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MEMBRANE STRUCTURE
INTRODUCTION
Ample evidence has been brought forward in changes in chloroplast membranes is still undeter-
recent years to demonstrate, both in vitro (1-9) mined .
and in vivo (10-13), the conditions under which This investigation was undertaken to elucidate
light-induced proton and ion transport across the the sequence of steps by which changes in hydrogen
chloroplast membrane leads to reversible changes gradients alter the gross morphology of the chloro-
in the volume and configuration of these organel- plast membrane system . Our preliminary investi-
les. Dilley and Vernon (2), Deamer, Crofts, and gations (14) have revealed that changes in the
Packer (4), and Crofts, Deamer, and Packer (5) thickness of the thylakoid membrane are caused
have suggested that changes in distribution of by the action of light and accompany the estab-
hydrogen ions generated by light reactions of lishment of hydrogen gradients . This contraction
chloroplasts play a central role in controlling the of the membrane is distinct from the more com-
morphological changes following illumination, monly recognized "flattening" of the chloroplasts .
although the precise mechanism whereby changes In order to clarify the nature of these microstruc-
in hydrogen ions bring about the morphological tural changes, we initiated the present studies
332 THE JOURNAL OF CELL BIOLOGY . VOLUME 47, 1970 • pages 332-351
SATORU MtTRAKAMI ANn LESTER PACKER Protonation and Chloroplast Membrane Structure 333
osmium tetroxide in 50 mm phosphate buffer, pH electron microscope negatives (X 20,000) by micro-
7 .4, and then washed with this buffer, dehydrated beam on the double-beam Microdensitometer MK
with ethanol, and embedded in Epon-Araldite IIIC (Joyce Loeble & Co ., Inc ., Burlington, Mass.)
mixture (16) as modified by Johnson and Porter and recorded on the chart paper at 50 times ex-
(17) . Sections were observed in an EMU-3H (RCA) pansion . The size of the microbeam used was about
or Elmiskop I (Siemens) electron microscope with- 50 p., which is small enough to resolve the thickness
out poststaining by heavy metal compounds . and spacing of the membranes even when they
become tightly packed, because (a) the width of
Dimension of Membranes the grana on the electron microscope negative is
200-300 p. and (b) the interspace or clear zone
Thickness and spacing of membranes were esti- between two adjacent membranes is more than 80 µ
mated by two methods : (a) direct measurement on at 50 times expansion . Measurement of half-width
enlarged photographs at a final magnification of of the peak was done by extrapolating the slope of
200,000 by using a magnifier equipped with micro- the tracing to the background level as shown in
scale and (b) microdensitometry tracing of electron Figs . 6, 10, 12, and 15 .
microscope negatives . In order to obtain measure-
ments closest to real dimensions, certain precautions RESULTS
were taken . The grana portion of the membrane
180
ç
m 160
o
u
H
-`c 140
01
o
O
U
120
100
C
100
o
N
E
1J,
80
C
o
H
60 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Minutes
FIGURE 1 Kinetics of light-induced 90° light scattering and transmission changes of isolated spinach
chloroplasts accompanying photoshrinkage in a sodium acetate medium . Other conditions as in Methods .
100
•
100µg chlorophyll
•
ô
20
O
o
o' 1
6 8 10 12 14 16
PMA (heM)
FIGURE û Effect of PMA concentration on the light scattering response of illuminated chloroplasts .
Chloroplasts suspended in 7 .0 ml of 50 mm Tris-HCI, pH 8 .0, containing 175 mat NaCl and 15 'Um PMS
were illuminated by actinic red light and, after 1 min, PMA was added to the incubation at varied con-
TABLE I
PMA Uptake by Chloroplast Membranes
PMA bound
Experiments
Incubation 1 2 3 Average
ms moles/mg chlorophyll
Light-induced chloroplast shrinkage is enhanced Light scattering and transmission changes were
by organic mercurial PMA, which has been examined simultaneously in chloroplasts sus-
studied by Siegenthaler and Packer (18) and pended in the sodium chloride-PMA medium and
Siegenthaler (19) . It provides a useful system for were found to be parallel to one another after
examining light-induced changes in chloroplast illumination . When the dithiol dithioerythritol
structure . Fig . 2 shows the relation between PMA (DTE) is added to chloroplasts in an amount
concentration and the magnitude of the light- which exceeds, on a stoichiometric basis (see Table
induced light scattering increments observed in II and Fig . 3), the quantity of PMA present, then
chloroplasts suspended in sodium chloride-PMA the light-induced changes are reversed, even under
medium . Maximal photoshrinkage is induced by the conditions of continuous illumination . Changes
10 Am PMA or less, under usual conditions of occur immediately upon the addition of DTE in
chlorophyll concentration in in vitro experiments . both light scattering (decrease) and transmission
The enhanced photoshrinkage can be correlated (increase) . However, light scattering decrease
with the amount of membrane-bound PMA as reaches a steady state but the transmission change
seen in Table I . Upon illumination, an increase continues . This difference in kinetics of light-
in the extent of PMA binding occurs which falls scattering and transmission is also seen upon ad-
by about 50% when the light is removed . dition of PMA to chloroplasts under continued
SATORU MURAKAMI AND LESTER PACKER Protonation and Chloroplast Membrane Structure 335
TABLE II
Reversal of Light-Induced Light Scattering and Transmission Changes of Chloroplasts by DTE
Inhibition by Inhibition by
PMA DTE Increase t''2 DTE Decrease tt/2 DTE
0 0 12 3
0 20 11 3
10 0 84 48 21 40
10 2 .5 84 60 None 22 45 None
10 5 10 Complete 3 Complete
20 0 103 40 25 35
20 5 102 55 None 24 45 None
20 10 11 Complete 4 Complete
20 20 13 Complete 4 Complete
DTE
5 µMl 1 5µM
FIGURE 3 Effect of DTE on light-induced 90° light scattering and transmission changes of chloroplasts .
Conditions : sodium chloride-PMA medium ; at the points indicated, 10 µM DTE and 20 µM PMA were
added to the incubation during illumination .
337
illumination . Hence the parameters which are pearance . Although the organization of the
being measured by light scattering and transmis- chloroplasts seems unchanged by photoshrinkage,
sion changes are not identical . Various theoretical a tighter ordering of the membranes in the grana
(20, 21) and experimental (14, 21, 23) studies, region occurs . These samples were subjected, as
especially from Shibata's laboratory (22, 36), sug- shown in Fig . 6, to analysis by microdensitometry
gested that light scattering changes appear to which revealed that a decreased thickness of the
measure not only volume changes, but also micro- membranes had occurred upon illumination . This
structural changes occurring within the membrane surprising finding led us to undertake a more de-
itself. tailed study .
The changes which occur in grana membranes
Electron Microscopy and Microdensitometry under different light conditions are shown in Fig .
6 . The microdensitometric tracings clearly reveal
The ultrastructural changes observed upon il-
the reversible decrease in the spacing of 32% and
luminating chloroplasts in sodium chloride-PMA
thickness of 21 % upon illumination, when the
medium are shown in Fig . 4 . Chloroplasts are
dimensions are taken as 100% in the dark .
devoid of outer membranes but have a relatively
The presence of repetitive structures in grana
intact inner membrane system where grana mem-
in assigning these accurately . The data, neverthe- which it was brought about, could cause similar
less, indicate that all thylakoid membranes within changes? Chloroplasts suspended in the presence of
the chloroplasts probably undergo the same weak acid anion solutions like sodium acetate and
changes upon illumination . illuminated (as in Fig. 1) show the spacing and
It was next decided to investigate whether the thickness changes as shown in Fig . 9 . The thickness
kinetics of light scattering and transmission decreased by 13 0/0 and the spacing changes by
changes could be correlated with the thickness 27% when the chloroplasts were illuminated (Fig .
and spacing changes . The results are presented in 10) .
Fig . 8 . These studies were made possible by the PH TITRATION STUDIES : Examination of
use of the glutaraldehyde technique (6) to rapidly the ultrastructural changes at different pH's was
stop changes in structure during the actual course of interest since it is known that light scattering of
of the experiment . The thickness and spacing of chloroplasts is enhanced by lowering the pH of the
the grana membranes, using microdensitometry medium (2, 4, 25) . When chloroplasts in 100 mm
and measurements on enlarged photographs, gave NaCl solution were titrated in the dark with 0 .05
similar results . Hence within the limits of error of N HCl, light scattering increased on lowering the
the measurements, thickness and spacing changes pH below 6, reaching a maximal level at pH 4,
follow closely upon the corresponding photometric and then it decreased abruptly beyond pH 3 .8 .
tracings . The results further show that the thick- Light scattering increment induced by acidifica-
ness changes more nearly correlate with the kine- tion of the suspension was reversed by realkalini-
tics of light scattering responses and that the zation with 0.05 N NaOH, though the backtitra-
spacing changes are more nearly reflected by tion curve did not exactly follow the forward-acid
kinetics of transmission changes . titration curve and shifted slightly towards the
The question was now asked whether shrinkage higher pH side . Samples for electron microscopy
of chloroplast, regardless of the mechanism by were taken from the suspension at pH 7 .7 (before
SATORU MURAKAMI AND LESTER PACKER Protonation and Chloroplast Membrane Structure 339
(%)
200 TRANSMISSION
2OiiM
PMA (%)
150 100
QQ
80
60
100
(A)
44 (A)
150 240
140
200
130
120 160
110 120
100
1mn
THICKNESS SPACING
FIGURE 8 Comparison of kinetics of photometric and ultrastructural changes of chloroplast membrane
upon illumination. Chloroplasts were incubated in 50 mm Tris-HC1, pH 8.0, containing 175 mm NaCl and
15 µn2 PMS and, as indicated, 90 µM PMA was added to the incubation . At the points indicated by verti-
cal lines chloroplasts were fixed with 0 .1 M glutaraldehyde.
FIGURE 9 Ultrastructure of chloroplast membrane system in a sodium acetate medium under different
light conditions . (A) Chloroplasts in the dark, before illumination . Both grana and intergrana thylakoids
exhibit a slightly swollen configuration . (B) Chloroplasts illuminated for 3 min . Flattening of the thyla-
koids and contraction of thylakoid membranes have occurred . X 62,800.
SATORU MURAKAMI AND LESTER PACKER Protonation and Chloroplast Membrane Structure 34 1
SATORU MURAiAMI AND LESTER PAcIcER Protonation and Chloroplast Membrane Structure 3 43
binding sites or occupancy of ANS in the mem-
brane as a consequence of illumination .
Light-induced ANS fluorescence increases in
illuminated chloroplasts in the presence of weak
acid anions (sodium acetate) or strongly dissoci-
ated ions (NaCI-PMA) show similar kinetics as
shown in Fig . 19 . In both systems the speed of the
ANS fluorescence changes upon illumination are
faster than the corresponding light scattering
changes . Furthermore, the rate of the ANS fluores-
cence responses are similar in the two conditions,
but the light scattering kinetics are dissimilar . The
half times for ANS fluorescence changes taken
from these first order plots indicate that they are
14 sec in the NaCl-PMA system and 15 sec in
sodium acetate system . These rates are consider-
SATORU MURAKAMI AND LESTER PACKER Protonation and Chloroplast Membrane Structure 345
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FIGURE 14 Ultrastructure of chloroplast membranes under hypotonie and hypertonic conditions . (A)
0 .05 M sucrose-sodium chloride medium in the dark . (B) 0 .5 sucrose-sodium chloride medium in the dark.
X 67,200.
TABLE III
(A) (A)
Light-induced shrinkage Dark -, light --o dark Dark --> light --o dark
NaCl-PMA 131 f 10 104±6 130±9 212 f8 144±9 214±4
Sodium acetate 129 ± 9 112 ± 10 196 ± 4 144 ± 3
Osmotic shrinkage
0 .05 M sucrose-NaCl 130 =L 8 252 ± 26
0 .5 m sucrose-NaCl 125 ± 7 172 ± 5
B
au
s
°-' 50
0
O
o•
0 1 1_ 1 I 1 1
1 .32 1 .36 1 .40 1 .44 1 .48
the thickness of the membrane in a reversible changes can be satisfactorily accounted for by a
fashion if back titration is instituted . Changes in prior protonation.
internal structure of the membranes monitored by Three considerations suggest that a study of
light scattering are correlated closely with the fixed charges on the chloroplast membrane war-
protonation of the membranes between pH 7 .0 and rants further investigation .
4 .5 . (c) Changes in ANS fluorescence by chloro- The first is that light-induced ANS fluorescence
plast membranes have been shown to occur at a intensity changes are retained in glutaraldehyde-
faster rate than light scattering changes and to be fixed chloroplasts . Hence, changes in microstruc-
pH dependent . In both of these instances the ture of the membrane can occur independent of
SATORU MURAKAMI AND LESTER PACKER Protonation and Chloroplast Membrane Structure 347
20MM
ô PMA Unfixed
200 chloroplast
ô 120
Q)
a)
a u
150 a) Fixed
h 100 - chloroplast
S
rn ON
J 0
i
o 100 s•
V)
o. Z
Q
0 _
i 1 min
100µg
2
a. ANS
H* added (µeq)
FIGURE 17 Comparison of 90 ° light scattering with
pH and protonation of the chloroplast membrane .
Chloroplasts containing 200 µg chlorophyll were sus-
pended in 7 .5 ml of 100 mm sodium chloride and titrated
with 0.05 N HCl in the dark . (A) 90 ° light scattering .
(B) pH changes . (C) protonation . Hydrogen ion con-
centrations were calculated from pH values measured
for both chloroplast suspension and suspending medium,
and the difference between these two values was taken
as the amount of proton uptake .
V)
so! dispersion techniques . Their results suggest that
Z J protonation of carboxyl groups causes aggregation
Q in acid solution . Also, Sun (35) has shown that the
100 100
Configurational and Gross
Morphological Changes
HCI or KCI added (µmoles)
Illumination of chloroplasts in the presence of
FtcuRE 20 Effect of H+ and K+ on 90 ° light scatter- weak acid anions (5, 27, 28) or the NaCl-PMA
ing and ANS fluorescence intensity of chloroplasts . system (14, 18, 19) results in their flattening or
Spinach chloroplasts were incubated in 100 mnz sodium
decrease of volume . This change decreases the
chloride, and 90 ° light scattering and ANS fluorescence
spacing between grana membranes, as is particu-
were titrated with 0 .05 N HO or 0 .05 x KC1 as de-
larly clearly revealed byamicrodensitometry studies
scribed in Methods.
reported herein and by related low angle X-ray
scattering studies . Comparison of the kinetics of
charges, expulsion of water, and neutralization of changes in membrane structure and photometric
the phospholipids . parameters (Figs . 3, 8) further shows that these
The second reason is that pH titration studies spacing changes are best correlated with changes
suggest that protonation is affecting only certain in transmission, which is known to most closely
fixed charges, such as carboxyl groups, on the correlate with volume changes . Therefore, it is
membrane . In support of this, it is found that the reasonable to assume an osmotic basis for the
buffer capacity of the membrane between pH 4 .5 observed spacing changes . Hence, the initial
and 7 is roughly equivalent to 4 .5 µeq protons per osmolarity of the medium in which chloroplasts
mg of chlorophyll . A similar value was reported by are suspended would be expected to play a signifi-
Deamer et al . (3) . This value for the buffer capa- cant role in determining the magnitude of spacing
city of the membrane would most nearly correlate changes . Deamer and Packer (29), by employing
with the neutralization of ß and y carboxyl and a special rapid centrifugation technique, have
imidazole groups of protein and secondary phos- demonstrated by isotopic analysis some quantita-
phate groups of lipids as being the most likely tive and qualitative aspects of anion transport that
negative charges neutralized by the protonation are commensurate with explaining volume (size)
process, since their pK values (30, 31) are in the and configuration (shape) changes upon an osmo-
pH range at which protonation occurred . Partici- tic basis .
SATORIJ MURAKAMt AND LESTER PACKER Protonation and Chloroplast Membrane Structure 349
THYLAKOID MEMBRANE METHODS
(Thickness) (Spacing)
Light
Dark
Dark
Alkalinization
H 2 O"
R _ ,-,,,
Light
Changes in
conformation
Dehydration -> H 2 O
and interaction
of molecules ANS
Cfluor .
Increase of
(INSIDE) by drophobicity (OUTSIDE)
1
Decrease of
membrane thickness
and increase
of refractive index
The authors are grateful to Miss Susan Tinsley for dark (expanded) and in illuminated (contracted)
expert technical assistance with the electron micros- conditions the spacing changes as observed by low
copy, facilities for which were generously provided angle X-ray scattering . Preliminary results indicate
in the laboratories of the Veterans Administration that a change from 180 to 167 A occurs after il-
Hospital, Martinez, California, and to Professor lumination of chloroplasts in a sodium chloride-
Daniel Branton for use of his microdensitometry PMA medium .
apparatus . Dr . Murakami is on leave from the Department of
In collaboration with Doctors V . Luzzati and T. Biology, University of Tokyo, Komaba, Tokyo .
Gulik-Krzywicki (unpublished results), we have This research was supported by the National
studied in glutaraldehyde-fixed chloroplasts in the Science Foundation (GB-7541) .
Received for publication 6 November 1969, and in revised 18 . SIEGENTHALER, P . A ., and L . PACKER . 1965 .
form 27 January, 1970 . Plant Physiol . 40 :785 .
19 . SIEGENTHALER, P . A . 1966 . Physiol. Plant . 19 :437 .
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Arch . Biochem . Biophys. 107 :109 . 1969 . Arch . Biochem . Biophys . 135 :109.
2 . DILLEY, R . A ., and L . P. VERNON . 1965 . Arch. 22 . YAMASHITA, K ., M . ITOH, and K. SHIBATA .
Biochem. Biophys . 111 :365 . 1968 . Biochim . Biophys . Acta . 162 :610.
3 . DILLEY, R . A ., R . B . PARK, and D. BRANTON . 23 . MUKOHATA, Y. 1966 . Annu . Rep . Biol. Works,
1967 . Photochem. Photobiol . 6 :407 . Fac . Sci. Osaka Univ . 14 :121 .
4 . DEAMER, D . W., A. R. CROFTS, and L. PACKER . 24 . WEAST, R. C ., and S. M . SELBY. 1966 . In Hand-
1967. Biochim . Biophys . Acta . 131 :81 . book of Chemistry and Physics . Chemical
5 . CROFTS, A . R., D . W . DEAMER, and L. PACKER . Rubber Company Cleveland, Oh . E 154.
1967. Biochim . Biophys . Acta . 131 :97. 25 . MUKOHATA, Y., M . MITSUDO, and T. ISEMURA .
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SATORU MURAKAMI AND LESTER PACKER Protonation and Chloroplast Membrane Structure 35 1