Power System Analysis

INTERNSHIP REPORT
ON
[GHORASHAL POWER STATION]
By
Adib Saiful (2014-3-80-038)

Suraiya Afroz (2014-3-80-013)
Md. Siddikur Rahman (2015-1-80-048)
Submitted to the
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Faculty of Sciences and Engineering
East West University
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

Bachelor of Science in Electrical and Electronic Engineering
(B.Sc. in EEE)
Fall, 2018
Approved By
______________ ________________
Academic Advisor Department Chairperson
Sohana Tanzeem Dr. Mohammad Mojammel Al Hakim

Undergraduate Internship Report
Authorization Page
We declare that we are the sole author of this internship report. We authorize East West
University to lend this internship report to other institutions or individuals for the purpose of
industrial attachment. We further authorize East West University to reproduce this internship
report by photocopy or other means, in total or in part, at the request of other institutions or
individuals for the purpose of industrial attachment.
Suraiya Afroz Adib Saiful Md. Siddikur Rahman
Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, EWU 2

Approval Letter



Acknowledgement
First and foremost, we want to convey our heartfelt gratitude to Almighty Allah for His help
to complete our internship successfully. We would like to thank our supervisor Sohana
Tanzeem, Senior lecturer, Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, East West
University, Bangladesh, for giving us the opportunity to do this internship report under her
supervision. We would like to mention the name of Dr. Mohammad Mojammel Al Hakim,
respectable Chairperson and Professor of the Department of Electrical & Electronic
Engineering, East West University, Bangladesh. We also want to thank the management of
Bangladesh Power Development Board for providing us with the opportunity to accomplish
our industrial training in Ghorashal PowerStation. We also thank all the engineers and
members of Ghorashal Power Station for their guidance and suggestions. We also want to
thank the director of Ghorashal Training center, Palash, Narsingdhi for providing us
opportunity. Finally we want to thank all of our teachers, friends and family for their
inspiration and cooperation throughout our whole academic life in East West University.

Executive Summary
To fulfill the large demand of electric power in Bangladesh, the Ghorashal Power Station
plays a vital role in power generation being the largest power generation station in
Bangladesh. Ghorashal Power Station, located on the Eastern bank of river Shitalakkha at
North East of Dhaka under Palash, Narsingdi district. The total capacity of the power plant is
950 MW and 350 MW combined cycle power plant is under construction which will be on
operation by the end of the year 2018.
We did our internship at Ghorashal power station from 18th April to 5th May, 2018.We visited
the whole power plant and achieved idea about generation, controlling and maintenance
process of Ghorashal power station. As it is a steam power plant, water is collected from the
river of Shitalakkha. The burning gas is supplied from Titas Gas Distribution Company to
produce steam. Then steam is supplied to the turbine to run generator and produce electricity.
There are three control rooms to control the boiler, turbine and generator. Substation is an
important part of a power station to distribute power in national grid. We visited the
substation and acquired knowledge about various equipment in substation like transformers,
bus-bars, circuit breakers, SF6 circuit breaker, lightning arresters, current transformer,
potential transformer and other equipment of the substation.
During our internship period we observed and gathered various knowledge and experiences
over the topics which we have learned inside the class room or from books. In this report we
have focused on the process which is used in Ghorashal Power Station for power generation,
various equipment which are used for switchgear protection, power distribution system and
substation.

Training Schedule
Date Subjects Time Mentor
Engr. Abdullah Bin Aziz

Generation, Transmission &
9 am
Distribution.
18.04.2018 to
Engr. Md. Niaz Morshed
(Wednesday) Thermal Diagram of 210MW 5 pm
Unit.
Engr. Md. Asraful Islam
Startup procedure of 210MW
9 am
steam turbine power plant.
to
Shut down procedure of 210MW Engr. Kartick Chandra
19.04.2018 5 pm
steam turbine power plant.
(Thursday)
Chemical plant and its control, Mr. Md. Abdul Mannan
demi water and its different stage. 9 am
20.04.2018 Gas turbine operation & to Engr. Md. Istiak Hossain
(Friday) maintenance. 5 pm
Practical visit at 4th unit Re- Engr. Jasim Uddin Khadem
21.04.2018 powering project. 9 am
(Saturday) Practical visit at 365MW CCPP. to Engr. Md. Rukanuzzaman
5 pm
CCPP, Their flow diagram and Engr. Md. Sultan Salahuddin
22.04.2018 working principle. 9 am
(Sunday) Transformer failure, their causes, to Engr. Md. Masud Rana
remedies. 5 pm
Synchronization system,
23.04.2018 condition, generation, grid 9 am Engr. Md. Delower Hossain
(Monday) voltage relation, problem and to Khalifa
solution of 210MW unit. 5 pm

Turbine rolling, synchronization,

load shearing, load reduction, Engr. Md. Aminul Haque
emergency shutdown of turbine.
Relays, their functions and Engr. Md. Sariful Islam
24.04.2018 characteristics. 9 am
(Tuesday) Generator, Exciter & Motors. to Engr. Md. Amirul Momenin
5 pm
Transmitter, controller, control Engr. Dilip Kumer Biswas
loop, control valve. 9 am
25.04.2018 Circuit breaker, Isolator, Bus bar to
(Wednesday) and Lightning arrestor, 5 pm Engr. Md. Abul Basher
Grounding. Feeder and their
functions.
Substation, Switchgear & Engr. Md. Abu Baker
protection of high voltage system. 9 am Siddique
26.04.2018 to
(Thursday) Construction and working 5 pm
Engr. Khirod Mohan Bose
principle of Boiler and its
Auxiliaries.
9 am
HFO plant and impact of IPP.
27.04.2018 to
Sustainable development goals Engr. Md. Azzizul Haque
(Friday) 5 pm
and its impact in power sector.
Basic principle of DCS and Engr. Kh. Mokammel

28.04.2018 9 am
Networking. Hossain
(Saturday) to
5 pm
Thermometer, Monometer. Engr. Md. Towhidur Rahman
30.04.2018 Discussion on power plant 9 am

Engr. Md. Enamul Haque
(Monday) Simulator at Simulator lab. to 5pm

Demonstration of gas turbine

Engr. Md. Jewel Hossain
power plant using power plant
Serazi
Simulator at Simulator lab.
03.05.2018 Different test procedure of
(Thursday) transformer and practical 9 am Engr. Abu Baker
demonstration at electrical lab. to
5 pm
04.05.2018 Different types of protection Engr. Md. Mahabubur
(Friday) system used in Boiler, Turbine 9 am Rahman
and Generator. to
5 pm
05.05.2018 Examination, Round Table
Engr. Mohammad Ali Firoz
(Saturday) conference & Evaluation. 9 am
to
5 pm

Table of Contents
Authorization Page ....................................................................................................................... 2
Approval Letter ............................................................................................................................. 3
Acknowledgement ......................................................................................................................... 6
Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................... 7
Training Schedule ......................................................................................................................... 8
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Objective of the internship ...................................................................................................... 21
1.2 Company profile ..................................................................................................................... 22
1.3 Mission and vision .................................................................................................................. 22
1.4 Production capacity................................................................................................................. 22
1.5 Future projects of Ghorashal power station ............................................................................ 23
1.6 Power generation, transmission and distribution .................................................................... 23
2. STEAM TURBINE POWER PLANT
2.1 Components of steam turbine ................................................................................................. 25
2.2 Working principle of steam turbine ........................................................................................ 25
2.3 Pumps used in steam turbine................................................................................................... 27
2.4 Circulating water pump........................................................................................................... 27
2.5 Feed water pump ..................................................................................................................... 28
2.6 Lube oil pump ......................................................................................................................... 28

2.7 Water treatment plant .............................................................................................................. 28
2.8 Production of demi-water ....................................................................................................... 29
2.9 Clarifier ................................................................................................................................... 30
2.10 Sand filter .............................................................................................................................. 30
2.11 Cation exchanger .................................................................................................................. 31
2.12 Degasifier .............................................................................................................................. 31
2.13 Anion exchanger ................................................................................................................... 32
2.14 Mixed bed exchanger ............................................................................................................ 32
2.15 Quality of de-mineralized water ........................................................................................... 33
3. BOILER
3.1 Types of boiler ........................................................................................................................ 35
3.2 Furnace .................................................................................................................................... 36
3.3 Boiler drum ............................................................................................................................. 36
3.4 Economizer ............................................................................................................................. 37
3.5 Superheater ............................................................................................................................. 37
3.6 Condenser ............................................................................................................................... 37
3.7 Induced draft fan (ID Fan) ...................................................................................................... 38
3.8 Force draft fan (FD Fan) ......................................................................................................... 39
3.9 Boiler protection ..................................................................................................................... 39

4. STEAM TURBINE
4.1 Working Principle of Steam Turbine at GPS .......................................................................... 42
4.2 Turbine parts and auxiliaries ................................................................................................... 42
4.2.1 Turbine rotor ........................................................................................................................ 42
4.2.2 Bearing ................................................................................................................................. 43
4.3 Configuration of steam turbine at GPS. .................................................................................. 44
4.3.1 High Pressure Turbine ......................................................................................................... 44
4.3.2 Intermediate Pressure Turbine ............................................................................................. 45
4.3.3 Low Pressure Turbine .......................................................................................................... 45
4.4 Condenser ............................................................................................................................... 45
4.5 Governing System ................................................................................................................... 46
4.6 Turbine Protection: ................................................................................................................. 46
4.6.1 Speed control ....................................................................................................................... 46
4.6.2 Turbine temperature and pressure control ........................................................................... 46
4.6.3 Steam temperature ............................................................................................................... 47
4.6.4 Bearing temperature ............................................................................................................. 47
4.6.5 Pressures control .................................................................................................................. 47
4.6.6 Steam turbine protection ...................................................................................................... 48
4.6.7 Steam turbine trip ................................................................................................................. 48
4.6.8 Lubricating oil protection .................................................................................................... 48

4.6.9 Bearing protection ................................................................................................................ 49
4.6.10 High vibration protection ................................................................................................... 49
5. GENERATOR
5.1 Stator ....................................................................................................................................... 50
5.2 Rotor ....................................................................................................................................... 51
5.3 Slip Rings ................................................................................................................................ 52
5.4 Carbon brush ........................................................................................................................... 52
5.5 Pole ......................................................................................................................................... 53
5.6 Excitation system of the Generator ......................................................................................... 53
5.6.1 AC or DC exciter ................................................................................................................. 54
5.6.2 Static excitation.................................................................................................................... 54
5.6.3 Brushless excitation ............................................................................................................. 55
5.7 Cooling System ....................................................................................................................... 55
5.7.1 Water cooling system ........................................................................................................... 55
5.7.2 Hydrogen cooling system .................................................................................................... 56
5.8 Synchronization ...................................................................................................................... 56
5.8.1 Synchronization of frequency .............................................................................................. 57
5.8.2 Synchronization of terminal voltage .................................................................................... 57
5.8.3 Synchronization of phase sequence ..................................................................................... 58
5.9 Generator Protection ............................................................................................................... 58

5.9.1 Phase to phase fault and phase to earth fault protection ...................................................... 58
5.9.2 Stator Earth Fault Protection ................................................................................................ 59
5.9.3 Rotor Earth Fault Protection ................................................................................................ 60
5.9.4 Loss of Field Excitation Protection...................................................................................... 61
5.9.5 Over voltage Protection ....................................................................................................... 61
5.9.6 Under voltage protection...................................................................................................... 61
5.9.7 Negative phase sequence protection .................................................................................... 62
5.9.8 Stator over heating protection .............................................................................................. 62
5.9.9 Over Frequency protection .................................................................................................. 62
5.9.10 Under Frequency Protection .............................................................................................. 63
5.9.11 Reverse power protection .................................................................................................. 63
6. COMBINED CYCLE POWER PLANT
6.1 Components of combined cycle .............................................................................................. 64
6.2 Working Principle of CCPP .................................................................................................... 65
6.3 Gas Turbine Unit..................................................................................................................... 66
6.4 Steam Turbine Unit ................................................................................................................. 67
6.5 Efficiency ................................................................................................................................ 68
6.6 CCPP of Ghorashal Power Station ......................................................................................... 68

7. SUBSTATION
7.1 List of Equipment of a substation ........................................................................................... 70
7.2 Outgoing Feeder...................................................................................................................... 71
7.3 Bus Bar.................................................................................................................................... 71
7.4 Circuit Breakers (CB) ............................................................................................................. 72
7.4.1 Types of Circuit breaker ...................................................................................................... 73
7.4.2 Oil Circuit Breaker ............................................................................................................... 73
7.4.3 Air Blast Circuit Breaker ..................................................................................................... 74
7.4.4 SF6 Circuit Breaker ............................................................................................................. 75
7.4.5 Advantages of SF6 Circuit Breakers.................................................................................... 75
7.4.6 Protective Relays ................................................................................................................. 76
7.4.7 Differential Relay................................................................................................................. 76
7.4.8 Over Current Relay .............................................................................................................. 77
7.4.9 Distance Relay ..................................................................................................................... 77
7.4.10 Master trip relay ................................................................................................................. 77
7.5 Isolator .................................................................................................................................... 77
7.5.1 Reasons for using Isolator .................................................................................................... 78
7.6 Lightning Arrester ................................................................................................................... 78
7.6.1 Types of Lightning Arrester................................................................................................. 79
7.6.2 Maintenance of Lightning Arresters .................................................................................... 79

7.7 Transformer............................................................................................................................. 79
7.7.1 Power Transformer .............................................................................................................. 80
7.7.2 Three Phase Transformer ..................................................................................................... 81
7.7.3 Auxiliary Transformer ......................................................................................................... 81
7.7.4 Coupling transformer ........................................................................................................... 82
7.7.5 Current Transformer ............................................................................................................ 82
7.7.6 Potential Transformer .......................................................................................................... 83
7.8 Battery Bank ........................................................................................................................... 83
8. CONTROL ROOM OF STEAM POWER PLANT
8.1 Unit 1 & 2 ............................................................................................................................... 84
8.2 Unit 3, 4, 5 & 6 ....................................................................................................................... 85
9. CONCLUSION
Conclusion .................................................................................................................................... 86
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................ 87
APPENDIX - I
List of Abbreviations .................................................................................................................... 86
APPENDIX - II
Activity Sheets .............................................................................................................................. 90

List of Figures
Figure 2.1: Thermal diagram of turbine. ....................................................................................... 26
Figure 2.2: Circulating Water Pump. ............................................................................................ 27
Figure 2.3: Lube oil Pump. ........................................................................................................... 28
Figure 2.4: Steps of producing Demi water .................................................................................. 29
Figure 2.5: Clarifier process. ........................................................................................................ 30
Figure 2.6: Resin. .......................................................................................................................... 31
Figure 2.7: Anion exchanger......................................................................................................... 32
Figure 3.1: Boiler in GPS. ............................................................................................................ 35
Figure 3.2: Boiler drum................................................................................................................. 36
Figure 3.3: Condenser ................................................................................................................... 38
Figure 3.4: Induced draft fan (ID Fan).......................................................................................... 38
Figure 3.5: Forced draft fan (FD Fan) .......................................................................................... 39
Figure 4.1: Steam turbine .............................................................................................................. 41
Figure 4.2: Rotor of HPC turbine at GPS. .................................................................................... 42
Figure 4.3: Rotor of IPC turbine at GPS ....................................................................................... 43
Figure 4.4: Rotor of LPC turbine at GPS. ..................................................................................... 43
Figure 4.5: Bearing of Turbine at GPS. ........................................................................................ 44
Figure 4.6: Condenser of Turbine at GPS. .................................................................................... 45
Figure 5.1: AC generator at GPS. ................................................................................................. 50
Figure 5.2: Stator. ......................................................................................................................... 51
Figure 5.3: Rotor. .......................................................................................................................... 51
Figure 5.4: Carbon brush. ............................................................................................................. 52

Figure 5.5: Cooling system of generator....................................................................................... 56
Figure 5.6: Differential protection for generator. ......................................................................... 59
Figure 5.7: Rotor earth fault protection. ....................................................................................... 60
Figure 6.1: Schematic of working principle of ccpp..................................................................... 66
Figure 6.2: Unit 7 (CCPP) under experimental operaton. ............................................................ 68
Figure 6.3: Repowering project unit 3 (CCPP) under construction. ............................................. 69
Figure 7.1: Substation of GPS. ..................................................................................................... 70
Figure 7.2: Bus-bar at GPS. .......................................................................................................... 72
Figure 7.3: Circuit breaker at GPS. ............................................................................................... 73
Figure 7.4: Oil circuit breaker at GPS. ......................................................................................... 74
Figure 7.5: Air Blast Circuit Breaker. ........................................................................................... 74
Figure 7.6: SF6 Circuit Breaker. ................................................................................................... 75
Figure 7.7: Isolator. ....................................................................................................................... 78
Figure 7.8: Lightning Arrester. ..................................................................................................... 79
Figure 7.9: Transformer at GPS. ................................................................................................... 80
Figure 7.10: Power Transformer at GPS....................................................................................... 81
Figure 7.11: Current transformer. ................................................................................................. 82
Figure 7.12: Potential transformer. ............................................................................................... 83
Figure 7.13: Battery bank in the sub-station. ................................................................................ 83
Figure 8.1: Control desk at control room. ..................................................................................... 84
Figure 8.2: Control monitor at control room ................................................................................ 85

List of Tables
Table 1.1: Description of Power Generating Unit of Ghorashal power station ............................ 23
Table 3.1: Rating of the boilers in Ghorashal power station ........................................................ 34
Table 3.2: The protection system of Boiler. ................................................................................. 40

CHAPTER 1
Introduction
Electricity is the driving force of a nation. The growth of the economy is mostly dependent on
power generation sector. Ghorashal power station (GPS) is one of the important and largest
power stations of our country situated in Ghorashal, Palash, Narsingdi near Dhaka. The total
capacity of the Ghorashal power station is 950MW which is generated by six units. Other two
large units are also under experimental operation and under construction. We got the
opportunity of doing our internship at Ghorashal power station. Our internship duration was
from 18th April, 2018 to 7th May 2018. During this time, we have achieved practical
knowledge about power generation, transmission and distribution. We also gathered
theoretical knowledge in our training session and by observing Ghorashal power station we
got a clear concept about the industrial environment of power generation units, switchgear
protection and substation. Theoretical classes were held on Ghorashal Training Center and the
practical visit were on different units of Ghorashal Power Station. In this chapter we will
discuss about the objective of our internship, company profile, mission and vision, production
capacity, power generation, transmission and distribution.
1.1 Objective of the internship
Internship/thesis/project is a core requirement for fulfilling the requirement of completing

graduation under EEE discipline. The main objective of this internship is to fulfill the
requirement for EEE-499 course and gathering practical and theoretical knowledge about
power station. Main objective of the internship is to relate the theoretical knowledge that we
learn from various courses at university with practical environment of an industry. Another
objective is to learn about the working principle of a power station, generation, transmission
and distribution. Gathering knowledge about its control and protection. Another objective of
the internship is to gather industrial experience before completing graduation as a fresh
graduate.

1.2 Company profile
Ghorashal power station is one of the largest power station of Bangladesh and it was
established to meet the raising power needs of the newly born nation Bangladesh in 1974. It
was established and monitored by Bangladesh Power Development Board (BPDB). The type
of the power station is thermally accelerated. The more appropriate name of the power station
is Ghorashal Thermal Power Station. Now its production capacity is 950 MW. It is the great
contribution of power sector in Bangladesh. It has six units. From first and second units the
production capacity is 110 MW. From others units the production capacity is 840 MW. It also
has other two large combined cycle power plant (365 MW & 409 MW)[1], one under
experimental observation and another one under construction. 1200 regular manpower are
available at Ghorashal power station. There is also a large number of foreign experts working
on regular or seasonal basis.
1.3 Mission and vision
The mission of Ghorashal power station is to generate electric power which has reliability to
the people to whom they are supplying the power. Following the international standards by
empowering the staff, utilizing and follow up the new technology and managing the adequate
resources Ghorashal Power Station is a part of meeting the challenge of providing electricity
to the 100% population of the country. The vision is to be pioneer and excellent in the field of
generating electrical power at national area. Contributing in human, social and economic
development in Bangladesh is another vision of the power station.
1.4 Production capacity
Ghorashal power station has six generation units. First two unit has production capacity 55
MW each and others four units has production capacity 210 MW each. All the units have been
installed by a Technoprom export, Russia. Russian technology is used in this power station.

Table 1.1: Description of Power Generating Unit of Ghorashal power station
Unit no. Date of Type of Installed Generating Present

commissioning Turbine capacity Voltage status
(KV)
Unit-1 16.06.1974 Steam 55 10.50 Running
Unit-6 30.01.1999 Steam 210 15.75 Under
repairing
Here is a table with the generation capacity, type of turbine, generating voltage, and date of
installation and present status of different turbines of Ghorashal Power Station. It has a
combined cycle power plant which is under experimental operation with 363MW capacity
(254 MW power from gas turbine and 109 MW power from steam turbine).
1.5 Future projects of Ghorashal power station
Ghorashal power station is installing a new CCPP by the steam turbine of unit 3 which is
known as repowering project unit 3. This unit is being installed by General Electric Company
(GE)[1]. The project calls for repowering the existing 210 MW Power Machines (LMZ 200)
steam turbine which is run by a gas-fired boiler by transforming it into a combined cycle
power plant. The repowering will be achieved by installing a gas turbine and a heat recovery
steam generator (HRSG) to generate an efficient 409 MW in combined cycle mode.
1.6 Power generation, transmission and distribution
Ghorashal Power Station supplies their generated voltages to national grid by both 132 KV
and 230 KV lines. Ghorashal Power Station has 6 generating units. Generated voltage of unit
1 and 2 is 10.5 KV and for unit 3, 4, 5, 6 the generated voltage is 15.75 KV. This generated
voltage is increased by step up transformer. The transmission line voltage for 55 MW unit is

132 KV and for 210 MW unit it is 230 KV. They also use auto transformer between 132KV
and 230 KV lines. Distribution voltage is 33 KV, 11KV, 0.4KV and 230V.

CHAPTER 2
Steam turbine power plant
A generating station which converts heat energy of coal combustion into electrical energy is
known as a steam power station. Basically it works on the ranking cycle. Steam is produced in
the boiler by utilizing the heat of coal combustion. The steam is then expanded in the steam
turbine and the steam turbine drives the generators which convert mechanical energy of the
turbine into electrical energy.
2.1 Components of steam turbine
The major component of steam turbine is given bellow:

1. Boiler
2. Steam turbine
3. Super heater
4. Economizer
5. Condenser
6. Boiler furnace
7. Pumps
8. Safety valve
9. Pressure gear
10. Chimney
11. Generator
12. Heat exchanger
2.2 Working principle of steam turbine
Water is collected from the river using circulating water pump and send it into the water
treatment plant. From water treatment plant demi-water is produced by using several steps
and send into the boiler drum by using feed water pump.
In boiler using demi-water saturated steam is produced which is almost 350°C temperature
and 158 kg/cm2 pressure. Then the saturated steam passed throw the superheater and it’s
became 540°c temperature and 130 kg/cm2 pressure. And it is supplied to the high pressure
turbine (HPT). The exhaust steam is supplied to the re-heater and its temperature became
540°C and 25 kg/cm2 pressure. Then it’s supplied to the intermediate pressure turbine (IPT)
and low pressure turbine (LPT). The turbine started to rotate the generator shaft and a speed
of 3000 rpm is maintained. The turbine shaft is coupled with the rotor of generator and
electricity is produced. The exhaust from the low pressure turbine, supplied into the condenser
and temperature decreased around 40°C. Then water from the condenser supplied to the two
low pressure heater LPH-1 and LPH-2. From low pressure heater water came into the
deaerator and gases removed from the water. Then water is passed into the six high pressure
heater (HPH) and water temperature became 250°C. Then using feed water pump water is
supplied to the boiler condenser and then economizer. From economizer water supplied to the
water drum.
Figure 2.1: Thermal diagram of turbine.

Figure 2.1 shows the thermal diagram of 210 MW steam turbine power plant. From that figure
we can see the processes of generating electrical power from steam, and it generate 210 MW
power.
2.3 Pumps used in steam turbine
Different types of pimps are used in Ghorashal power station; the main pumps are circulating
water pump, feed water pump and lube oil pump.
2.4 Circulating water pump
It is mainly used in cooling system because it circulates liquid within a closed circuit. By
using Circulating water pump large amount of river water is supply in condenser to minimize
the steam temperature. There are two pump houses, one is used as open system when water is
available from Sitalakhya River and another one is used as closed system during dry season.
Figure 2.2: Circulating Water Pump.
Figure 2.2 shows circulating water pump where water is circulated in a close circuit in dry
season and following open circuit system in rainy season.

2.5 Feed water pump
Feed water pump used in Ghorashal power station to supply demi-water in the boiler tank
from water treatment plant. There are two feed water pump in Ghorashal power station for
each boiler. One is standby and another is active.
2.6 Lube oil pump
Lube oil pump is used for supplying lube oil to the generator and turbine. It’s also used for
cooling purpose. Their supplies lube oil to the bearing for cooling.
Figure 2.3: Lube oil Pump.

Figure 2.3 shows a lube oil pump. This pump controls lube oil pressure in the system. It also
controls lube oil pressure in the system, if the pressure fall down, its supply more lube oil.
2.7 Water treatment plant
As Ghorashal power station is a thermal power station and located on the Eastern bank of
river Shitalakkha, so river water is used to produce steam. In Ghorashal power station
thousand gallon of water is used. But we cannot use raw water in the turbine because river
water contains lots of mineral like Na, Mg, Ca etc. and floating particle. So if we used raw

water to the turbine it would be causes of erosion. So we need to make water perfect for
power generation And Ghorashal power station has water treatment plant. It is also called
Chemical Plant.
2.8 Production of demi-water
The water from the source of supply is stored in storage tank. The suspended impurities are
removed through sedimentation, coagulation and filtration. Dissolved gases are removed by
aeration and degasification. The water is then softened by removing temporary and permanent
hardness through different chemical processes. The pure and soft water thus available is fed to
the boiler for steam generation. It is very important that water is first purified and softened by
chemical treatment and then delivered to the boiler.
A modern Chemical Plant consists of the following steps:
Mechanical
Raw Water Filter
Clarifier
Cation Filter
Anion Filter Degasifier
Demineralized
/Dimi Tank Condenser
Mixbed Filter
Demi water
Figure 2.4: Steps of producing Demi water
Here figure 2.4 shows the steps of producing Demi water which is important for power
generation. Some steps are followed in a chemical plant in Ghorashal power plant.

2.9 Clarifier
The Clarifier or Rectifier is a device by which suspended matter of water is removed. The
clarification process is pre-treatment of water. In clarifier the chemical process occurs is
known as coagulation. In coagulation processes Aluminium Sulphate, Poly-Aluminium
Chloride, Ferrous sulphate Ferric Chloride are commonly used. We get water from clarifier is
known as coagulated water. This water is partially clear & contains some floating coagulant &
other floating substances.
Al2(SO4)3 +6H2O  Al(OH)3 + 3H2SO4
Figure 2.5: Clarifier process.
In figure 2.5 shows the clarifier process. First water is supplied to the tank and then clarifying
process is chemically done.
2.10 Sand filter
Mechanical/Sand Filter is a device by which water is filtering by mechanical process. The

filter contains anthracite or sandstone. When coagulated water passes through the filter than

all the floating particle are adsorbing by the anthracite or sandstone. After mechanical/sand
filter the water is very clear & transparent. The water is known as clarified water or filter
water.
2.11 Cation exchanger
The cation exchanger contains cation resin. The resin is an organic substance capable of
exchanging ion. The clarified water contain many mineral ion like Na+, Ca++, Mg++, Fe3+,
Al3+etc when passing through cation exchanger, cation resin catches these cation by the
reaction;
2R-H + CaCl2 → R2Ca + 2HCl
Figure 2.6: Resin.
In figure 2.6 resin is shown. Where R-H is the cation resin of hydrogen form. A widely used
cation exchange resin is that obtain by the co-polymerization of styrene and a small
proportion of di-vinyl benzene followed by sulphonation.
2.12 Degasifier
The degasifier/decarbonizer is a device where gaseous substances especially carbon dioxide is

remove mechanically & chemically. The chemical reaction occurs.
H2CO3→ H2O + CO2

2.13 Anion exchanger
The Anion exchanger contains anion resin. It is consists of polymeric cation with active
anions. The anion resin is regenerating by NaOH solution. After regeneration the resin is of –
OH form. When degasified water is passing through the exchanger, the anion resin catches all
the anion ( SO42-, NO3-, Cl-) in water.
R-OH +HCl→ R-Cl + H2O
After anion exchanger the water is known as semi-de-mineralized water.
Figure 2.7: Anion exchanger
Here, figure 2.7 shows an anion exchanger tank, where Anion resin is exists. This water are
used for cooling & for the production of de-mineralized water.
2.14 Mixed bed exchanger
The mixed bed exchanger contain of a mixture of cation & anion resin. The semi-de-
mineralized water contains trace amounts of cation & anion which are removed by the mixed
bed exchanger. After mixed bed exchanger the water is known as De-mineralized water. This
water is use for Boiler feeding.

2.15 Quality of de-mineralized water
The quality of demi-water produced from Chemical Water Treatment Plant of GTPS is:
1. Conductivity: 0.2 – 0.3 µS/cm.

2. Hardness: ˂ 1.0 µg-eq/l.
3. SiO2 : ˂ 20 µgm/l
4. Cl- : Trace
5. Iron : ˂ 20 µgm/l

CHAPTER 3
Boiler
The heat of combustion of gas in the boiler is utilised to convert water into steam at high
temperature and pressure. Water is contained in the boiler drum and the heat released during
combustion of gas converts water into the steam at the desired temperature and pressure. Then
the steam is used to run the turbine. In Ghorashal power station has six boilers for six units.
The boilers are stack drum type, means there are drums within the boiler and flue gas passes
through the stack to atmosphere. Here upper drum is called a boiler drum from where
saturated steam leaves the boiler. The lower drum is called the mud drum, where liquid feed
water enters. Tubes are used to connect the two drums. Rating of the boilers in Ghorashal
power station is given below.
Table 3.1: Rating of the boilers in Ghorashal power station
Characteristics Unit-1,2 (55 MW) Unit-3,4,5,6 (210 MW)
Steam pressure at boiler 100 (kg/cm2) 140 (kg/cm2)

outlet
Steam generating capacity 230(ton/hr) 670(ton/hr)
Rated steam temperature 540oC 540oC
Efficiency 90.5 (%) 93(%)
Flue gas temperature 120oC 132oC
Form Table 3.1 we can see how much pressure is created in boiler outlet and capacity of
generating steam.

Figure 3.1: Boiler in GPS.
From figure 3.1 we can see the outlook of boiler. The boiler is inside the construction and the
outer caging is only visible.
3.1 Types of boiler
Steam turbine is broadly classified into the following two types[2]:
 Water tube boilers

 Fire tube boilers
In water tube boiler, the tubes contain water and the hot gases produced by combustion of fuel
flow outside. In fire tube boiler, hot gases pass through the tubes that are surrounded by water.
In Ghorashal power station water tube boilers are used for all units. The fuel is burned inside
the furnace, creating hot gas which heats water in the steam generating tubes. The water tube
boilers are easy to install can be taken apart for maintenance and are highly efficient. There
are three stage of water tube wall.

3.2 Furnace
Furnace is the chamber inside the boiler where natural gas is burned with the presence of air
for producing heated gas or flue gas. The ratio of gas and air is 1:10. The pressure of the flow
gas is 0.01 kg-cm2.In Ghorashal Power Station each furnace chamber has six furnaces. The
temperature inside the furnace chamber is almost 1500°-1800° C. The treated water from the
feed water tank through economizer enters into the furnace through tubes and the flue gas
produced inside the furnace passes around the tubes. Flue gas releases heat and water convert
into saturated steam. Temperature of this saturated steam is about 350° C and pressure is
about 158kg/cm2. At the beginning of the firing of the burner need ignition gas, this is
supplied into the burner by ignition pipe. When the ignition line of the burner is turned off,
the main line for fuel and air supply is turned on. The draft fan forcefully supplies air to the
furnace and then the saturated steam from the furnace goes to the boiler drum.
3.3 Boiler drum
Water is reserved in the boiler drum. Water comes to the boiler drum from economizer. A
level is maintained for water pressure by a level transmitter. If the water level crossed the
boiler the system will tripped. This system is controlled by an automatic safety valve. From
the boiler drum the saturated steam is supplied to the super heater
Figure 3.2: Boiler drum.

Figure 3.2 shows the outlook of Boiler drum. It reserves the demi-water that is used as feed
water in boiler.

3.4 Economizer
Economizer is essentially a feed water heater and drives heat from the flue gases. The feed
water is fed to the economizer before supplying to the boiler. It extracts a part of heat of flue
gases to increase the feed water temperature. This result is raising boiler efficiency, saving in
fuel and reduced stresses in the boiler due to higher temperature of feed water. It is consist of
a large number of closely spaced parallel steel tubes connected by headers of drums. The feed
water flows through these tubes and the flue gases flow outside. A part of the heat of flue
gases is transmitted to feed water, thus raising the temperature latter[2].
3.5 Superheater
The steam produced in the boiler is superheated by the heat of flue gases in superheater. In
Ghorashal power station there are three types of super heater.
 Radiant superheater
 Platen superheater
 Convection superheater
Radian superheater is placed in the furnace between the water walls. Here the saturated steam
is heated about 360°C temperature. In platen superheater the steam is heated about 405°C
temperature. And there are two convections superheater. In first convection superheater the
steam is heated about 465°C temperature and in second convection superheater the steam is
heated about 550°C temperature. Then the steam is supplied to the high pressure turbine at
540°C temperature and 130 kg/cm2 pressure. Convection superheater is placed in the boiler.
Superheater raises the temperature of steam above boiling point of water. This increases the
overall efficiency of the plant.
3.6 Condenser
A condenser is a device which condenses the steam at the exhaust of turbine. It has two
important functions. Firstly it helps in converting heat energy of steam into mechanical

energy in turbine. Secondly the condenser steam can be used as feed water to the boiler. It
consist of a bank of horizontal tubes enclosed in a cast iron shell.
Figure 3.3: Condenser

Figure 3.3 shows the condenser which is used to cool down the steam in GPS. It is a
combination of lots of pipes where direct raw water from the river is supplied and it takes way
the heat of the steam.
3.7 Induced draft fan (ID Fan)
It is located between the radiant air heater and chimney. ID fan took the hot flue gases from
the radiant air heater and delivered to chimney. It’s created negative pressure in the furnace to
remove the flue gases from furnace and to push the flue gases to chimney. In Ghorashal
power plant there are two ID fan for each boiler. One is active and another is standby. Its
create negative forced to remove flue gases by chimney at 128°C.
Figure 3.4: Induced draft fan (ID Fan).

Figure 3.4 shows the ID fan which is used to remove the hot flue gas from boiler. It keeps the
inside pressure of gas by taking way the flue gas.
3.8 Force draft fan (FD Fan)
Forced draft fan is used basically for providing the requirement quantity of hot air to the
furnace for combustion of fuel. FD fan produced positive pressure inside the furnace. The
temperature of the hot air is 50°C and pressure is 510 kg/cm2. By damper the quantity of air is
controlled. For each boiler has two FD fan.
Figure 3.5: Forced draft fan (FD Fan)

Figure 3.5 shows the FD fan which is used for providing the requirement quantity of hot air to
the furnace for combustion of fuel. FD fan produced positive pressure inside the furnace.
3.9 Boiler protection
To keep the system running and maintaining boiler, boilers need some protection. The
protection system is given below.

Table 3.2: The protection system of Boiler.
Serial no. Description Parameters Time setting

0.1 Decrease the gas 0.01 kg/cm2 _
pressure before
burners
0.2 Drum level -160 mm _
decrease
0.3 Drum level +200 mm _
increase
0.4 Decrease of steam 0.1kg/cm2 20 sec
flow throw reheat
lines
0.5 Tripping of both Signal from 66 kv 9 sec(RAH)
IDF/FDF/RAH circuit breaker
Auxiliary contact
0.6 Pressure drop of 40 kg/m2 9 sec

air supplied to
burners.
0.7 All three feed Signal from 6.6 kv 9 sec
pumps trip circuit breaker
auxiliary contacts.
From Table 3.2 we can see the protection system of boiler and if any kind of problem
occurred to this system then plant would be tripped automatically.

CHAPTER 4
Steam Turbine
A steam turbine is a mechanical device that extracts thermal energy from pressurized steam
and converts it into rotary motion. The turbine mainly consists of rotary and stator blades
wheels. The steam is expanded from a high pressure to a low pressure either in nozzles or in
the blades where it is transformed into the mechanical work. The steam power plant of
Ghorashal Power Station has a casing cover around the blades that contains and controls the
working steam. The steam turbines at Ghorashal Power Station have two types of blades,
which are stator blades and rotor blades. Stator blades: The fixed or variable incidence blades
attached to the axial-flow compressor stator casing. Rotor blades: The blades which are
attached to the rotor of the steam turbine are called rotor blades. By exerting a force on the
blades with the steam causes the rotor to rotate.
Figure 4.1: Steam turbine

Figure 4.1 shows the steam turbine where it is converted steam energy into mechanical energy.
The steam turbine is inside the caging.

4.1 Working Principle of Steam Turbine at GPS
Steam is then taken from the boiler to the super heater, where its temperature increases to
540° C and pressure becomes 130 bars. After that this steam goes to the high pressure turbine
(HPT) and the exhaust steam is taken to re-heater (RH) where exhaust steam decreases to
331`° C and pressure decreases to 28.5 bar. At RH the temperature of steam becomes 540° C
and pressure becomes 25 bars. After that the steam is sent to the intermediate pressure turbine
(IPT) and then to the low pressure turbine (LPT). At this time the turbine starts to rotate the
generator shaft and a speed of 3000 rpm is maintained. The turbine shaft is coupled with the
rotor of generator and electricity is produced. The exhaust of LPT enters into the condenser.
4.2 Turbine parts and auxiliaries

Turbine parts and auxiliaries are described below:
4.2.1 Turbine rotor
Running through the center of the turbine is a sturdy axle called the rotor, which is what takes
power from the turbine to an electricity generator (or whatever else the turbine is driving).The
blades are the most important part of a turbine. Their design is crucial in capturing as much
energy from the steam as possible and converting it into rotational energy by spinning the
rotor round.
Figure 4.2: Rotor of HPC turbine at GPS.

Here Figure 4.2 shows the rotor blade of high pressure side of turbine. The diameter is
identical for all the rotor blades.
Figure 4.3: Rotor of IPC turbine at GPS
Here figure 4.3 shows the blade of intermittent pressure side of turbine. The diameter of the
rotor blades is increasing from the side of steam entering valves.
Figure 4.4: Rotor of LPC turbine at GPS.
Here figure 4.4 shows the blade of Low pressure side of turbine. The diameter is minimum at
the center where the low pressure steam valves are operating.
4.2.2 Bearing
Two types of bearings are used to support and locate the rotors of steam turbines: Journal
bearings are used to support the weight of the turbine rotors. A journal bearing consists of two

half-cylinders that enclose the shaft and are internally lined with Babbitt, a metal alloy usually
consisting of tin, copper and antimony; and Thrust bearings axially locate the turbine rotors.
A thrust bearing is made up of a series of Babbitt lined pads that run against a locating disk
attached to the turbine rotor. High-pressure oil is injected into the bearings to provide
lubrication. The oil is carefully filtered to remove solid particles. Specially designed
centrifuges remove any water from the oil.
Figure 4.5: Bearing of Turbine at GPS.
Figure 4.5 shows the bearing of turbines of GPS. From here we can see the bearing of turbine
and here two types of bearings are used.
4.3 Configuration of steam turbine at GPS.
The steam turbines used in Ghorashal Power Station are kept in three different sections or
chambers. The size and characteristics of the blades of the turbines in these sections are
different from each other.
4.3.1 High Pressure Turbine
From the super heater the high pressure steam first enters to the high pressure turbine. The
blades in the high pressure turbine are the smallest of all turbine blades, this is because the
incoming steam has very high energy and occupies a low volume. The blades are fixed to a
shaft and as the steam hits the blades it causes the shaft to rotate. In the high pressure turbine
temperature 5400C and pressure 28kg/cm2.
4.3.2 Intermediate Pressure Turbine
From the re-heater the steam goes to the intermediate pressure turbine. The steam has
expanded and has less energy when it enters this section, so here the turbine blades are bigger
than those in the high pressure turbine. The blades are fixed to a shaft and as the steam hits
the blades it causes the shaft to rotate. From here the steam goes straight to the next section of
turbine set. In the intermediate pressure turbine temperature 5400C and pressure 25kg/cm2.
4.3.3 Low Pressure Turbine
From the intermediate pressure turbine steam enters into the low pressure turbine and
continues its expansion. The blades of the turbine of this section are larger than the previous
two sections but the energy of steam is less than the previous two sections. In the low pressure
turbine temperature 5400C and pressure 1.34kg/cm2.
4.4 Condenser
Condenser is a device that condenses the steam coming from the turbine exhaust for re using.
Condenser serves two important functions. It creates a very low pressure at the exhaust of the
turbine causing the expansion of the steam in the prime mover at a very low pressure.
Figure 4.6: Condenser of Turbine at GPS.

Figure 4.6 shows the condenser of turbine and it condenses the steam coming from the turbine
exhaust for reusing.
4.5 Governing System
The governor system is the most important element of fuel system. It keeps the engine running at
the demand speed regardless of changes in the load[3]. It controls the amount of fuel supply and
the level of fuel in the power station.
4.6 Turbine Protection:
Various types of turbine protection schemes are described here:
4.6.1 Speed control
The steam turbine section of Ghorashal Power Station uses speed changer which performs
two functions. Adjust the turbine speed when the turbine is off line. Allow the generator to
increase its load without changing turbine speed when the turbine is on line.
4.6.2 Turbine temperature and pressure control
During the turbine operation, the turbine metal will expand or contract when the temperature
changes. So, the different temperatures of turbine section are measured and displayed in the
control room of Ghorashal Power Station, where the operator can take steps to avoid these
problems.

4.6.3 Steam temperature
At the steam turbine section of Ghorashal Power Station, temperature sensors are located at
the main steam path, re-heat line, turbine extraction lines and on LP turbine exhaust to control
the steam temperature. Thermocouples are used in the steam line to determine the steam
temperature in a turbine. The thermocouples generate electrical signals that are proportional to
the actual steam temperature at each point.
4.6.4 Bearing temperature
Bearings are usually made of metals that have low melting points. So, bearing can fail or
damage if operated at very high temperature. At Ghorashal Power Station, two types of
temperature measurement system are used to monitor turbine bearing, one is bearing oil
temperature and other one is bearing temperature. During normal operation, heat is generally
removed by oil that is used to lubricate the bearings. Thermocouples are placed in the oil
leaving path of each bearing, which provide the accurate temperature of the bearing oil. From
oil temperature, operators get the bearing temperature condition.
4.6.5 Pressures control
Turbines are operated at certain pressure and specified pressure is dropped at each stage of
steam turbine section. To operate the steam turbines efficiently, the pressure within the
turbine must be maintained. At the steam turbine section of Ghorashal Power Station, steam
pressures are typically measured at the main steam line and the crossover line. At Ghorashal
Power Station, two types of pressures are monitored in turbine. These are above atmospheric
pressure and below atmospheric pressure (vacuum). Steam turbines are operated more
efficiently at greater vacuum and operated less efficiently at lower vacuum.

4.6.6 Steam turbine protection
During emergency conditions, steam turbine protection systems are designed to protect the
turbines automatically. Steam turbine protection system is the subsystem of turbine control
system. Operators of the control system of Ghorashal Power Station continually monitor the
turbine operation and trip the turbine if any emergency occurs. Some of the steam turbine
protection systems are discussed below.
4.6.7 Steam turbine trip
Turbine trip shuts down the turbine by closing the turbine steam valves. In a turbine trip, the
main stop valves, the control valves, the re-heat stop valves, and the live steam valves are
closed.
4.6.8 Lubricating oil protection
Steam turbine bearings are designed to operate within an oil pressure range of 20-30 psig
(pound-force per square inch gauge). If the oil pressure drops below the preset range, then an
insufficient quantity of oil will be delivered to the bearings. As such, there remains
insufficient quantity of oil to support the shaft and an insufficient supply of oil to cool the
bearings. If the lube oil pressure is not set to normal, serious damage could happen to the
bearings. Lubricating oil protection system starts action when low lubricating oil pressure
condition occurs. If the turbine lubricating oil pressure decreases to a rated value, then the
contacts become closed by a pressure switch that located in the lubricating oil supply line to
the bearings. Closing of the contacts causes two separate actions.
1. Backup pumps are started to restore the pressure to within normal range,
2. Alarm is energized to alert the operator about the low pressure condition.
The alarm is to alert the operator about the situation and allows time to take proper action. If
the pressure continues to decrease without being affected by the remedial action, then the

second pressure switch becomes closed and then energizes a solenoid trip, which removes the
turbine from service.
4.6.9 Bearing protection
Excessive thrust can damage the thrust bearing Thrust bearing protection system protects the
turbine from excessive thrust and high temperature. When becomes very high and high
temperature when the temperature of the bearing protection system. Another purpose of using
lube oil is to avoid friction. With this protection system, power loss can be reduced due to
mechanical frication decreases. The thrust bearing wear detector is usually located on the
lowest part of turbine bearing The main portion of this system are pressure switch, oil
supply, bearing wear detector probe, and a runner. The runner is actually part of the shaft
Excessive thrust can be detected by this.
4.6.10 High vibration protection
Extra vibration is harmful for turbine. Generally maximum allowable rotor vibration limit is
1.2mm to the generator. The turbine must be removed from service when the vibration
exceeds specified limits. Vibration recorders are set to drive an alarm in the control room
when excess vibration high occurred in the turbine. This alarm alerts the control operator to
take proper action during vibration condition. There are several vibration protection systems
that are provided with contacts. During excessive vibration condition, a solenoid trip is
activated by these contacts.

CHAPTER 5
Generator
Generator or alternator is a significant part of any power generation plant. A generator is an

electrical device which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. At GPS
synchronous generators are used which consists of a stationary armature winding and rotating
field winding. In a synchronous generator, a dc current is applied to the rotor winding to
produce a magnetic field. In GPS generators of all the units are coupled with the shaft
connected with the turbine. The rotor of the generator is rotated by a prime mover producing a
rotating magnetic field which induces a 3-phase AC voltage in the armature winding of the
generator. There are two types of generator. These are: AC Generator, DC generator.
Figure 5.1: AC generator at GPS.

Figure 5.1 shows the caging of a generator and inside of this stator and rotor are placed. The
generator is a live part of the unit and the generator directly supplies the generated power to
the power transformer.
5.1 Stator
Stator placed with the outer caging of generator. The stator is the important element of a
generator which is a stationary part of a generator. The core of the stator is made of thin
sheets of magnetic steel. Stator mainly consists of cylindrical rings which creates a path for

the magnetic flux. There are many winding coils inside the stator which helps to produce
voltage. Stator also has a number of slots that are also made of cast iron[4].
Figure 5.2: Stator.

Figure 5.2 shows the stator of generator. Here in GPS, the provide DC voltage supply. It
contains either a permanent magnet or an electromagnet. When the stator is an electromagnet,
it contains wire winding which are energized with the help of AC or DC supply.
5.2 Rotor
Rotor is the rotating part of the generator. It is situated inside the stator. The rotor and prime
mover are connected in same shaft as a result the speed of the prime mover affects the output
voltage and frequency of a generator.
Figure 5.3: Rotor.

Figure 5.3 shows the rotor of generator. The rotor rotates with the turbine at a same speed.

5.3 Slip Rings
A ring in a dynamo or electric motor which is attached to and rotates with the shaft, passing
an electric current to a circuit via a fixed brush pressing against it[4]. The slip ring consists of
a circular conducting material which is made by nonferrous metal. It can also be made of
steel. It is connected to the rotor windings and insulated from the shaft. It provides a
continuous electrical connection through brushes to the generator rotor.
5.4 Carbon brush
A carbon brush is a sliding contact used to transmit electrical current from a static to a rotating
part in a motor or generator, and, as regards DC machines, ensuring a spark-free commutation.
Carbon brush consists of block of carbon compound that conducts electricity freely but has very
low friction. The brush holder holds the carbon. The carbon brushes are used to connect the
external dc source for field excitation to the rotor of the generator through the slip rings.
Figure 5.4: Carbon brush.

Figure 5.4 shows the carbon brush. The carbon brushes are also fitted with springs, so that when
brushes go down by friction over time, carbon brushes will still remain in contact with the slip
rings.

5.5 Pole
The poles of the generator are the magnetic poles that induce a voltage. Now a conductor that
passes through a moving magnetic field will have a voltage induce upon it. Some very small
generators have permanent magnets imbedded in the rotor, this reduces the complexity of
creating an electromagnet that is spinning[4]. Number of poles are always an even number for
a generator. There are two poles of a generator. They are North Pole and South Pole.
Magnetic lines created between the poles. When the conductor cuts the magnetic lines
electricity is produced. Rotation speed of the generator depends on the number of poles.
120 × 𝑓
𝑁=
𝑃
Here,
N= Rotation speed of the rotor per minute
f= frequency
P= Pole
We know, frequency = 50Hz and Pole= 2
So,
120 × 50
𝑁= = 3000
2
∴ Rotation speed= 3000 RPM
Here the necessary RPM of the generator is supplied by the turbine.
5.6 Excitation system of the Generator
Without excitation there is no chance of electricity production from the turbine rotation.
Exciter or Excitation is the very important for the generator. It is the source of power that

induces DC magnetizing current to the field windings of a synchronous generator. As a result

the magnetizing current induces AC voltage and current in the generator armature and we get
electricity. After reaching a specific RPM the excitation is applied to the generator.
5.6.1 AC or DC exciter
An electric generator or electric motor consists of a rotor spinning in a magnetic field. The
process of generating a magnetic field by means of an electric current is called excitation. DC
power is used for excitation. For large generators, high amount of DC power is needed which
is quite hard to give. In that case we give AC power which converted in DC power and then
delivered to the rotor. This is called AC excitation. AC excitation system is used widely. In
Ghorashal power station all six units uses AC excitation system. This system consists of a
sub- pilot exciter of a permanent magnet type, pilot exciter and the main AC exciter which is
all coupled to the main generator along the same shaft. The permanent magnet type generator
is a single phase generator where the field is produced by permanent magnet. The single
phase supply from the armature is converted to dc by using a rectifier and the dc supplies the
field of the pilot and main exciter. The pilot exciter and the main exciter are three phase
machines. The potential transformer supplies the voltage proportional to generator voltage to
magnetic amplifier.
5.6.2 Static excitation
In the static excitation system, there is no revolving part for power generation. At the end of
the generation, supplied power is collected and this collected power goes to the rectifier bank.
The rectifier bank converts this AC voltage to DC voltage and this DC power supply is used
in the rotor to start up the generator at GPS, there is a system for collection of power supply
from grid. When generator builds up sufficient power, the source will automatically change.

5.6.3 Brushless excitation
The brushless excitation system works in the absence of commutator, slip rings and brushes.
Instead of these components Permanent Magnet Exciter and three phase main Exciter are used
with silicon diode rectifier the system has generated. With this system we can avoid dust
particles which cause a great maintenance cost. The complete structure of this excitation
system is explained clearly in this review. Drawback of this system is presence of
considerable exciter time constant which affects the rate of change of voltage. Pilot exciters
are one kind of brushless exciter which is used in GPS.
5.7 Cooling System
The generators of GPS run continuously for a long period of time and high current flows through
the windings and the conductors of the generators. As a result a large amount of heat is
produced. If this heat is not reduced it can damage the windings and other parts of the generator.
For this reason cooling system is required to keep the temperature of the generator in control.
There are three types of cooling systems that are used at GPS for generator cooling purpose.
These are given below.
 Hydrogen cooling system,
 Water cooling system.
5.7.1 Water cooling system
De-mineralized water is used in water cooling system of generator. De-mineralized water is used
because of its increased resistivity than greater than the mineral water. In this cooling system de-
mineralized water is continuously pumped through the hollow structured slots of the stator and
the shaft of the generator. As the de-mineralized water comes in contact with the hot parts, it
absorbs the heat and then it is sent to the cooling chamber, from where it is re-circulated after
cooling. De-mineralized water is used since it does not cause corrosion of the pipes.

5.7.2 Hydrogen cooling system
Hydrogen cooling system is used for rotor cooling. In this system hydrogen gas is used to
dissipate the heat from the rotor. As hydrogen gas is lighter than air, it does less interruption
with the rotating speed of the rotor than air. Hydrogen cooling system is another process that
is used at GPS for cooling down the generators. This cooling system is better than air or water
cooling system because hydrogen has high specific heat capacity, low density, which is very
good for cooling purpose. It can absorb and release heat from one medium to another
medium. Hydrogen cooling system and air cooling system process are same. At GPS
hydrogen passes through the tubes to the generator inside. When hydrogen flows inside the
generator, it absorbs heat and exits through another tube from the generator. Then this hot
hydrogen gas goes to the heat exchanger. Water tubes on the heat exchanger are filled with
water which absorbs heat from hydrogen. As the heat exchanger absorbs heat from hot
hydrogen so hydrogen becomes cooled. This cooled hydrogen again goes to the generator. At
GPS hydrogen cooling system is a closed cycle process.
Figure 5.5: Cooling system of generator[4].

Figure 5.5 shows the schematic of cooling system of GPS. Hydrogen and water cooling
system is applied in different parts of the generator.
5.8 Synchronization
Synchronization is a core requirement for power generation and distribution through national
grid. The power that is generated by the power plants of GPS and all other power stations in the

country is supplied to the main grid. Generators must be connected in such a way that generated
power does not interfere with one another and for this purpose output power must be
synchronized. If generated parameters are not synchronized properly, the generator, the prime
mover and the windings may get damaged. Also the electrical instruments getting power supply
from the grid of such generator may damage or behave abnormally.
The three core requirement of synchronization are-
 Synchronization of frequency,
 Synchronization of terminal voltage,
 Synchronization of phase sequence.
5.8.1 Synchronization of frequency
Synchronization of frequency is one of the core requirement of power generation. For

Bangladesh it means that the frequency of the power output must match with that of the national
grid, which is 50 Hz. Since the generators of GPS have 2 poles, to match the grid power,
generator must run at a speed of 3000 rpm.
120𝑓
Ns =
𝑃
120X50
= =3000 rpm
2
Where Ns is the speed, f is the frequency and P is the number of poles.
With the help of the governor this speed is always maintained.
5.8.2 Synchronization of terminal voltage
The terminal voltage need to be equal to the grid line. GPS has individual power transformer
connected with the generator and the required terminal voltage is needed to be equal to the grid

voltage. The generator output voltage that is supplied to the national grid through the power
transformer must be equal to the grid voltage. This voltage is maintained by controlling the
excitation current of the main generator.
5.8.3 Synchronization of phase sequence
The phase sequence is an internal part of the generator. The phase sequence of generators of
GPS is set by the manufacture company of the generators. The phase sequence of the generator
output must match with the phase sequence of the national grid. The phase sequence is generally
denoted by R-Y-B. If the phase sequences do not match, then a large current will flow in the
phases, which will damage both the generator and the grid. The phase angle of the generator
must be same as that of the national grid.
5.9 Generator Protection
Generator is one of the most expensive part of the power plant. To make a generator long
lasting, we have to protect it from different electrical and mechanical problem which can
affect its performance. Some faults require immediate attention (shutdown) while others just
require alarming or control. So to stop those faults to occur different electrical and mechanical
protection are required. In our intern time we have learned about different type of generators
protection.
5.9.1 Phase to phase fault and phase to earth fault protection
Differential protection is used for protection of the generator against phase to earth and phase to
phase fault. Differential protection is based on the circulating current principle. In this type of
protection scheme currents at two ends of the protection system are compared. Under normal
conditions, currents at two ends will be same. But when the fault occurs, current at one end will
be different from the current at the end and this difference of current is made to flow through
relay operating coils. The relays then closes its contacts and makes the circuit breaker to trip,

thus isolate the faulty section. These types of faults occur due to the insulation breakdown of the
stator coils.
Figure 5.6: Differential protection for generator.

Figure 5.6 shows the differential Protection for generator. Differential protection is used for
protection of the generator against phase to earth and phase to phase fault. Differential
protection is based on the circulating current principle.
In this type of protection scheme currents at two ends of the protection system are compared.
Under normal conditions, currents at two ends will be same. But when the fault occurs,
current at one end will be different from the current at the end and this difference of current is
made to flow through relay operating coils. The relays then closes its contacts and makes the
circuit breaker to trip, thus isolate the faulty section.
5.9.2 Stator Earth Fault Protection
The method of grounding effect the degree of protection which is employed by the differential
protection. High impedance reduces the fault current and thus it is very difficult to detect the

high impedance faults. So the differential protection does not work for the high impedance
grounding. The separate relay to the ground neutral provides the sensitive protection. But ground
relay can also detect the fault beyond the generator, it the time co-ordination is necessary to
overcome this difficulty. Here we have two zones for detect the fault. First zone cover 0% to
95% of the stator winding which is far from the neutral. And second zone cover 96% to 100% of
the stator winding. A fundamental frequency neutral over voltage relay detect the fault of the
first zone. Another third harmonic neutral under voltage relay detect the fault of the second zone.
If this exceeds the critical condition the generator will trip.
5.9.3 Rotor Earth Fault Protection
Rotor field winding of the generator is electrically isolated from the ground. Rotor earth fault
may be caused due to insulation failure of winding. Two methods are available to detect this
type of fault.
The first method is that, one resistor of suitable value is connected across the field winding as
well as exciter. The resistor is centrally tapped and connected to the ground via a voltage
sensitive relay.
Figure 5.7: Rotor earth fault protection.

Fig 5.7 shows the earth fault protection of a rotor. If any earth fault in the field winding
occurs, exciter circuit closes the relay circuit through earthed path.
Other terminal of the voltage sensitive relay is connected to the ground by a capacitor and
secondary of one auxiliary transformer. If any earth fault occurs in the field winding or in the
exciter circuit, the relay circuit gets closed via earthed path and hence secondary voltage of

the auxiliary transformer will appear across the voltage sensitive relay and the relay will be
operated. In this power station, this method is used.
5.9.4 Loss of Field Excitation Protection
Loss of field excitation is a protective measure taken against the failure of AVR or field open
circuit or short circuit. Due to these failure generator acts as an induction motor. So protection
against Loss of Field Excitation is provided. In GPS if field excitation is not properly
completed, the generator will not go on power generation.
5.9.5 Over voltage Protection
Over voltage is harmful for both the generator and the power transformer connected with the
generator. Over voltage occurs because of the increase in the speed of the prime mover due to
sudden loss in the load on the generator. The over voltage protection is provided by two over
voltage relays have two units – one is the instantaneous relays which is set to pick up at 130 to
150% of the rated voltage and another unit is IDMT (Inverse Definite Minimum Time) relay
which is set to pick up at 110% of rated voltage.
5.9.6 Under voltage protection
Under voltage of generator also creates damage to the home appliances connected with the
grid. If more than one generator supply the load and due to some reason one generator is
suddenly trip, then other generators try to supply the load. Each of these generators will
experience a sudden increase in current and thus decreases the terminal voltage. Automatic
voltage regulator connected to the system try to restore the voltage. Under voltage relay is
also used for the under voltage protection. As, many generators is connected to the national
grid system, this situation can occur in GPS too. It will also cause the generator trip.

5.9.7 Negative phase sequence protection
The most common causes for the negative phase sequence are system asymmetries,
unbalanced loads, unbalanced system faults and open phases. Due to this fault there is an
imbalance occurs in the three phase stator currents and due to these imbalance currents,
double frequency currents are induced in the rotor core. This causes the overheating of the
rotor and thus the rotor damage. Unbalanced stator currents also damage the stator. At GPS
current balance relaying equipment is used for protection against this kind of fault.
5.9.8 Stator over heating protection
Stator overheating protection is needed to protect the generator from overheating.

Overheating is caused due to overload in grid system or failure in cooling system. It could
cause serious damage to the generator. To protect the stator against overheating, embedded
resistance temperature detector or thermocouples are used. In GPS, thermocouple is used to
detect the temperature. When it starts to overheat, the temperature change is detected and the
relay operates an alarm. In GPS, thermocouple is used to detect the temperature. When it
starts to overheat, the temperature change is detected and the relay operates to sound an alarm.
5.9.9 Over Frequency protection
Over frequency protection is recommended for all prime-mover-driven generators. The over
speed fault occurs, if the grid frequency increases. The speed governor can normally control
the speed of the rotor. It trips the circuit breaker of the generator as well as the auxiliary
power supply if over speed is occurs. 52 Hz is the speed limit for the generators of GPS.

5.9.10 Under Frequency Protection
Frequency maintenance is core requirement of power generation. This protective relay

operates when the frequency of the system falls below a certain value. This occurs because of
over loading in national grid. If this happens, vibration occurs in the generator, which can
damage the rotor. This relay operates, if the frequency falls below 48 Hz.
5.9.11 Reverse power protection
Generator can act like both motor and generator. Reverse power or Motoring of a generator
occurs if the mechanical energy supply to the prime mover is cut off while the generator is
still online. When this occurs, the generator will act as a synchronous motor. At that time the
generator takes the power from national grid. In this protection system, there is a relay and
circuit breaker between transformer and the generator. The relay operated a circuit breaker.
Relay trips the circuit barker if it finds reverse current. In GPS, they use proper breaker and
relay setup for avoiding motoring.

CHAPTER 6
Combined Cycle Power Plant
Combined cycle power plant is introduced to increase the efficiency of fuel. In Ghorashal
Power Station, natural gas is used as fuel. The increasing demand of electricity requires more
generation of electricity. To meet the increased demand with the limited supply of natural gas,
BPDB took an initiative to implant combined cycle power plant in GPS few years ago and
BPDB has a vision of converting all the steam turbine power plant of GPS to combined cycle
power plant.
6.1 Components of combined cycle
1) Furnace (Combustion Chamber)

2) Feed Pump
3) Stage Air Filter
4) Air Compressor
5) Gas (Fuel) Booster
6) Chemical Plant
7) Demi-Water Reservoir
8) Gas Turbine
9) Steam Turbine
10) Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG)
11) Condenser
12) Condenser Pump
13) Deaerator Tank
14) Power Transformer
15) Close Circuit Water Pump (CCWP)

6.2 Working Principle of CCPP
Combined cycle power plant have two major divisions of power generation components.
Major one is gas turbine unit and another one is steam turbine unit. In GPS there is two ccpp;
one is running under experimental operation and another one is under construction. CCPP
works with gas and steam turbine unit simultaneously. A combined-cycle power plant uses
both a gas and a steam turbine together to produce up to 50 percent more electricity from the
same fuel than a traditional simple cycle power plant. The waste heat from the gas turbine is
routed to the nearby steam turbine, which generates extra power.
Combined cycle power plant works to produce electricity and captures waste heat from the
gas turbine to increase efficiency and electrical output.
1. Gas turbine burns fuel:
 The gas turbine compresses air and mixes it with fuel that is heated to a very high
temperature. It’s almost 18000C temperature flue gas. The hot air-fuel mixture moves
through the gas turbine blades, making them spin.
 The compressor, gas turbine, and generator are connected in a same shaft. The compressor
compress the air and increase the pressure to 17.5 bar.
 The fast-spinning turbine drives a generator that converts a portion of the spinning energy
into electricity.
2. Heat recovery system captures exhaust:
 A Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG) captures exhaust heat from the gas turbine that
would otherwise escape through the exhaust stack. The temperature of the exhaust gas is
6000C.
 The HRSG creates steam from the gas turbine exhaust heat and delivers it to the steam
turbine.

 There is multiple staging in HRSG because of multiple staging in the steam turbine which
require steam at different temperature and pressure. The boiler drum is organized in such a
way to recover the heat as much as possible.
3. Steam turbine delivers additional electricity:
 The steam turbine sends its energy to the generator drive shaft, where it is converted into
additional electricity.
Figure 6.1: Schematic of working principle of ccpp[5].

Figure 6.1 shows a schematic diagram of gas turbine operating in combined mode with steam
turbine. It shows from initial auxiliary to power distribution of ccpp.
6.3 Gas Turbine Unit
Major parts and brief discussions of GT:
 Fuel Supply and Burners: Fuel (natural gas) is supplied to the burner and before this
the gas is boost up to attain a high pressure.

 Air Inlet: Air inlet is require to burn the gas and the optimum ratio of the air and fuel
is 12/1. In GPS, they keep the ratio at 12/1 for better performance.
 Flue Gas Generation in Combustor: Flue gas at a certain temperature and pressure
(18000 C & 17.5 bar) is produced and supplied to the gas turbine.
 Gas Turbine: The gas turbine is the basic and prime element of moving the rotor of
generator. Flue gas is directly applied on GT and the turbine hence rotate.
 Turbine Valves Governor: For controlling the power generation and rpm of GT,
governor is used.
 Gas Turbine Staging: Staging is required because the pressure and temperature is not
identical to all the gas turbine. For efficiency increasing, staging is required.
 Gas Turbine Generator: Generator is connected with the GT and to convert the
mechanical energy to electrical energy, generator works for.
 Air Compressor: Air compressor is coupled with generator and turbine to increase
the efficiency of the plant.
 Unit Transformer of Gas Turbine Generator: Unit transformer is required to step up
the generating voltage of GT plant to provide the power to the national grid.
 Exhaust Chimney of Gas Turbine: If the power plant is working simple mode without
steam turbine, then there is exhaust chimney to bypass the exhaust gas.
6.4 Steam Turbine Unit
Major parts of ST:
 Steam Generator
 Feed Pump
 Boiler Drum
 Super Heater
 HPC, IPC and LPC Boiler Stages
 Heat Recovery Steam Generator
 Steam Turbine
 Cooling Tower

 Condenser
 Condenser Pump
 Deaerator Tank
 Steam Turbine Unit Exhaust Chimney
 Steam Turbine Generator
 Steam Turbine Unit Transformer
6.5 Efficiency
Combined cycle power plant ensures the efficient use of fuel and maximum power generation.
Simple gas turbine of GPS have maximum 36% efficiency and steam turbine have 32%
efficiency. But while performing in combined mode the efficiency of gas turbine is increased
up to 50% and the efficiency of CCPP is 54%.
6.6 CCPP of Ghorashal Power Station
GPS has a running CCPP which is under experimental operation. The project is named Unit 7
and the capacity of GT is 254MW and the capacity of steam turbine is 109 MW.
Figure 6.2: Unit 7 (CCPP) under experimental operation.

Figure 6.2 shows the unit 7 CCPP of GPS. The full control and maintenance will be handed to
GPS by the end of the year.
GPS has another running project which will add extra 409MW power to the national grid
which one is under construction. This unit is named as repowering project unit 3. It will be on
operation by the end of 2019.
Figure 6.3: Repowering project unit 3 (CCPP) under construction.

Figure 6.3 shows the project of 409 MW CCPP which is under construction.

CHAPTER 7
Substation
The electric power is produced at power station and delivered to the consumers through a
large network of transmission and distribution. It may be desirable and necessary to change
some characteristic (e.g. voltage ac to dc, frequency, power factor etc.) of electric supply.
This is accomplished by suitable apparatus called substation. Sub-station is the important part
of power system, where electricity transmission and distribution system is controlled.
Figure 7.1: Substation of GPS.
A view of substation in GPS is given in figure 7.1. In GPS we visited a substation and got
idea about transformer, circuit breaker, insulator, isolator etc.
7.1 List of Equipment of a substation
A list of major equipment used in substation of GPS is given below,

1. Incoming and outgoing feeder
2. Different types of transformer
 Power Transformer
 Single Phase Transformer

 Earthling Transformer
 Coupling Transformer
 Auxiliary Transformer
 Instrument Transformer
 Current Transformer (CT)
 Potential Transformer (PT)
3. Bus bar
4. Different types of Circuit Breaker (CB)
5. Isolator
6. Lightning Arrester
7. Support Insulator
8. Earth Switch
9. Battery Room
10. Control Room
11. Different types of Relay
7.2 Outgoing Feeder
For carrying power from substation to consumer we use feeders. Generally feeders are used
for power transmitting and receiving purpose. In GPS we observed four outgoing feeders.
They are 132 KV, 230 KV, 33 KV and 11 KV. From 132 KV outgoing feeder power is
transmitting to Ghorashal and Joydebpur. From 230 KV feeder power is transmitting to
Ghorashal, Rampura and Tongi.
7.3 Bus Bar
Bus bar is the most important and common component in a sub-station. A number of lines at
same voltage are connected to the bus bar. Generally bus bar is copper or aluminum bar.
Incoming and outgoing lines are connected to the bus bar. The most commonly used bus bar
arrangements in substation are single bus bar, single bus bar system with sectionalisation and

double bus bar arrangement. In GPS we saw both single and double bus bar arrangement for
132 KV and 230 KV.
Figure 7.2: Bus-bar at GPS.

Figure 7.2 shows a single bus-bar at GPS. The advantage of double bus bar is more than
single bus bar in the case of replacement, maintenance and flexibility.
7.4 Circuit Breakers (CB)
A circuit breaker is equipment which can open or close a circuit under normal as well as fault
condition. It is designed that it can be operated manually at normal condition and
automatically under fault condition[6]. In GPS at sub-station we saw various types of circuit
breaker is used to protect the equipment from overload or short circuit fault condition. In the
case of maintenance circuit breaker is operated manually. When any fault occurs in the
system, relay detect the leakage current and gives a trip signal.

Figure 7.3: Circuit breaker at GPS.

Figure 7.3 shows a circuit breaker at GPS. After getting the trip signal circuit breaker is
operates.
7.4.1 Types of Circuit breaker
There are various types of circuit breaker in sub-station. But in GPS we saw three types of
circuit breaker Oil circuit breaker, Air blast circuit breaker and SF6 circuit breaker. We will
discuss about those circuit breaker in detail.
7.4.2 Oil Circuit Breaker
Some insulation oil is used as an arc quenching medium. The contacts are open under oil and
an arc is struck between them. The heat of the arc evaporates the oil and dissociates it into a
substantial volume of gaseous hydrogen at high pressure. The hydrogen gas occupies a
volume about one thousand times that of the oil decomposed. The oil is, therefore, pushed
away from the arc and an expanding hydrogen gas bubble surrounds the arc region and
adjacent portions of the contacts. In GPS there are few oil circuit breakers. The popularity of
oil circuit breaker is decreasing because large quantity of oil is necessary for small quantity of
arc. Main advantage of oil circuit breaker is oil has high dielectric strength and good insulator.

Figure 7.4: Oil circuit breaker at GPS.

Figure 7.4 shows an oil circuit breaker at GPS. It absorbs the arc energy to decompose the oil
into gases which have excellent cooling properties.
7.4.3 Air Blast Circuit Breaker
In air blast circuit breaker needs an auxiliary compressed air system which supplies air to the
air receiver to the breaker. For opening operation the air is admitted in the arc extinction
chamber. It pushes away the moving contacts. In doing so the contacts are separated and the
air blast takes away the ionized gases along with it and assists arc extinction. Within one and
two cycles the arc is extinguished by the air blast and arc extinction chamber is filled with
high pressure air has higher dielectric strength than that of atmospheric pressure.
Figure 7.5: Air Blast Circuit Breaker.

Figure 7.5 shows the air blast circuit breaker. In GPS most of the circuit breaker is air blast
circuit breaker.

7.4.4 SF6 Circuit Breaker
SF6 (Sulphur Hexafluoride circuit breaker) is an inert having good dielectric and arc
extinguishing properties. The arc extinction process in SF6 circuit breaker is different from air
blast circuit breaker. During the arcing period SF6 gas is blown axially along the arc. The gas
removes the heat from the arc by axial convection. In this circuit breaker the gas is made to
flow from a high pressure zone to low pressure zone through a convergent divergent nozzle.
There are two types of SF6 circuit breaker in design single pressure puffer type and double
pressure type.
Figure 7.6: SF6 Circuit Breaker.

Figure 7.6 shows the SF6 circuit breaker. This type of circuit breaker is quite popular but the
gas is poisonous and should not be inlet-out.
7.4.5 Advantages of SF6 Circuit Breakers
 Gives silent operation does not make sound.

 No frequency contact replacement.
 There is no risk of fire as SF 6 is non-flammable.
 No over voltage problem.

 Requires low maintenance cost, light foundation requirements and minimum

auxiliary equipment.
 No frequency contact replacement.
 Same gas is recalculated in the circuit. So requirement SF 6 is small.
 Excellent insulation physical and chemical properties.
7.4.6 Protective Relays
A protective relay is a device that detects the fault and initiates the operation of the circuit
breaker to isolate the defective element from the rest of the system. it is one of several
features of system design concerned with minimizing damage of equipment and interruptions
to service when electrical failure occur. It senses an abnormal condition of electric circuit and
closes its contact. It also provides indication of the location and type of failure. It should have
the following some qualities (selectivity, speed, sensitivity, reliability, simplicity etc.) In GPS
varies types of protective relays is used for protection purpose. Some major type relays are
described below:
7.4.7 Differential Relay
Differential relay is one that operates when the phase difference of two or more similar
electrical quantities exceeds a predetermined value[6]. Under normal condition the incoming
and outgoing currents are equal. When fault occurs, the difference between the incoming and
outgoing currents is arranged to flow through the operation coil of the relay. If this differential
current is equal to or greater than the pickup value, the relay will operate and open the circuit
breaker to isolate the faulty section. Most of the differential relay is current differential relay.
This type of relay is used in GPS for generator, transformer, buses and transmission lines
protection.

7.4.8 Over Current Relay
Over current relay is a relay which sense over current flow in electrical circuit and trip the
circuit breaker. There is a current coil in over current relay. When normal current flow
through the coil the magnetic effect generated by the coil is not sufficient to move the moving
coil of the relay. But when over current flow through the coil the magnetic effect also increase
and move the moving coil of the relay. In GPS over current relay is used in current
transformer protection.
7.4.9 Distance Relay
In distance relay there is a balance between voltage and current. The ratio of voltage and
current can be express in impedance. Impedance is an electrical measure of distance alone a
transmission line. This relay is operating when the impedance of transmission line became
less than predetermined impedance. As the impedance of transmission line is directly
proportional to its length, distance relay can only operate if fault is occurred within a
predetermined distance or length of line.
7.4.10 Master trip relay
All the tripping devices are connected to a master trip. The tripping command goes to the
concerned circuit breaker from the master trip is any fault occurs in electrical system. It works
automatically with given instruction. The function of this relay is important for any kind of
power station as a safety issue.
7.5 Isolator
Isolator is a switch to disconnect a part of the system for maintenance and repair. Isolator
switches are operated only when the lines in which they are connected carry no current[6].

Figure 7.7: Isolator.

Figure 7.7 shows the isolator at GPS. It can operate both automatically or manually. After the
repair has been done close the isolator.
7.5.1 Reasons for using Isolator
Generally it is used for safety issues. Open contacts of circuit breakers are not visible from
outside. So it is recommended not to touch any electric circuit by switching off the circuit
breaker. So we need to use isolator switch for batter safety.
7.6 Lightning Arrester
A lightning arrester is a protective device which conducts the high voltage surges on the
power system to the ground. It is also known as surge diverter. Lightning is a huge electric
spark[7]. A direct lightning stroke on a transmission line produces a steep fronted voltage
wave on the line. Steep fronted voltage wave will initiate travelling along the line in both
directions. If the travelling waves hit the wind of a transformer or generator it may cause
damage. It also may damage other equipment connected to the line. So as a protective device
we use lightning arrester. Lightning arrester has two ending part. One end of deceive is
connected to the terminal of the equipment to be protected and the other end is effectively
grounded. Under normal condition the lightning arrester is off. When a lightning strike to a

power transmission line the induced high voltage travel along the line towards both ends. And
lightning arrester will bypass the high voltage to the ground.
7.6.1 Types of Lightning Arrester
There are several types of lightning arrester in general use. But in GPS we observed rod gap
arrester. We also observed metal oxide and zinc oxide arresters.
7.6.2 Maintenance of Lightning Arresters
The line should be de-energized and the earth connection should be check properly. Also
regularly should keep the outside clean and record the reading of the surge counter.
Figure 7.8: Lightning Arrester.

Figure 7.8 shows the lightning arrester in GPS which protects the substations from lightning.
7.7 Transformer
Transformer is the major equipment in a sub-station. It is used to raise or lower voltage in AC

distribution and transmission system. We observed various types of transformer in power
station for different purposes. Some transformer is used for transmission and distribution.
Some transformer is used for protection and measuring purpose.

Figure 7.9: Transformer at GPS.

Figure 7.9 shows the transformer used in GPS. Every unit has several transformers at different
stages of distribution.
7.7.1 Power Transformer
The power transformer is used in a sub-station to step up or step down the voltage. It can be
single phase or three phases. The use of three phase transformer has two advantages. One is
load-tap changing mechanism can be used and another is installation is much simpler than the
three single phase transformers[7].

Figure 7.10: Power Transformer at GPS.

Figure 7.10 shows the power transformer of GPS. In GPS we saw some power transformer
like single phase transformer, three phase transformer, auxiliary transformer and coupling
transformer.
7.7.2 Three Phase Transformer
Three phase transformers are used for power transmission in GPS. The primary side of the
transformer is delta connection and the secondary side has Y connection with grid.
7.7.3 Auxiliary Transformer
In GPS there are some auxiliary equipment and auxiliary transformer is used to provide power
to the auxiliary equipment. These transformers are directly connected to the generators and
auxiliary equipment[7]. If the self-auxiliary part of the generator is fail to operate, the
auxiliary transformer will be connect to the bus bar and system will keep running condition.
For unit 2 and 3 auxiliary transformer is connected with 33 KV bus-bar and for unit 3, 4, 5, 6
auxiliary transformers are connected with 33 KV, 132 KV bus bar.

7.7.4 Coupling transformer
Coupling transformer is used to transfer power from one bus to another bus without changing
the power. In GPS we saw coupling transformer is connected between132 KV bus and 230
KV bus. If 132 KV bus bar become de-energize, coupling transformer will energize 132 KV
bus bar by taken voltage from 230 KV bus bar in step down condition. Similarly for 230 KV
bus bar coupling transformer will take voltage from 132 KV in step up condition.
7.7.5 Current Transformer
Current transformer is one kind of instrument transformer. It is a step up transformer and

steps down current to a known ratio. Some equipment cannot handle high current. For this
reason current transformer is used to decrease current in the secondary side. If the ratio of
current transformer is 1500-750/1 A, that means at primary side current is 1500-750 A and at
secondary side current is 1 A.
Figure 7.11: Current transformer.

Figure 7.11 shows the current transformer of GPS. We saw many current transformers in
GPS.

7.7.6 Potential Transformer
Potential transformer is a step down transformer and steps down the voltage to a known ratio.
High voltage is harmful for some instrument. For this reason potential transformer is used to
provide safety of those instruments. It is also an instrument transformer.
Figure 7.12: Potential transformer.

Figure 7.12 shows the potential transformer. In GPS the ratio of potential transformer is
132kv/100v and 230kv/100v.
7.8 Battery Bank
Battery is the source of DC power supply. Battery bank is use as a backup source. If bus bar
fails to supply DC power, battery bank will supply DC power to some instrument. Without
battery bank the grid in unprotected.
Figure 7.13: Battery bank in the sub-station.

Figure 7.13 shows the battery room in the substation which is always keep standby for safety
of grid.
CHAPTER 8
Control room of steam turbine power plant
In GPS, every generation unit has individual control unit. And each control unit has three
section generator, turbine and boiler. From control unite, control engineers can observe the
working function of each section and control the input and output function according to
demand. From control room they also can control auxiliary parts of each unit like condenser,
feed water pump, pressure, heater, manually tripping etc. and engineers from the control room
can also take reading and observe about condition of each section.
8.1 Unit 1 & 2
Unit 1 and 2 are control in a same room. Both of control units is controlled analogy. The
production capacity of unit 1 and 2 is 110 MW. Generally four and five engineers work at
control room.
Figure 8.1: Control panel at control room.

Figure 8.1 shows control room at GPS. There is some hand operated tools and there is also
some tools which are inter locked with each other.

8.2 Unit 3, 4, 5 & 6
Unit 3 and 4 are control at control room two. Unit 5 and 6 are control at control room three.
Production capacity of each unit is 210 MW. Unit 6 is now out of service. So at control room
three only unit five is operating.
Figure 8.2: Control monitor at control room

Figure 8.2 shows a control monitor at GPS. This control system is analog. The control system
of different units are separated and monitored separately.

CHAPTER 9
Conclusion
Ghorashal Power Station is the largest power station in Bangladesh, which is playing an
important role in producing power for the nation and thus contributing to the country’s
economy. Ghorashal Power Station produces and supplies 950 MW of electric power to the
national grid. Its contribution to the country is about 10% of the total national power
generation sector. GPS is a combination of steam, gas and combined cycle plants for the
power generation purpose. It has a total of six units, where six are steam turbine units. Control
units 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, 6 are used to control steam power plants.
At first we visited steam power plant. There we saw how water is collected, purified and then
boiled to produce steam. This steam is then used to rotate the turbine for power generation.
There we also observed how air is collected from nature and filtered so that it is suitable to be
mixed with natural gas, for burning to generate heat for the boiler. There are several
switchgears and control rooms to control the overall system for producing steam and power
generation. We have observed various protection schemes which are used for the protection of
the equipment.
We also visited gas generator division, motor winding shop, rectifier room, battery room and
various types of relays used for protection at the generator division. There we also learned
about the different excitation systems of the generators and motors. Maintenance of the
generator is the main challenge in a power station.
Ghorashal Power Station is the large power station in Bangladesh, so we were very lucky to
get a chance to work with a group of communicative people in Ghorashal Power Station. We
got an enriched practical knowledge during our intern times which will be helpful in our
future working life.

References
[1] “GE to Repower BPDB’s Ghorashal Station in Bangladesh, July 19, 2016” [ONLNE]
available at: https://www.genewsroom.com/press-releases/ge-repower-bpdb [Accessed on:
July 15, 2018]
[2] V. P. Vasandani and D,S Kumar, “Heat Engineering”, 4th edition, Netaji Subash Marg,
New Delhi, Metropolitan Book Co. Pvt. Ltd, 1996
[3] “Governor” [Online] available at: http://www.scribd.com/doc/276016583/Ghorashal-
Power-Plant-Station-Bangladesh#scribd [Accessed on: June 09, 2018]
[4] Stephen J. Chapman, “Electrical Machinery Fundamentals”, 5th edition, New York:
McGraw Hill,1985.
[5] Mehta V.K. and Mehta Rohit, “Principle of Power System”, 4th edition, New delhi, S.
Chand and company limited, 2014
[6] Rao Sunil S., “Switchgear protection and power Systems”, 12th edition, Nai sarak, Delhi,
Khanna publishers, 2007
[7] “Transformer equipment”, [ONLINE] available at: http://www.electrical4u.com/what-is-
transformer-definition-working-principle-oftransformer [Accessed on: July 17, 2018]

Appendix – I
List of Abbreviations
GPS = Ghorashal Power Station
BPDB = Bangladesh Power Development Board
MW = Mega Watt
CCPP = Combined Cycle Power Plant
GE = General Electric
DC = Direct Current
AC = Alternating Current
RPM = Revolution per Minute
HRSG = Heat Recovery Steam Generator
ST = Steam Turbine
GT = Gas Turbine
HPT = High Pressure Turbine
LPT = Low Pressure Turbine
IPT = Intermediate Pressure Turbine
LPH = Low Pressure Heater
DEMI = Water-Demineralized Water
ID FAN = Induced Draft Fan
FD FAN = Force Draft Fan

RH = Re-Heater
HPC = High Pressure Cylinder
IPC = Intermediate Pressure Cylinder
LPC = Low Pressure Cylinder
PSIG = Pound Force per Square Inch Gauge
IDMT = Inverse Definite Minimum Time
CCWP = Close Circuit Water Pump
CT = Current Transformer
PT = Potential Transformer
CB = Circuit Breaker

Appendix – II
Activity Sheets






























Power System Analysis

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Power System Analysis

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INTERNSHIP REPORT

[GHORASHAL POWER STATION]

Adib Saiful (2014-3-80-038)

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

Academic Advisor Department Chairperson

Sohana Tanzeem Dr. Mohammad Mojammel Al Hakim

Suraiya Afroz Adib Saiful Md. Siddikur Rahman

Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, EWU 2

Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, EWU 3

Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, EWU 4

Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, EWU 5

Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, EWU 6

Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, EWU 7

Date Subjects Time Mentor

Engr. Abdullah Bin Aziz

Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, EWU 8

Turbine rolling, synchronization,

Basic principle of DCS and Engr. Kh. Mokammel

30.04.2018 Discussion on power plant 9 am

Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, EWU 9

Demonstration of gas turbine

Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, EWU 10

Authorization Page ....................................................................................................................... 2

Approval Letter ............................................................................................................................. 3

Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................... 7

Training Schedule ......................................................................................................................... 8

1.1 Objective of the internship ...................................................................................................... 21

1.2 Company profile ..................................................................................................................... 22

1.3 Mission and vision .................................................................................................................. 22

1.4 Production capacity................................................................................................................. 22

1.5 Future projects of Ghorashal power station ............................................................................ 23

1.6 Power generation, transmission and distribution .................................................................... 23

2. STEAM TURBINE POWER PLANT

2.1 Components of steam turbine ................................................................................................. 25

2.2 Working principle of steam turbine ........................................................................................ 25

2.3 Pumps used in steam turbine................................................................................................... 27

2.4 Circulating water pump........................................................................................................... 27

2.5 Feed water pump ..................................................................................................................... 28

2.6 Lube oil pump ......................................................................................................................... 28

Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, EWU 11

2.7 Water treatment plant .............................................................................................................. 28

2.8 Production of demi-water ....................................................................................................... 29

2.9 Clarifier ................................................................................................................................... 30

2.10 Sand filter .............................................................................................................................. 30

2.11 Cation exchanger .................................................................................................................. 31

2.12 Degasifier .............................................................................................................................. 31

2.13 Anion exchanger ................................................................................................................... 32

2.14 Mixed bed exchanger ............................................................................................................ 32

2.15 Quality of de-mineralized water ........................................................................................... 33

3.1 Types of boiler ........................................................................................................................ 35

3.2 Furnace .................................................................................................................................... 36

3.3 Boiler drum ............................................................................................................................. 36

3.4 Economizer ............................................................................................................................. 37

3.5 Superheater ............................................................................................................................. 37

3.6 Condenser ............................................................................................................................... 37

3.7 Induced draft fan (ID Fan) ...................................................................................................... 38

3.8 Force draft fan (FD Fan) ......................................................................................................... 39

3.9 Boiler protection ..................................................................................................................... 39

Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, EWU 12

4.1 Working Principle of Steam Turbine at GPS .......................................................................... 42

4.2 Turbine parts and auxiliaries ................................................................................................... 42

4.2.1 Turbine rotor ........................................................................................................................ 42