms of hypoxia often include:

 shortness of breath while resting.

 severe shortness of breath after physical activity.
 decreased tolerance to physical activity.
  waking up out of breath.
 feelings of choking.
 Wheezing.
 frequent cough.
 bluish discoloration of the skin.
Treatments The best treatments for COPD-related hypoxia and hypoxemia are
those that keep the airways open and reduce inflammation. Preventing infections
can also help, as some infections reduce lung function even further.

I
36. Inflammation
Inflammation is a defence mechanism in the body. The immune
system recognizes damaged cells, irritants, and pathogens, and it
begins the healing process.
Symptoms of inflammation vary depending on whether the
reaction is acute or chronic. The effects of acute inflammation can be summed
up by the acronym PRISH. They include:
 Pain: The inflamed area is likely to be painful, especially during and after
touching. Chemicals that stimulate nerve endings are released, making the
area more sensitive.
 Redness: This occurs because the capillaries in the area are filled with more
blood than usual.
 Immobility: There may be some loss of function in the region of the
inflammation.
 Swelling: This is caused by a build-up of fluid.
 Heat.
Symptoms of chronic inflammation present in a different way. These can
include:
 Fatigue.
 Mouth sores.
 Chest pain.
 abdominal pain.
 Fever.
 Rash.
 Joint pain.
Treatment When inflammation is related to the healing process, reducing
inflammation is helpful, but it is not always necessary. However, if inflammation is
due to an autoimmune disease, treatment will depend on the specific disease and
the severity of symptoms.
 37. Insect Bite
Stings and bites from insects are common. They often result in
redness and swelling in the injured area. Sometimes a sting or bite
can cause a life-threatening allergic reaction or transmit pathogens
(viruses, bacteria or parasites, for example) to humans.
Insect Bite Symptoms The response to a sting or bite from
insects or "bugs" is variable and depends on a variety of factors. Most bites and
stings result in:
 Pain.
 Swelling.
 Redness.
 Itching.
 Blister.
Insect Bites Medical Treatmen Treatment for serious reactions to stings or bites
should be done in the emergency department. Treatment may begin with
epinephrine (subcutaneous); diphenhydramine (Benadryl) and steroids (drugs in
the cortisone family) are also usually given IV. Oral antibiotics may be given for
infected bite wounds. For seriously ill people, an IV will be started, oxygen given,
and a heart monitor used until the symptoms have improved with medications.

38. Intestinal parasites

An intestinal parasite is a condition in which a parasite infects the
gastro-intestinal tract of humans and other animals. Such parasites
can live anywhere in the body, but most prefer the intestinal wall.
Signs and symptoms Signs and symptoms depend on the type of
infection. Intestinal parasites produce a variety of symptoms in those affected,
most of which manifest themselves in gastrointestinal complications and general
weakness. Gastrointestinal conditions include inflammation of the small and/or
large intestine, diarrhea/dysentery, abdominal pains, and nausea/vomiting. These
symptoms negatively impact nutritional status, including decreased absorption of
micronutrients, loss of appetite, weight loss, and intestinal blood loss that can often
result in anaemia. It may also cause physical and mental disabilities, delayed
growth in children, and skin irritation around the anus and vulva.

Treatment Drugs are frequently used to kill parasites in the host. In earlier times,
turpentine was often used for this, but modern drugs do not poison intestinal
worms directly. Rather, anthelmintic drugs now inhibit an enzyme that is necessary
for the worm to make the substance that prevents the worm from being digested.
 39. Intoxication
Food poisoning, also called "foodborne illness," is an illness caused
by eating contaminated food. The most common causes of food
poisoning are infectious organisms — including bacteria, viruses, and
parasites — or their toxins.

Symptom The symptoms of food poisoning vary depending on the

source of the contamination. In most types of food poisoning, one or more of the
following signs and symptoms occur:
 Sickness
 Vomiting
 Liquid or bloody diarrhea
 Abdominal pain and cramps
 Fever
Signs and symptoms can start hours after eating the contaminated food, or they
can start days or even weeks later. The nausea caused by food poisoning usually
lasts from a few hours to several days.

Treatment of food poisoning may include the following:

 Replacement of lost fluids. Fluids and electrolytes — minerals such as
sodium, potassium, and calcium, which maintain fluid balance in the body —
lost from persistent diarrhea must be replaced.
 Antibiotics. Your doctor may prescribe antibiotics if you have certain types of
bacterial food poisoning and if the symptoms are severe.

M
40. Measles
Measles, or rubeola, is a viral infection that starts in the respiratory
system. It still remains a significant cause of death worldwide, despite the
availability of a safe, effective vaccine.
Measles symptoms Symptoms of measles generally first appear within
10 to 12 days of exposure to the virus. They include:
 Cough.
 Fever.
 Runny nose.
 Red eyes.
 Sore throat.
 White spots inside the mouth.
Treatment for measles There’s no specific treatment for measles. Unlike bacterial
infections, viral infections aren’t sensitive to antibiotics. The virus and symptoms
typically disappear in about two or three weeks. There are some interventions
available for people who may have been exposed to the virus. These can help
prevent an infection or lessen its severity. They include:
 A measles vaccine, given within 72 hours of exposure.
 A dose of immune proteins called immunoglobulin, taken within six days
of exposure.

41. Mumps
Mumps is a contagious disease caused by a virus that passes from one
person to another through saliva, nasal secretions, and close personal
contact.
Symptoms of mumps usually appear within two weeks of exposure to the
virus. Flu-like symptoms may be the first to appear, including:
 Fatigue.
 Body aches.
 Headache.
 Loss of appetite.
 Low-grade fever.
Treatment for mumps Because mumps is a virus, it doesn’t respond to antibiotics
or other medications. However, you can treat the symptoms to make yourself more
comfortable while you’re sick. These include:
 Rest when you feel weak or tired.
 Take over-the-counter pain relievers, such as acetaminophen and
ibuprofen, to bring down your fever.
 Soothe swollen glands by applying ice packs.
 Drink plenty of fluids to avoid dehydration due to fever.
 Eat a soft diet of soup, yogurt, and other foods that aren’t hard to chew
(chewing may be painful when your glands are swollen).
 Avoid acidic foods and beverages that may cause more pain in your salivary
glands.

N
42. Naematoma or Hematoma
Hematoma is generally defined as a collection of blood outside of blood
vessels. Most commonly, hematomas are caused by an injury to the wall of
a blood vessel, prompting blood to seep out of the blood vessel into the
surrounding tissues.
Symptoms of a hematoma generally depend on its size and location. Pain,
swelling, redness, and disfiguring bruises are common symptoms of hematoma in
general. Some symptoms specific to the location of a hematoma are:
 Subdural hematoma symptoms: headache, neurologic problems
(weakness on one side, difficulty speaking, falling), confusion, seizures
 Epidural hematoma symptoms: back pain, weakness, loss of bowel or
bladder control
 Subungual hematoma symptoms: nail pain, nail weakness, nail loss,
disfiguring nail
 Splenic, hepatic, or peritoneal hematoma symptoms: abdominal pain,
flank pain.
Treatment for a hematoma For certain small and symptom-free hematomas no
medical treatment may be necessary. On the other hand, symptomatic hematomas
or those located in certain locations sometimes require medical or surgical
treatment.

43. Nasal congestion

Nasal congestion most commonly is the result of inflammation and
swelling of the lining tissues of the nasal passages and sinuses.
Common causes of this symptom Nasal congestion can have causes
that are not due to an underlying disease. For example, anatomical
variation, having an object stuck in the nose, or dry mucus.

Treatment The treatment of nasal congestion frequently depends on the

underlying cause. Alpha-adrenergic agonists are the first treatment of choice. They
relieve congestion by constricting the blood vessels in the nasal cavity, thus
resulting in relieved symptoms. Examples include oxymetazoline and
phenylephrine.

44. Nausea
Nausea is queasiness of the stomach, with a sensation of the urge to
vomit. Nausea is a very nonspecific symptom that can occur with a great
many numbers of diseases and conditions.
Nausea Symptoms and Signs Nausea is a feeling of unease that
frequently includes:
 An upset stomach.
 Dizziness.
 Anxiety.

Self-treatment for nausea To treat nausea at home:

 Consume only light, plain foods, such as bread and crackers.
  Avoid any foods that have strong flavours, are very sweet, or are greasy or
fried.
 Drink cold liquids.
 Avoid any activity after eating.
 Drink a cup of ginger tea.

P
45. Perspiration (sweating transpiration or diaphoresis)
Is a salty, watery fluid secreted by the sweat glands of the skin, especially
when very warm as a result of strenuous exertion; sweat.

Signs and symptoms Sweat contributes to body odor when it is

metabolized by bacteria on the skin. Medications that are used for other
treatments and diet also affect odor. Some medical conditions, such
as kidney failure and diabetic ketoacidosis, can also affect sweat odor. Areas that
produce excessive sweat usually appear pink or white, but, in severe cases, may
appear cracked, scaly, and soft

Treatment: Antiperspirant. Antiperspirants contain aluminum-based compounds

that temporarily block sweat pores, thereby reducing the amount of sweat that
reaches your skin. Deodorant. Deodorants can eliminate odor but not perspiration.
They are usually alcohol-based and make the skin acidic, making it less attractive
to bacteria. Deodorants often contain scented fragrances intended to mask odors.
If over-the-counter antiperspirants don't help control sweating, your doctor may
order a prescription for you. These are strong solutions that can cause redness,
inflammation, and itchy skin for some people.

46. Pneumonia
Pneumonia is a lung disease characterized by inflammation of the
airspaces in the lungs, most commonly due to an infection. Pneumonia
may be caused by viral infections, bacterial infections, or fungi; less
frequently by other causes.
Symptoms of pneumonia Pneumonia symptoms can be mild to life-
threatening. They can include:
 coughing that may produce phlegm (mucus).
 Fever.
 sweating or chills.
 shortness of breath that happens while doing normal activities or even
while resting.
 chest pain that’s worse when you breathe or cough.
 feelings of tiredness or fatigue.
  loss of appetite.
 nausea or vomiting.
 Headaches.
Pneumonia treatment Your treatment will depend on the type of pneumonia you
have, how severe it is, and your general health.

47. Poison
The poisoning can vary greatly depending on the type, length, quantity and
age of the person involved. While the most common exposures to poison
are personal and occur at home, other incidents include occupational and
environmental exposures.
Symptoms of Poisoning While signs and symptoms of poisoning can vary
depending on the type and other factors, there are a few common symptoms to be
aware of:
 Dizziness.
 Disorientation.
 Vomiting.
 Trouble breathing.
 Pain.
 Headaches.
 Feeling faint.
Poisoning treatment Treatment depends on the person and the type of poisoning.
In this situation, try your best to stay calm. The first step is to get away from or
remove the poison if you can. If the poison is in the air, move to a safe place with
fresh air. If the poison is on the skin, rinse it off with water and remove nearby
clothing. If the person swallowed the poison, do not try to induce vomiting. This
approach is no longer recommended.

48. Presyncope
Basically, presyncope (pre-sin-co-pee) is the sensation that you’re going
to faint. You might feel lightheaded and weak, among other symptoms,
but you don’t actually pass out. You typically feel better within a few
minutes.
Symptoms of presyncope can include:
 lightheadedness, general weakness.
 Dizziness.
 Confusion.
 tunnel vision, blurry vision.
 slurred speech.
 trouble hearing.
 Sweating.
 nausea or vomiting.
  headache.
 heart palpitations.
Treatment options If there are no identifiable medical conditions causing your
presyncope, you may not be given any treatment at all. Whether or not you’ve
experienced presyncope before, you can’t know for certain if you’re actually going
to faint or not. Even if you don’t faint, feeling dizzy and lightheaded can be
disorienting and could cause you to lose your balance. So, it’s important to sit, lie
down with your legs up, or get low to the ground until it subsides to lower your risk
of falling and getting injured. You can also squeeze your fists together to try to
raise your blood pressure.

R
49. Rash
A rash is a change of the human skin which affects its color, appearance,
or texture. A rash may be localized in one part of the body, or affect all the
skin. Rashes may cause the skin to change color, itch, become warm,
bumpy, chapped, dry, cracked or blistered, swell, and may be painful.
Symptoms of rashes include:
 Food allergy.
 Medication side effects.
 Anxiety.
 Allergies, for example to food, dyes, medicines, insect stings, metals such
as zinc or nickel; such rashes are often called hives.
 Skin contact with an irritant.
 Fungal infection, such as ringworm.
 Reaction to vaccination.
 Skin diseases such as eczema or acne.
 Exposure to sun (sunburn) or heat.
 Friction due to chafing of the skin.
 Irritation such as caused by abrasives impregnated in clothing rubbing the
skin. The cloth itself may be abrasive enough for some people.
 Secondary syphilis.
 Poor personal hygiene.
Rash Treatments Treatment for skin rashes depends on the cause it causes, and
can range from cortisone creams to oral medications. For this it is necessary to
identify all the symptoms and possible triggers and reduce the infection by trying.
 50. Runny nose
A runny nose is the body’s way of getting rid of any germs that might be
irritating or inflaming it. The nose produces clear mucus, which can turn
yellow or green after a few days.
Causes of a runny nose include:
 Acute sinusitis (sinus infection).
 Allergies.
 Chronic sinusitis.
 Churg-Strauss syndrome.
 Common cold.
 Decongestant nasal spray overuse.
 Deviated septum.
 Dry air.
 Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's granulomatosis).
 Hormonal changes.
 Influenza (flu).
Self-care Until you see your doctor, try these simple steps to relieve symptoms:
 Sniffing and swallowing or gently blowing your nose.
 Avoid known allergic triggers.
 For babies and small children, use a soft rubber suction bulb to gently
remove any secretions.

S
51. Severe allergic reaction
An allergic reaction occurs when the immune system overreacts to a
harmless substance known as an allergen. The immune system protects
the body from infections, viruses and diseases. In some people, substances
such as pollen, certain foods, latex, mold, pet dander, dust mites or insect
stings are allergens that trigger the production of antibodies called
Immunoglobulin E (IgE). These antibodies travel to cells that release
chemicals, causing symptoms most often in the nose, lungs, throat, sinuses, ears,
lining of the stomach or on the skin.
Symptoms of a mild allergic reaction can include:
 hives (itchy red spots on the skin).
 Itching.
 nasal congestion (known as rhinitis).
 Rash.
 scratchy throat.
 watery or itchy eyes.
Severe allergic reactions can cause the following symptoms:
  abdominal cramping or pain.
 pain or tightness in the chest.
 Diarrhea.
 difficulty swallowing.
 dizziness (vertigo).
 fear or anxiety.
 flushing of the face.
 nausea or vomiting.
 heart palpitations.
 swelling of the face, eyes, or tongue.
 Weakness.
 Wheezing.
 difficulty breathing.
 Unconsciousness.
Treating allergic reactions Many mild to moderate allergic reactions can be
treated at home or with OTC medications.

52. Sneeze
Sneezing (sternutation) is the act of expelling a sudden and uncontrollable burst
of air through the nose and mouth. Sneezing can occur for a variety of reasons
that have in common an irritation of the lining (mucous membranes) of the nose
or throat.
Sneezing: Symptoms & Signs
 burning, itchy, or watery eyes,
 nasal congestion or runny nose,
 sore throat,
 cough,
 fever, and.
 chills.
Self-treatment Taking some medications, such as antihistamines and
decongestants, can reduce sneezing. If sneezing is caused by an allergy, avoiding
triggers, such as pollen or animal hair, may also be helpful.

53. Sore throat

A sore throat is a sore throat, throat rash, or irritation that often worsens with
swallowing. The most common cause of a sore throat (pharyngitis) is a viral
infection, such as a cold or the flu. Sore throat caused by a virus resolves on
its own.

The symptoms of a sore throat may vary depending on the cause. Some signs
and symptoms are:
 Pain or itching sensation in the throat
  Pain that gets worse when swallowing or speaking
 Swallowing difficulty
 Pain and swelling of the nodes in the neck or jaw area
 Red and inflamed tonsils
 White spots or pus on the tonsils
 Hoarse or muffled voice

Treatment
 Analgesics are used (Aspirin, except in children, Ibuprofen and
Paracetamol).
 It is recommended not to drink cold drinks, not to speak much, not to smoke.
 Gargle with slightly salty water, lemon juice or a little honey.
 Steam with steam often improves symptoms.

If the pain does not improve or the fever continues, you should think about a
bacterial infection and you should go to your doctor to start a study to see the
possible cause, and then start antibiotic treatment.

54. Sprained ankle or wrist

A sprained ankle is an injury that occurs when you roll, twist or turn your
ankle in an awkward way. This can stretch or tear the tough bands of tissue
(ligaments) that help hold your ankle bones together.
Symptoms Signs and symptoms of a sprained ankle vary depending on the
severity of the injury. They may include:

 Pain, especially when you bear weight on the affected foot.

 Tenderness when you touch the ankle.
 Swelling.
 Bruising.
 Restricted range of motion.
 Instability in the ankle.
 Popping sensation or sound at the time of injury.
Sprained Ankle Treatment, Home treatment
 Rest keeps you from hurting the ankle again or putting stress on
inflamed tissue.
 Ice is probably the best treatment. Put it on your ankle to lower blood
flow and help with swelling, redness, and warmth.
 Compression can keep down swelling. Use an elastic bandage or wrap
until the swelling goes down.
 Elevation (keeping the injured area up as high as possible) will help
your body absorb extra fluid.
 55. Stomachache
Pain from inside the abdomen or from the external muscle wall, ranging from
level and temporary to severe, in which case requires medical attention.
Common causes of this symptom Abdominal pain can have causes that are
not due to an underlying disease. For example, constipation, gas, overeating,
stress, or muscle strain.

Self-treatment Taking an antacid or medicine to avoid gas, in addition to eating

less, can ease heartburn or gas. It is recommended to avoid aspirin, ibuprofen, and
naproxen, as these medications can worsen some types of abdominal pain.

56. Strep throat

Strep throat is a bacterial infection that causes inflammation and pain in the
throat. This common condition is caused by group A Streptococcus bacterium.
Strep throat can affect children and adults of all ages.
Strep throat symptoms The severity of strep throat can vary from person to
person. Some people experience mild symptoms, like a sore throat. Other people
have more severe symptoms, including fever and difficulty swallowing.

The common symptoms of strep throat include:

 A sudden fever, especially if it’s 101˚F (38˚C) or higher.
 A sore, red throat with white patches.
 A headache.
 Chills.
 A loss of appetite.
 Swollen lymph nodes in the neck.
 Trouble swallowing.
Strep throat treatment Because strep throat is a bacterial infection, your doctor
will prescribe an antibiotic to treat it. These medications inhibit the spread of
bacteria and infections. Several types of antibiotics are available. It’s important that
you finish your antibiotic treatment course to kill the infection completely. Some
people stop taking their medication when symptoms improve, which can trigger a
relapse. If this happens, the symptoms can return.

57. Sunburn
Is the term for red, sometimes swollen, and painful skin caused by
overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun. Sunburn can vary from
mild to severe.
Symptoms of sunburn In much more severe cases, symptoms include:
 Fever.
 Chills.
 nausea and vomiting.
  Weakness.
In extreme cases, symptoms of shock can occur, for instance:
 low blood pressure.
 Fainting.
 Extreme weakness.
How to treat sunburn
 Take frequent cool baths or showers to help relieve the pain.
 Use a moisturizer that contains aloe Vera or soy to help soothe
sunburned skin.
 Consider taking aspirin or ibuprofen to help reduce any swelling, redness
and discomfort.
 Drink extra water.
 If your skin blisters, allow the blisters to heal.

58. Swollen finger

Swelling happens when part of your body such as the organs, skin, or
muscle enlarges. It usually happens because of inflammation or fluid
buildup in the body part. Swelling can be internal or affect outer skin and
muscles. It can occur throughout the body or be localized in one specific
part.
Symptoms that may occur along with a swollen finger Finger swelling may
occur with other symptoms including:
 Bruising or other discoloration.
 Chills.
 Fatigue.
 Fever.
 Lumps or bumps along the finger.
 Numbness or tingling from nerve compression.
 Painful or tender areas.
 Pus-filled cracks or lacerations.
 Reduced range of motion or movement in a joint.
 Stiffness.
 Swollen joints.
Medical treatment
 Steroids can be used to treat swelling caused by autoimmune disorders.
They suppress the immune system and stop your body from attacking
itself. Steroids can also be used to treat gout.
 Over-the-counter non-steroid anti-inflammatory (NSAID), such as
ibuprofen, can be used to treat fingertip swelling.
 If you have a felon that has a lot of pus or doesn’t respond to antibiotics,
you may need to have it drained by a doctor.
  Felons may require antibiotics to clear the infection.
 Cancer treatment, such as chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery,
depends on the type and stage of cancer you have.
 Some trauma or injuries require medical attention. For example, if you
have a finger fracture, that will most likely require a splint, but on
occasion will require surgery.
59. Syncope
Syncope (pronounced “sin ko pea”) is the medical term for fainting or passing
out. It is caused by a temporary drop in the amount of blood that flows to the
brain. Syncope can happen if you have a sudden drop in blood pressure, a
drop in heart rate, or changes in the amount of blood in areas of your body. If
you pass out, you will likely become conscious and alert right away, but you
may be feel confused for a bit.
Symptoms of syncope The most common symptoms of syncope include:
 Blacking out.
 Feeling lightheaded.
 Falling for no reason.
 Feeling dizzy.
 Feeling drowsy or groggy.
 Fainting, especially after eating or exercising.
 Feeling unsteady or weak when standing.
 Changes in vision, such as seeing spots or having tunnel vision.
 Headaches.
Self-treatment Lying down or sitting with your head between your knees can help
prevent fainting. Tensing the leg muscles when standing can also help, but it is
recommended to avoid standing for a long time, if possible.

T
60. Tachycardia
Tachycardia is a fast or irregular heart rhythm, usually more than 100
beats per minute and as many as 400 beats per minute. At these elevated
rates, the heart is not able to efficiently pump oxygen-rich blood to your
body.
Symptoms of tachycardia include:
 Shortness of breath.
 Dizziness.
 Sudden weakness.
 Fluttering in the chest.
 Lightheadedness.
 Fainting.
Treatment Treatment options vary, depending on the cause of the condition, the
age and general health of the person with tachycardia, and other factors. The aim
of treatment is to address the cause of the tachycardia. When clinically applicable,
the doctor may try to slow the rate, prevent subsequent episodes of tachycardia,
and reduce risk complications.

61. Toothache
Pain or swelling in or around teeth, often due to tooth decay or infection.
Toothache Symptoms Toothache and jaw pain are common complaints.
There may be severe pain to pressure, or to hot or cold stimuli. The pain
may persist for longer than 15 seconds after the stimulus is removed. As
the area of inflammation increases, the pain becomes more severe. It may
radiate to the cheek, the ear, or the jaw. Other signs and symptoms that may lead
you to seek care include the following:

 Pain with chewing.

 Hot or cold sensitivity.
 Bleeding or discharge from around a tooth or gums.
 Swelling around a tooth or swelling of your jaw.
 Injury or trauma to the area.
Treating toothaches Toothaches usually require medical treatment. Home
treatment may temporarily relieve your pain while you wait for your dentist or
doctor’s appointment.

62. Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis or TB, as it’s commonly called is a contagious infection that
usually attacks your lungs. It can spread to other parts of your body, like
your brain and spine. A type of bacteria called Mycobacterium
tuberculosis causes it.
Tuberculosis Signs and Symptoms There aren’t any for latent TB. You’ll need to
get a skin or blood test to find out whether you have it. There are usually signs if
you have active TB disease. They include:
 A cough that lasts more than 3 weeks.
 Chest pain.
 Coughing up blood.
 Feeling tired all the time.
 Night sweats.
 Chills.
 Fever.
 Loss of appetite.
 Weight loss.
Tuberculosis Treatment Your treatment will depend on whether you have latent
TB or active TB.
 If you have latent TB, your doctor will probably give you medications to kill
the bacteria so you don’t develop active TB. If you start to see any of the
symptoms of active TB, call your doctor right away.
 Your doctor will treat active TB with a combination of medications. You’ll
take them for 6 to 12 months.
Whether you have latent or active TB, it’s important to finish taking all of your
medications, even if you feel better after starting them

V
63. Vertigo
Is the sense of the world spinning, rotating, or rocking that is experienced
even when a person is holding perfectly still. Some patients use the term
vertigo interchangeably with dizziness to describe a variety of symptoms,
ranging from balance disorders and difficulty with walking to motion
sickness or lightheadedness.
Symptoms A person with vertigo will feel as though their head or the space
around them is moving or spinning. Vertigo is a symptom, but it can lead to or
occur alongside other symptoms, too.

These may include:

 balance problems.
 Lightheadedness.
 a sense of motion sickness.
 nausea and vomiting.
 ringing in the ear, called tinnitus.
 a feeling of fullness in the ear.
 Headaches.
 nystagmus, in which the eyes move uncontrollably, usually from side to
side.
Treatment Some types of vertigo resolve without treatment, but a person may
need treatment for an underlying problem. A doctor may, for example, prescribe
antibiotics for a bacterial infection or antiviral drugs for shingles. Medications are
available that can relieve some symptoms. These drugs include antihistamines and
anti-emetics to reduce motion sickness and nausea.

64. Vomiting
Vomiting, along with nausea, is a symptom of an underlying disease
rather than a specific illness itself. Emesis is the medical term for
vomiting. Vomiting is the forcible emptying of the stomach in which the stomach
has to overcome the pressures that are normally in place to keep food and
secretions within the stomach.

Symptoms Nausea and vomiting commonly occur in those with infections ranging
from influenza to gastroenteritis. Symptoms that occur with nausea and vomiting
include:

 Abdominal pain.
 Diarrhea.
 Fever.
 Lightheadedness.
 Vertigo.
 Rapid pulse.
 Excessive sweating.
 Dry mouth.
 Decreased urination.
 Chest pain.
 Fainting.
 Confusion.
 Excessive sleepiness.
 Vomiting blood.
Treatment Treatment for nausea and vomiting depends on the underlying cause.
Treatment for vomiting may include plenty of fluids, a clear liquid diet to rest the
stomach, and medications to control nausea. Severe dehydration caused by
vomiting may require treatment with intravenous fluids.