Protective Gear

GUIDE TO LEATHER
Martin Fitzpatrick's Guide to Motorcycle Leathers

How do you tell good leathers from bad ? This is a question that has been bothering me a lot of
late, and I've been taking a look into the whole thing. I've taken a bit of time and trouble to dig
up the information, and I thought someone out there might benefit from it; especially since one
thing has become clear to me - you do not always get what you pay for.
The waters are very muddied, claims and counter claims abound, and it's all pretty difficult to
make sense of. I've spent time reading magazine articles, reading sales brochures, talking to
experts and talking to a**holes. The result is an IMPRESSION of what to look for in good
leathers - feel free to agree or disagree, but do me one favour - don't confuse the issue too
much with your postings. I'll be glad to get mail about anything you want to discuss, but please
only post stuff that you think will contribute to the thread. Thanks.

Also, I see a lot of "I know better than you / No you don't / Yes I do" crap out there. In posting
this stuff I'm not trying to prove that I'm the god of leathers or some crap. I admit openly that I
know diddly-squat about the subject - I'm only posting this because if some poor sucker out
there knows less about it than me (and I fell into that category a few weeks ago), then they
might appreciate this information (I know I would have). Don't flame me for being a smartass -
I'll just get angry and you wouldn't like me when I'm angry. Also, please don't turn this into a
discussion about whether leathers are a good thing/necessity/waste of time - I have plenty of
views on that subject myself, but this is neither the time nor the place.

Okay, so I walk into a shop and they've got rows and rows of leathers. Where do I start ? Well,
there are a lot that you can just walk right by, but you probably knew that already. Anything that
looks more like a bondage jacket than a motorcycle jacket probably is what it looks like. Little
straps on the shoulders, tassels (pleeeease !), studs (you-gotta-be-kidding), distressed leather
(you would be too), zip-off sleeves (no, really I have seen it, honest), ultra-soft leather, baggy
jackets - even if you like these things, it should be obvious that these were made not to save
your skin but to make a fashion statement. Fashion statements loose some of their impact when
delivered from a hospital bed. If you really are worried about fashion and "pulling the chics" and
so on, think on this - would you French-kiss someone with a skin-graft?

Right, we've got past the Ugly, only the Good and the Bad left. How do we tell them apart ?
Have you ever seen a suit of racing leathers ? Well, here's the bad news - they're boring (apart
from the colour schemes). None of the Mad Max shoulder pads or any of that shit - just plain old
leather, and lots of it. They have almost no straps anywhere, no pockets, very few fastenings.
They also have as few seams as possible, by being constructed of only a few, large, pieces of
leather. This reduces the number of seams - seams being the weak points of a suit. Racing
leathers are also skin tight.

No, I'm not suggesting that we all run out and buy one piece racing suits. My point is that if the
leathers you're looking at look not at all like race leathers, then this probably tells you something
about their quality. Not definitely, but probably. Anything extra is probably making things worse -

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eg. straps, zippers, studs, etc - they weaken the leather and in a crash will either dig into your
flesh, or rip off, leaving your flesh rubbing along the road. Use your common sense - if it looks
silly, it probably is. Don't buy leathers with "I'm a dork" spelled out in metal studs on the back
just cos the salesman says they're great.

Okay, so I've settled on something that looks the part. Is it as good as it looks ? Close
inspection time. The easiest thing to check is just the shape of the jacket. If someone tried to
physically pull it off you, would it come off easily ? If so, it will definitely come off in a crash. The
arms should get narrower towards the wrist, to stop them sliding up your arms. The body should
be shaped to stop it riding up your torso.

Next, the zips. These should NOT be metal - they should be nylon, but good chunky ones all the
same. How do you tell what they're made of? Simple, the metal ones look like metal ! If they
don't look like metal, they probably aren't, because most makers leave the metal bare because
paint would just chip off. Any coloured zips will probably be nylon (even if the colour is black).
Another good clue is that cuff (ie. wrist) zips should be on the inside of the arm, not the outside.
If they haven't got that right, they've probably made some other mistakes as well.

Next, the stitching. Just take a good look at it. You should expect to see double stitching (ie. two
rows of stitching side by side) on all the major seams - front, shoulders, etc. Is the stitching
regular (ie. the gaps between the stitches are the same size) ? Are there any dropped stitches
(ie. the thread just goes straight for a bit where'd you'd expect a stitch to be) ? Learn to
recognise an inch - for me this is the distance from the tip of my index finger to the first knuckle.
Find a similar handy (no pun intended) measure. Count the number of stitches in an inch - there
should be more than 7 and less than 12 (usually 7-8 or 10). Too few and the stitching is too
weak - too many and the leather will be weakened by the stitching.

Now the actual construction of the leather. Easiest to check are the areas where there should
be double thickness leather. These are your "impact points" - the knees, hips/arse, elbows and
shoulders (UK arse = US ass). How do you tell if they're double thickness ? In some cases, it
looks really obvious, because an extra piece of leather is stitched onto the outside - however,
you still have to check that the it has been layed on top of the original leather, and not just sew
in (which would be very bad news). Get one hand inside and one outside. If it's double-layered,
you should be able to separate the layers a little by working at it with both hands. Also of great
importance is a quick look at how the garment has been designed. Has it been put together with
the minimum number of "panels" (the separate pieces of leather which make up the garment) -
remember : the more panels, the more seams; the more seams, the weaker the leathers. How
do you tighten/loosen them ? Are there buckles or stretch panels ? Buckles should be far
enough away from the impact points to avoid them digging into you when you meet the tarmac.
Stretch panels are generally made of a thinner leather, so they also should not be too near to
the impact points. The most important thing is actually the most difficult to work out - the
thickness of the leather. For this you'll just have to check the labels, or ask the staff. The leather
should be at LEAST 1mm thick - anything thinner is complete crap : most decent suits will have
at least 1.3mm and maybe up to 1.5mm if your lucky.

Right, now we come to the area that had me REALLY digging. Padding/Body armour.

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Everybody talks about it. If you listen to the advertising, Joe Bloggs' leathers are better than
everyone else's because they've got Protectoshite body armour. The beauty of it all is that is
that almost all of it is actually complete crap!

Looking about, I could see all these claims and counter-claims, and I knew they couldn't ALL be
true, so I did some research. Eventually I got back to what seems to me to the proverbial
horse's mouth. The guy's name is Dr Rod Woods, and he works in Cambridge, England, UK. He
has a materials testing lab where he's working on a new EC Personal Protective Equipment
Directive (EC = European Community). He seems to know what he's talking about, and he
doesn't mind talking about it - even to the likes of me. I won't tell you how to contact him
because the guy has a job to do and he won't be too pleased with me if I set the whole internet
to phoning him all the time. If you're any good at research and you WANT to, you'll be able to
find him as well.

What this guy told me was that there's only one sort of padding that's worth having, and almost
nobody uses it ! It's made of a compound call Polynorbonene (it should be 8mm thick), and it
sells (in Europe) under two trade names, Norsorex and Noene. It's a SOFT padding. The Doc
says HARD padding in a complete no-no. In the first place it doesn't absorb impact - it passes it
straight on to your body. In the second place, the rigid shape of the pad is likely to rip straight
out of the leathers, leaving your skin to get acquainted with the ground. "But", I said to the good
doctor "Surely hard pads help if the hit something sharp." "Well, it might," says he, "but
statistically speaking, that doesn't happen !" This is when we got into an involved discussion
about statistics.

Now, the following piece is based on the Good Doctor's knowledge of the statistics. Me,
personally, I don't want to argue with the guy. It seems to me that he's been in contact with most
of the major hospitals in the UK. I can't compete with that personally.

The Good Doctor tells me that, statistically speaking, you want to protect yourself from the feet
up. He tells me about this idea of a rating of the frequency with which an injury occurs (over, say
the UK in a year) and the dehabilitation caused by the injury. Turn the statistics into betting
odds, and we're talking about your chances of not being able to walk after a crash. Now, the
Good Doctor says that this rating DECREASES as you go up the body, ie.fewer people are
dehabilitated from chest injuries or back injuries than from foot injuries. Yes, I found it hard to
believe too, but he's got the st atistics ! That means, protect your feet first, then your legs, then
your body. He admits that there's a peak at the head, ie. the head causes more dehabilitation
than the body, but from there down, this rule holds.

I openly admit that this all came as news to me. I told him all sorts of scenarios - chest injuries
from upper body impact : ruptured kidneys from back impact : broken back from back impact -
he told me that statistically speaking, they just don't happen. Back injuries seldom happen to
bikers - and those that do would not be prevented by back protectors. "How so ?", I ask him.
Well, statistically speaking, all back injuries in bikers (and they're few and far between) involve
bending or twisting of the back - like when you r shoulder or chin hits the ground hard, with
resultant detrimental effects on your back. Back protector won't help there, pal. He tells me that
broken ankles are the most common injury you can imagine. Compare them to broken backs

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and you're talking mountains and molehills. Surprising stuff. Time to revise my ideas on
protection.

Okay, so what can we draw from all this. Polynorbonene is the only padding to have. I don't
know of anyone in the US supplying the stuff, and only three in the UK. Please e-mail me for
details, if you want. On the other hand, I'm sure you're going to turn round and tell me that the
stuff has been in the US for years, and how come we haven't heard of it?

The next point is very interesting - you need more protection to your feet and legs than to any
other part of the body (apart from the head). How many salespeople have you heard saying that
? "None" is my answer. So don't believe the salespeople.

So to sum up, my advice to anyone thinking about leathers would be as follows:

1. Before you do anything else, go out and buy yourself a decent pair of boots, with built-in
ankle protection. By that, I don't mean armour in the boot, what's more important is that the boot
grips the ankle so that any twisting or bending action is prevented. Take a look at a good quality
pair of mountaineering boots for an example of this. They're built specifically to protect against
this, since it's easy to break an ankle on uneven ground and it's then a big problem getting
home.
2. Then buy yourself a good pair of leather jeans, double-layered in the right places, and
padded (in the same places) with Polynorbonene (if you can find it).
3. Lastly, buy a jacket with the same double-layering and padding rules.

Right, as soon as I post this, I'm sure half the net is going to flame me, but what the hell. I wrote
it in the hope that it would be of some help to someone, and I stand by that.

Good luck with your leathers!

LEATHER

There is an excellent supplement with the current edition of What Bike? about leather jackets
and jeans. I would recommend buying the magazine.

This is an unauthorised copy of part (or all) of the original artical. I apologise for any copyright
infringement
.

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Protective Gear

The body was never designed to get hurled from a bike and land on a hard, abrasive surface
then bounce, roll, slide and hit even harder objects along the way.
Skin, muscle tissue, nerves and bone abrade, burn, tear and generally get ripped to shreds as
they're catapulted down the road.

Would you let a friend pull you down the road on your back or stomach at walking pace (three
mph) for 20 feet? No. It would be extremely painful, so why mn the risk at thirty times that speed
wearing...

Jeans
Bikers wear a leather jacket, jeans and boots (stereotypically). It looks good, it's convenient
and it's cool.

While the jacket and boots will help in an accident, the jeans will not. Denim bursts open in a
fraction of a second in the first two or so feet of sliding, exposing all your delicate parts to
damage. Padded jeans are slightly better (very slightly) - don't rely on them.

Kevlar
Kevlar-reinforced helmets, Kevlar-strengthened gloves, Kevlar suits.. new materials sound
great for advertisers and few manufacturers can resist putting just a little, low-quality Kevlar in
their products to give them that scientific-sounding edge.

It's a load of cobblers, because in protective clothing too little is used too sparsely. Kevlar can
work, but normally at least two layers of good-quality Kevlar are needed to give adequate
abrasion resistance. An average-standard Kevlar will tear open far too quickly to make it
worthwhile (see tear-time table).

When World Superbike runner James Whitham tested the abrasion resistance of Kevlar on his
knee sliders last year, the material burst open almost immediately. The leather he tested
stayed intact.

Leather
Dead cows and goats have their uses. We can eat them and then wear the skins to give us
very good protection indeed.

However, a leather suit will not prevent all injuries, especially fractures, but in many cases it will
reduce their number, nature and severity. It will also stop you being shredded by the
sharp-edged road surface. Dead cow and goat is good stuff.

But there are many unscrupulous manufacturers making sub-standard suits. Some of them
claim that because a grand prix racer wears their name, the product is good.

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That's rubbish. For a start, while you will probably buy your leathers off the peg, the GP boys
have them tailor-made from the very best hides (if they've got any sense). And the kings of the
track are also paid Ioadsamoney to advertise brand names. Just because Johnny Speed wears
a suit with Protectorama written up the side doesn't mean that the mass-market stuff is any
good. You can pay anything from #250 to more than #1000 for a suit, here's what to look out
for:

- One and two-piece suits should be manufactured with the minimum number of
load-bearing components (panels, seams, fasteners, decoration).
Decorative panels should not form part of the suit, but should be stitched over the basic
structure. The maximum number of panels for a one-piece suit are: arms, 4-6; front, 4- 10;
back, 5-10; total panels 13-26 (stretched panels not included). The reason you want few panels
of leather stitched together is simple: seams are always the weakest areas.
Leather should have good impact, abrasion and tear strength. It should be a minimurnl of
.2 tol .3mm thick. Any leather less than 1 mm thick is generally rubbish. Take a set of Vernier
calipers into the shop, pinch the leather tight between your fingers, measure the thickness,
halve it, and you've got an accurate enough guide to how thick the hide is. It should have a tear
strength of 8 to12 kg and should be smooth on the outside so it slides easier.
Leather should be full grain split and full chromed tanned (or the equivalent). Ask the sales
people what it is, if they can't tell you, it tells you enough about the shop and the gear they're
selling to go elsewhere.
Dyes should never run - they can cause cancer. If you end up with red knees and a green
crotch after a damp ride - take them back to the shop.
Secondary protection. A second layer of leather should cover the shoulders, upper arms,
forearms and elbows, bum and hips, knees and crotch seam should be reinforced.
Stretch panels may be used above the knee, back of the waist and back of the shoulders.
A cut-out may be used behind the knee.
Ventilation panels can be used on the chest, lower abdomen, inner thigh and inner arm,
and -should not decrease the perfor mance of the suit. Holes must be not less than 9ne inch
apart. A few big holes ventilate better than lots of tiny ones.
Lining should be good airtex nylon, cotton or-a polyester/cotton mix. The lining should
allow the body to breathe so that sweat can evaporate.
Seams should be well protected and~doubIe or triple stitched. Single stitching is a total no.

Thread should be low-twist, bonded monofilament polyamide (size Ticket 20) at seven or
eight stitches per inch. Very strong leather can-accept a Ticket 40 thread at 1-0 stitches per
inch. Anything over 12 per inch will weaken the leather.
Zips should be low profile, nylon, with no rough edges or raised parts. They should be well
seamed, away from impact points and have a leather protective flap behind. Metal zips are out.

Two-piece suits should be joined by a heavy-duty zip. Body armour. If the stuff is made of
the right material, it will reduce the risk of injury, but many firms use rubbish foams and claim it
will help in a crash It won't. The ONLY protective foam that should be used is called

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POLYNORBONENE, (brand name Norsorex) and should be 8mm thick. You can identify
Polynorbonene, beca-use it is black, heavy and very dense. Tests prove that Memory foam will
not help protect you.
Jackets sold with back protectors are a gimmick. Spinal protectors, like all other body
armour, will only provide soft tissue protection. They won't stop a broken back.

The Time Table

This is how quickly some materials take to hole:

Material Seconds
Denim 0.2 to 0.5
Some race gloves 0.6
Most leather gloves 1.0 to 1.8
Keprotec stretch material 0.9
Poor Kevlar 1.0
Two layers of waxed cotton1.3
1.3mm thick cow hide 3.8
Two layers of 1.3mm thick18cowhide
Three layers of 1.3mm thick
55 cowhide
Two layers of Kevlar plain5.6
weave
Suede 18
Boot leather (generally 2.2mm
20 thick)
Leather stretch panels 20.4

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