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Q1. Firstly, this is the first time an environmental issue has come to such prominence
in Vietnam, yet it seems that people are discussing the environmental concerns as
they cannot address the political openly?
ANSWER: The bauxite mining issue is the most prominent environmental issue to
emerge in Vietnam. It was first raised in 2008 and 2009 by environmentalists,
economists, bloggers, scientists who raised their concerns in letters and petitions to
party and state leaders. This activism is through approved channels and is quite
different from protests with a political agenda.
The bauxite issue gained prominence after General Vo Nguyen Giap raised it in three
letters to government leaders. Giap’s actions gave political cover and led to an ever
growing network of scientists, academics, intellectuals, some media, and deputies to
the National Assembly who raised this issue including a popular website devoted to
bauxite and even on Facebook (see diagram above).
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The environmental disaster in Hungary, caused by leakage of bauxite mining waste,
gave the issue a new fillip in Vietnam. A very prominent group of retired officials and
others signed a petition and the issue gained renewed prominence.
Q2. Do you think they've given the pretense of looking at people's concerns, rather
than really addressing them?
ANSWER: The government responded to the emergence of the anti‐bauxite
movement by convening a national conference so they could air their views. The
matter was discussed on the floor of the National Assembly. Some deputies raised
political issues by querying why the law requiring large projects to be submitted to
the National Assembly for scrutiny was not observed. Deputies noted the
government had broken up the bauxite project into smaller projects in order to
avoid National Assembly oversight.
It was made clear to the anti=bauxite movement that the party (both Politburo and
National Party Congress) had already made the decision to go ahead and that this
initial decision would not be reversed. The government agreed to submit an
environmental impact statement for review. In fact key leaders, such as party
Secretary General Nong Duc Manh and Prime Minister Nguyen Tan Dung had made
commitments to their Chinese counterparts. These personal commitments ensured
there was no backtracking on the decision to award the mining contract to a Chinese
company.
Q3. Why have so many prominent people made such a point of going to the media
and speaking openly about this? Someone like Duong Trung Quoc, who is retiring
and also not a Party member may be able to get away with it, but others?
ANSWER: Prominent people who have raised objections to bauxite mining have
followed approved channels. They understand there are “red lines” they cannot
cross. The bauxite issue effectively ran out of steam late last year before being
revived this year. This is a issue that brings together individuals with scientific
knowledge and those who have worked in government and are concerned over how
decisions were made.
The bauxite issue cannot be separated from an undercurrent of anti‐Chinese
sentiment that took root in late 2007 and subsequently due to Chinese assertiveness
in the South China Sea.
Q4. When discussing China and security concerns what are the specific threats a
Chinese mine could pose? Of course the Central Highlands is still a 'sensitive' area
and large numbers of Chinese workers will be deeply unpopular within Vietnam, but
after a lot of reading and local interviews few seem willing to go into the specifics.
What is your take?
ANSWER: A few hundred or even a thousand Chinese workers in the Central
Highlands do not constitute a threat to Vietnam’s national security. General Giap has
argued that the Central Highlands are a strategic area. This is thinking based on the
last war and not likely future contingencies. Anti‐China worker sentiment has
undertones of local protectionism (jobs should go to Vietnamese) and racism. In
2009 there was a momentary crackdown on Chinese workers in the highlands who
had entered Vietnam without the proper immigration documentation.
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The sensitive issues in the highlands are the displacement of ethnic minorities from
their land by the migration and resettlement of lowland Vietnamese and the
potential disastrous environmental impact if bauxite slurry seeped into the water
system and polluted the river system.
Q5. How is the Party Congress going to affect this issue, and how is this issue going
to affect the Congress?
ANSWER: All the key policy documents related to future economic development,
while not specifically mentioning bauxite mining, make it clear that Vietnam is hell
bent on industrializing and modernizing. This implies that plans for bauxite mining
will continue. A handful of delegates might raise the issue but its likely to be swept
under the carpet with references to sustainable development.
The decisions on bauxite mining can be sheeted home to Prime Minister Nguyen Tan
Dung. He bears major but not exclusive responsibility. It is one of a number of issues,
high‐speed rail, Vinashin’s near bankruptcy, managing of the economy, that will be
used by those at the congress who would like to replace Dung.