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UV PHYSICS ACADEMY
1. Degree of Freedom, Constraints, Lagrangian Dynamics
4. Exp: dof 2 (r , )
1
6. Exp: L m( x 2 y 2 ) mgy; x A cos , y sin
2
1 1
8. Exp: M ( x,0) m ( x b sin , b cos ); L TV mx 2 m x b 22 2bx cos mgb cos
2 2
1
9.
Exp: T m x 2 y 2 ,V mgy
2
1 1
10. Exp: v 2 x 2 l 2 2 2lx cos , Here x at 2 ; x at v 2 a 2t 2 l 2 2 2lat cos T mv 2 ,V mgl cos
2 2
11. Exp: No. of normal modes of small oscillations is equal to the no.of degree of freedom.
1
12. Exp: v 2 r2 r 2 2 , Here t ;T m r2 r 2 2 & V mgr sin mgr sin( t )
2
d L L L L
13. Exp: 0& mr, mr 2 mg sin( t )
dt r r
r r
V V d V V
16. Exp: V 1 q 2 2 q & 0 F F 2q
q q dt q q
1 d L L d mga
17. Exp: L I2 mga cos 0 I mga sin 0 I mga sin
.
2 dt dt I
GMm
18. Exp: PE Attractive .L T V
r
d V V V 2(1 q ) V 1 2 2(1 q ) 2
19. Exp: Generalized force F ; ; ; F 3 q 3
dt q q q q3 q q 2 q q3 q
1 1 L L d L L d
20. Exp: L q 2 qq q 2 ; q q and q q; 0 (q q) (q q ) 0
2 2
q q dt q q dt
q q q q 0; q q (SHM )
2.Lagrangian Dynamics
1. Exp: V F .dr k / 2r 2
2. Exp: Equation of motion m ax by k ax by and m bx cy k bx cy
a b
x a b x
m
b c
y
k mx kx and my ky (2 D Harmonic oscillator )
b c y
d U U
5. Exp: Fr
dt r r
1 1
Exp: Trot mr 22 due to sliding ;Trot m r sin 2 (due to Rotation of the tube) V mgr cos .
2
7.
2 2
L
8. Exp: x r cos , y r sin p x mr sin , p y r cos xp y yp x mr 2 p mr 2
x2 2x 1 1 4 x2
9. Exp: y y ; T m( x 2 y 2 ) mx 2 1 2 ; V mgy L T V
l l 2 2 l
1
10. Exp: x r cos t; y r cos t ; L m( x 2 y 2 ) V
2
1 d L L
13. Exp: L m(r 2 2 r 2 sin 2 2 ) mgr cos ; 0
2 dt
1 k k 1 k
21. Exp: T m r2 r 22 ; F 2 ;V Fdr ; L T V ; L m r2 r 22 ; Equation of motion for ‘r’ is
2 r r 2 r
d L L d k k
0; mr mr 2 2 0; mr mr2 2 0
dt r r dt r r
22. Exp: x l 2 sin 2 ; x l 2 2cos 2 l 2 2 cos 2 ; y l 1 cos 2 ; y l 2sin 2 ;
1 1
T
2
2
2
m x 2 y 2 m l 2 2 2cos 2 2 l 2 4sin 2 2 2 ;
2 2
2 2
2 2
2ml 2 2cos 2 4ml 1 cos 2 8ml cos ; 2
d
dt
mr mr 2 sin 2 mg cos 0; mr mr 2 sin 2 mg cos 0; r r 2 sin 2 g cos 0
1 1 1
32.
Exp: T m x 2 z 2 ; z x 2 z 2 xx m x 2 4 x 2 x 2 mx 2 1 4 x 2 ; V mgz mgx 2
2 2 2
1 2
L T V mx 1 4 x 2 mgx 2
2
1 kr 2 1 kr 2
33. Exp: T M r2 r 22 ;V kr cos dr
cos ; L M r2 r 2 2
cos ;
2 2 2 2
d L L d
0; Mr Mr2 kr cos 0; Mr Mr2 kr cos 0
dt r r dt
0 0 0
1 1 x4 1 2
34. Exp: Workdone W Fdx mv 2 c x dx mv 2 '; c
3
mv
2 2 4 2
a a a
4
c 1 ca c 2
0 a 4 mv 2 ; v 2 ;v a
4 2 2m 2m
t
dV F F Ft F 1
35.
Exp: F F0 1 te t ; F m dt m
; dV 0 1 te t dt ;V 0 1 te t dt ; V 0 0 te t e t 1 ; dx Vdt;
m m m
0
t t t
F0 t F0 t 1 t F0t 2 F0 F
x
m m te
e 1
dt ;
2m m
te t dt 0 2
m e
t
1 dt
0 0 0
F0t 2 2 F0 Ft 2F Ft 2 F0 Ft F t2
0 2 e t 03 et 0 2 x 3
1 et 0 2 e t 1 0
2m m 3
m m m m m 2m
36. Exp: For the disk of mass m the coordinates are x b cos ; y b sin ; velocity components are
1 1 mr 2 2 1 1
x b sin , y b cos ; T m x 2 y 2 b 2 2 2bx sin 2by cos M x y MR ; V
2
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 4
=0
d L L d m2 x 3 V V
38. Exp: 0; ( x ) mx 2
2mxV 2V ( x) 0;
dt x x
dt 3 x x
dV V V V 2 V
m 2 x 2 ( x) 2mx 2
x 2mxV mx 2 2V ( x ) 0; mx mx 2V ( x) 0; mx x
dx x x x
1
39. Exp: tan z cot z cot ;T m z ;
z 2
2 2 2 2
1 1 d L L
T
2
2
m 2 2 2 cos ec 2 ;V mgz mg cot ; L m 2 2 2 cos ec 2 mg cot ;
dt
0;
m cos ec 2 m 2 mg cot 0
L d L L d
40. Exp: 0; 0; m 0
dt dt
1 1 1 1
41.
2 2 2
Exp: x r cos , y r sin ; z ar 2 ; z arr; T m r 2 r 2 2 z 2 ; T m 1 a 2r 2 r 2 r 2 2 ;V mgz mgar 2
2
1
42. Exp: Twedge Mx ; for mass m coordinates(x,y) = x z cos , z sin ; Velocity components
2
2
1
x z cos , z sin ;Tm m x 2 z 2 2 xz
cos ;Vm mgz sin
2
1
43. Exp: L mR 2 2 sin 2 2 mgR cos
2
1
44.
Exp: z x 2 y 2 xy; z 2 xx 2 yy xy yx x (2 x y ) y (2 y x);T m x 2 y 2 z 2
2
1 2 2
m x y 2 2 x y x 2 (2 y x) 2 y 2 2 xy 2 x y 2 y x ;
2
1 2 2
L m x 2 y 2 2 x y x 2 2 y x y 2 2 xy
2
(2 x y )(2 y x) mg x 2 y 2 xy
1 1
45. Exp: T mr 2 mr 2 2 ;V mgr cos
2 2
L 1
46. L; p
Exp: H xp mx 2 xx m 2 x x; H m 2 x x 2 2 x 2 x 4
x 2
1 p2
m 2 x 2 x2 x4
2 m 2 x 2
ma 22
47. Exp: x a(1 cos ), y a sin ; (1 cos )2 sin 2 mga(1 cos ).
L
2
1 2 2
L ma2 2 (1 cos ) mga(1 cos ) and S cos / 2 S sin S 2 sin / 2
2 2 4
1 1 cos
(1 cos ) 2 and S 2 cos 2 / 2 L 8ma 2 S 2 2mgas 2 .
8 2
d L L
Equation of motion 0;
dt S S
3. HAMILTONIAN DYNAMICS
p1 p2 L L
1. Exp: H q1 p1 q2 p2 L ; p1 q2 ; p2 q1
q1 q2
2
1 L p eA e ; c. If A A , Lagrangian
2. Exp: L mv 2 e.A.v e ; a. p mv eA; b. H
2 v 2m t
will change.
L 1
3. L; p
Exp: H xp mx 2 xx m 2 x x; H m 2 x x 2 2 x 2 x 4
x 2
1 p2
m 2 x 2 x 2 x4
2 m 2 x 2
L L
4. Exp: H q p L;
i i px
x
, py
y
L 1
5. Exp: p
q
e t q q pe t ; H qp 2
L pe t p e t p 2e 2 t 2 q 2
k 1 k 1 k L
6. Exp: F rˆ V F .dr k 2 dr V L T V mr 2 ; H rp
r L; pr mr;
r2 r r 2 r r
pr2 1 pr2 k
H m
m 2 m 2 r
L H p H p2 p2
7. Exp: H p L; p ml 2
; ;
p mgl sin ; H mgl 1 cos ;
p ml 2 ml 2 2ml 2
p
8. Exp: H qp L; L qp H ; q H / p; q m q p m q q
m 2 ( q q )2 1 2
q q
L qm pq mq 2 mqq m q q m q q q
2m 2
1 1 mq 2 mq 2 m m 2
mq 2 mqq mq 2 mq 2 mqq mqq mq 2 mqq q 2 q 2 2mqq q q
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
9.
Exp: T m x 2 y 2 ; x l (2 sin 2 ); x l 2 2cos 2 ; y l 2 sin 2
2
1 2 1
T ml (2 2 cos 2 ) 2 (2 sin 2 )2 ml 2 (2 ) 2 (1 cos 2 )2 sin 2 2 4ml 2 2 1 cos 2
2 2
4ml 2 2 2cos2 8ml 2 cos 2 2 ;V mgy mgl 1 cos 2
L
L T V 8ml 2 cos 2 2 mgl 1 cos 2 ; p 16ml 2 cos 2 ;
H p L
p2
8ml 2
cos 2 p2
mgl 1 cos 2
16ml 2 cos 2 (16ml 2 cos 2 )2
p2 p2
H mgl 1 cos 2 2mgl sin 2
32 ml 2 cos 2 32ml 2 cos 2
1 1 4 z 2 z 2 z 4 2
10.
2
Exp: L m 2 2 2 z 2 mgz m 2 2
a2
z 2 mgz
a
1 4 z 2 z 4 2 m
m 2 1 z 2 2 mgz 2 4 z 2 a 2 z 2 z 4 2 mgz
2 a a 2 a
L m pz a 2
pz
z a
2 4 z 2 a 2 z z z L
; H zp
m 4 z 2 a2
q2 q 4 1 2
11. Exp: p1 L / q1 q1 ; p2 L / q2 q2 1 ; q1 p2 p2 ; q2 (2 p2 p1 ) H q1 p1 q2 p2 L
2 2 3 3 3
p2 mq 2 2 H p H
12. L; H
Exp: H qp 2
pq cot t ; q 2
;p p cot t m 2 q
4m sin t 2 p 2m sin t q
L L
13. Exp: pr ; p
r
14. Exp: q H / p; p H / q
1 1 k L p
15. Exp: T m r 2 r 22 ;V k / r L m r 2 r 2 2 ; pr
mr(or )r r
2 2 r r m
L p 1 1 k H
p mr 2 (or ) 2 ; Hamiltonian H pi qi L pr r p L H pr2 p 2 ; p 0
mr 2 2mr 2
r
i
p cons tan t
16. Exp: Velocity components l, l sin ; v 2 l 22 l 2 sin 2 2 ; y 2l cos , 2l sin ; v 2 4l 2 sin 2 2
1 1
T m1 l 22 l 2 sin 2 2 m2 4l 2 sin 2 2 ;V 2(m1gl cos ) m2 g 2l cos 2(m1 m2 ) gl cos
2 2
1 1
L T V m1 l 22 l 2 sin 2 2 m2 (rl 2 sin 2 2 ) 2(m1 m2 ) gl cos
2 2
1 2 2 2 2
2
2 2 2
L m1l sin 2 m2l sin 2 m1 m2 gl cos
1 p2 p2 1 p2
H 2 2 2
2 2
2(m1 m2 ) gl cos
2 m1l m1l sin 2 4m2l sin
1 q2
18. Exp: T Li 2 ;V ;L T V
2 2c
kr 2 1
19. Exp: F kr cos ;V Fdr kr cos dr cos ;T m r2 r 2 2 ; L T V
2 2
k 1 1 k d
20. Exp: F 2 V k / r ;T m r 2 r 2 2 ; L m r2 r 22 ; mr 2 0; mr 2 constatn; r 2r 0
r 2 2 r dt
H p H
21. Exp: L p H ; ; p mgl sin
dp ml 2
p2 dL 2 p p 1
L mgl 1 cos ; mgl sin 2 p mgl sin mgl sin
2ml 2 dt 2ml 2 2ml
p g 2 p 2 p g
sin mgl sin 2
sin
l 2ml l
1 1 1
22.
Exp: y bx 2 ; y 2bxx;T m x 2 y 2 m x 2 4b 2 x 2 x 2 m 1 4b 2 x 2 x 2
2 2 2
1
V mgh mgy mgbx 2 ; L
2
m 1 4b 2 x 2 x 2 mgbx 2
H
23. Exp: q p sin q p q sin q; H L; L
qp H
qp
p
1 1 1 2
L p p sin q p 2 p sin q; L p 2 L q sin q
2 2 2
24. Exp: z A 2r r;V mgz; mgAr 2 ; L 1 m r2 r 2 2 A2 4r 2 r2 mgAr 2 L 1 m 1 4 A2r 2 r2 r 2 2 mgAr 2 ;
2 2
H p p 2 b 2 2 t b 2 2 2 t kq 2
25. Exp: L qp H ; q p bqe t
p ( q bqe t ); L
2
2
q e
2
q e
2
L eB L eB eB eB eB
26. Exp: Px mx y; Py my x; mx, my px y, p y x
x 2c y 2c 2c 2c c
L m m m
28. L; p
Exp: H qp
q 2
2
2q sin 2 t q sin 2t ; H q 2 sin 2 t q 2 2 ;
2
p2 m
H cos ec 2t pq cos tt q 2 2 sin 2 t
2m 2
H H P2 p
29. Exp: , P ; H 2 mgl 1 cos ; 2 , P mgl sin
p 2ml ml
p 1 1
30. Exp: , 2
2 , p 2
ml ml ml
31.
Exp: c. ax 2 by 2 cz 2 , xp y ypx 2axy 2bxy 2 xy (b a ) 0
1 4z2 z4 2 1 m
33. Exp: T m
2 a
2
z 2
a 2
z 2
2 a
2
a 2 4 z 2 z 2 2 z 4 ;V mgz
px2 p 2y k p x2 p 2y k
kx
35. Exp: px , H p x , px , 3
2m r 2m x 2 y 2 r
36. Exp: X , Y 2q1 (2) 0 2 q2 (1) 4q1 2q2
p1 bq1 p bq1 p1 bq1
37. Exp: F1, H , q1 p1 q2 p2 aq22 bq12 1 0; F2 , H 0
q2 q2
1 1 1 q
. . 1 q2 1
4. Exp: (i ) 1 q 2 / p 2 p 1 q 2 / p 2 p 2
1 q 2 / p 2 p 2 (1 q 2 / p 2 ) (1 q 2 / p 2 )
1 q2 / p2 1
q p
tan p q sec2 p
tan p q sec2 p
(ii ) 1 tan 2 p 1
0 ( sin p ) 0 tan p
cos p
5. Exp: Jocobi identity [F, [G, S]]+[G, [S, F]]+[S, [F, G]]=0
F1 F
6. Exp: F1 qiQi ; p Qi ; P 1 qi p Qi ; P qi
qi Qi
F F 1
7. Exp: Q=1/p;P=qp2;F(q, Q) dF dq dQ; dF pdq pdQ dq qp 2dQ
q Q Q
1 q 1
dq 2 dQ dF d .q F q / Q
Q Q Q
F F F F
8. Exp: F q, P ; Q :p ; dF .dq .dp; dF pdq Qdp
p q q p
p q q q
dq dP; p 1/ Q; q PQ 2 Q 2 ; Q
q p P P
1 1
2
2 q
. pdq
2 p
. qdP ; dF 2d
P . q F 2 Pq
1/2
a b
9. Exp: ad bc
c d
q p
10. Exp:
1
1 1 q
q2 / p 2
1
q2
2 1
1
1
q
1 2
2
p 2
q p
1 2
2
1 q 2
/ p 2
1 q 2
/ p 2
p
1 q2 / p 2
p p
F qeQ e Q
11.
Exp: F q sin 1 qeQ eQ 1 q 2e2Q ; F (q, Q), p
q
sin 1 qeQ
2 Q
1 q e
2 2Q
2 1 q e
(2qe 2Q )
F sin p
P e Q 1 q 2e 2Q e Q 1 sin 2 p eQ cos p; eQ P q cot p
Q q
X y X y X y X y
12. Exp: 2q1 2 (0)(0) (2q2 )(1) (0)(0) 4 q1 2q2
q1 p1 1 q1 q2 p2 p2 q2
F F F F
13. Exp: F Q, p ; q ;P ; dF q dQ dp; dF PdQ qdp;
p Q Q p
eQ 1 2 2
q1/2
cos p
; 2eQ eQ 1 tan pdQ eQ 1 sec 2 pdp d eQ 1 tan p
F H F1 H F1 H F1 H F F F dF
14. Exp: F , H 1 0; 1 F , H 1 ; 1 0 2 0
q1 p1 p1 q1 q2 p2 p2 q2 t t t dt
dF2 F F dF
F , H 2 ; 2 0 2 0
dt t t dt
Q p q 1 Q 1 m p Q
15. Exp: q ; p 2m P p m P Q q
m 2 2 m m 2
1 p2 1 1 1 2 1 1 2
q Q m p ; H m 2 q2 ; H 1 2m 4 m P Q 2 m 2 2 2 Q m P
2 m 2m 2 4m
1 1 2 1 2
H Q m P Q m P
8m 8m
F1 q F F
16. Exp: sin t ; q sin t ; H 1 H ;
t t t
F
H1 H H 0 q, p q sin t q sin t; H 1 H 0 (q, p )
t
F p F k q2
17. Exp: F q, Q ; p
q
k q cot Q q
k
tan Q; P
Q
2
cos ec 2Q
k p2 p2
P tan 2 Q.cos ec 2 Q ; p 2 2 k P cos 2 Q; p 2 p k cos Q
2 2 2 k cos 2 Q
1 2p
q tan Q 2 p k cos Q; qp sin Q
k k
p2 p2 p2
18. Exp: H mgq; Q q te p ; H mg Q te p mgQ mgte p
2m 2m 2m
cos sin
19. Exp: 1;cos 2 sin 2 1;cos 2 1;2 2n ; n
sin cos
d
20. Exp: According to poisons theorem {f, g} is constant of motion; fg { fg , H } fg
dt t
H n /21 H n 2 n /21
22. Exp:
x1
a x12 x22 x32 2 x1;
p1 2
p1 p22 p32 2 p1
p.r p.r
p.r p x x1 p2 x2 p3 x3 ; pi xi
xi pi
p.r H p.r H n /2 n /2 dD D D
p.r , H xi pi
pi xi
n p12 p22 p32
an x12 x22 x32 dt
{D , H } ;
t t
0
i
F H F H F H F H F dF
24. Exp: F q2et ;{F , H } ; q2et {F , H } et ( q2 ); 0
q1 p1 p1 q1 q2 p2 p2 q2 t dt
LEVEL-II
2 2
1 F (t ) F F (t ) F 1 F (t ) 2
27. Exp: F m q 2
cot Q; p m q 2
cot Q; P m q ( cos ec Q);
2 m q m Q 2 m 2
F (t ) 2P F (t )
q sin Q ; p m q cot Q 2 Pm cos Q
m 2 m m 2
F F F F F P2 1
28. Exp: H 1 H ; F e t qp; e t qp; p e t P; Q e t q; H 1 H m 2Q 2 QP
t t q p t 2m 2
F1 F
29. Exp: p and P 1
q Q
Q 2m q Q 2m q p2 1
30. Exp: Q p m q, 2m P p m q p ,q Substitute p, q in H m 2 q 2
2 2m 2m 2
5. SMALL OSCILLATION
m 0 2k k 2k m 2 k k
1. Exp: T ,V
m 0 k k
2
; V T 0
k k m 2
0;
2m
3 5
2V 2V0 2V0 2 2m
2. Exp: k x 0 ;T
x 2 2 m 2 V0
m 0 2c c
3. Exp: T ,V ;
m 0 c 2c
g g k k
4. Exp: For parallel pendulum 1 , 2
l l m1 m2
V 2A
5. Exp: 0r 6
r B
v v 2v 2v
9. Exp: For stable Equilibrium 0, 0 and 0, 0
x y x 2 y 2
g
10. Exp: m1 m2 m, 1 2 ; 2 (2 2 )
U 2U 2U
11. Exp: 0 6 x 2 10 x 4 0 x 1, x 2 / 3. 2k and 2 k
x x 2 x1
x 2 x 2/3
2
U 2k m
12. Exp: Force constant = = 2k ; T 2
x 2 x 1
m 2k
2
3 3 1 3l 3
14. Exp: Centre of mass of the bar= l sin l sin 1 l cos l cos M.I of the bar = m ml 2 &
4 4 12 2 16
3 2
l g l 2
4 0
g l 2 l 2
1 2 1 2
19. Exp: V k x2 x1 k x3 x2
2 2
2
1 mL 0 1 2
20. Exp: x1 L1 , x2 L 2 ;T ; V k x2 x1 mgL 1 cos 1 2mgL 1 cos 2 ;
2 0 2
2mL 2
2
1 kL mgL kL2 2 g 3k g
V ; V T 0;1 ; 2
2 kL2 2
kL 2mgL L 2 m L
1 1 m 0 1 1 1 1 5k 2 k
21.
2
Exp: T m x12 x22 ;T 2 2 2
;V (3k ) x1 (2k )( x2 x1 ) (6k ) x2 ; V 2k
2 0 m 2 2 2 2 8k
;| V 2T | 0
k k
1 3 ; 2 2
m m
L /2 3
M 2 M L ML2 1 2
22. Exp: I 2 z2 dz 3 L 2 12 ; Ttrans 8 M x1 x2 [coordinate for center of mass of the bar
0
L
2
x1 x2 1 1 ML2 x2 x1 1
]; TRot I2
2
M x2 x1 ; Total kinetic energy
2 2 2 12 L 24
M M
1 M 1 6
T M x12 x22 x1x2 x2 x1 x12 x22 x1x2 x2 x1 ; T 3
;
8 24 2 M M
6 3
1 1 1 k 0 6k 2 2k
V kx12 kx22 ;V 2
;| V T | 0;
2
;
2 2 2 0 k M M
1 2 1 1 1 02 2 2 2
23. Exp: T
2
x y 2 2 xy
2
; T ;
2 1
V 2T 0;
2
02 2
0; 02 2 0;
2
02 2 2
0; if 1;02 2
2 0 2 2
02 ; which is impossible 1.
m 0 0 3m02 m02 0
1 1 1 1
24. Exp: T m x 2 y 2 z 2 ;T 0 m 0 ;V m02 3x 2 3 y 2 2 z 2 2 xy ; V m02
3m02 0
2 2 2 2
0 0 m 0 0 2m02
1 m 0 1 3k 0
25. Exp: T V 0
2 0 m 2 0
2 4
x x dV x x3 dV al 2 d 2V 2a 12b
26. Exp: V ( x ) a b ; 2 a 2 4b 4 ; 0 x 0; x 2 ; 2 4 x2 ;
l l dx l l dx 2b dx 2 l l
d 2V 2a 12b al 2 4a 1 a
4 2 ; f
dx 2 x2
2
al l2 l 2b l l m
2b
12
1. Exp: v is close to c, the particle is relativistic, KE ( 1)mc2 . Since v
c , the relativistic factor is
13
1 13 13 8
; So, the kinetic energy of this particle is KE ( 1)mc 2 ( 1)mc 2 E
2 5 5 5
12
1
13
2
2. Exp: E 2 P 2c 2 E02 ; E K .E E0 ; E T E0 T E0 P 2c 2 E02 ;