Thermodynamics I

ME 215 Section 002

Spring 2019, Lecture
Dr. Mruthunjaya Uddi

Class: MWF 1-1:50 PM, North Lawn Hall 2007

Jan 08, 2020 - Apr 24, 2020

Office Hours and Contact Information

Office: 3072B SERC (South Engineering Research Center)
Lab: SERC 3066, check in my lab as well
Email: uddi@ua.edu (please put "ME 215" in the subject)
Office Hours: Tuesdays, 12 PM-1:30PM, or by appointment. Email for appointment.

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Chapter 1
Selected Areas of Application of Engineering Bioengineering applications
Thermodynamics Biomedical applications
We will see highlighted topics in this Combustion systems
course Compressors, pumps
Aircraft and rocket propulsion Cooling of electronic equipment
Alternative energy systems Fuel cells Cryogenic systems, gas separation, and
Geothermal systems liquefaction
Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Fossil and nuclear-fueled power stations
converters Heating, ventilating, and air-
Ocean thermal, wave, and tidal power conditioning systems Absorption
generation refrigeration and heat pumps
Solar-activated heating, cooling, and Vapor-compression refrigeration and
power generation heat pumps
Thermoelectric and thermionic devices Steam and gas turbines Power
Wind turbines production
Automobile engines Propulsion
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 Chapter 1: Topics
Defining Systems
Control volume
Closed Systems
Open Systems
System
Surroundings
Describing Systems and Their Behavior
Macroscopic and Microscopic Views of Thermodynamics

Property, State, and Process

List of properties
Extensive and Intensive Properties

Equilibrium and Steady state

Mechanical
Chemical
Thermal
Phase and composition
Specific Volume
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Chapter 1: Topics
Total mass by integration

Moles

Molar mass: M

Pressure
Pressure at a point location in
liquid at a certain depth

Kelvin and Rankine Temperature Scales

Zeroth law of Thermodynamics for temperature

Introduction to conservation laws

Mass
Energy
Flow of energy

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Defining systems: Control Volume (CV)- imaginary 3D surface
enclosing a device of interest for (mass, energy, entropy) analysis
Shown with dashed lines in a 2D drawing

Surroundings

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 Control volume: can be used to analyze region of interest
CV or system interacts
with Surroundings
Kinetic Through exchange of
Energy -KE
KE -Mass
-Heat
-Electric energy etc.

W electric

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 Defining Systems: Closed system
No exchange of mass with surroundings

Gas sealed inside, no leakage assumed

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 Defining Systems: Open system
Can exchange mass with surroundings
Automotive Internal Combustion (IC) Engine Gas turbine exchanges mass (air) with
Exchanges mass with surroundings periodically surroundings continuously at steady state

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Defining Systems: Closed/open system can depend on CV under consideration

CV1 CV1: Open system

Water enters and
leaves system
continuously

CV2: Closed system

No exchange of mass
with surroundings

CV2: Water stays inside

CV circulating

CV2
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QUESTION
A control volume is a system that

a)does not interact in any way with its surroundings.

b)always has a constant volume
c)always contains the same matter.
d)allows a transfer of matter across its boundary.

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Assume closed system: A gas in a piston-cylinder assembly

CV can change shape and size

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Describing Systems and Their Behavior
Macroscopic and Microscopic Views of Thermodynamics
Systems can be studied from a macroscopic or a microscopic point of view.

Microscopic: molecular approach, molecular level.

Macroscopic: large level, Human visible level

example: 1L water, 1 kg steel etc.

Macroscopic approach in this course

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Property, State, and Process
To describe a system and predict its behavior requires knowledge of its properties
and how those properties are related.
Example ideal gas equation relation PV = mRT

A property is a macroscopic characteristic of a system such as

 mass,
 volume,
 energy,
 pressure, and
 temperature to which a numerical value can be assigned

A quantity is a property if, and only if, its change in value

between two states is independent of the process.
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Extensive and Intensive Properties
Extensive if its value for an overall system is the sum of its values for the parts into
which the system is divided.

Mass (M), volume (V), energy (E), and several other properties introduced later are
extensive.
Intensive properties are not additive in the sense previously
considered.

Eg: Pressure (P) at a point, temperature (T), energy per kg

of mass (ke) at a point etc.

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Notation
Large letters (Total properties) Small letters (specific values)
Total mass: M Mass/volume = density = ρ
Total volume: V Volume/density = specific
Total kinetic energy: KE volume = v
Total Potential Energy: PE PE/M = pe=specific potential
Total Internal energy: U energy
Total Energy: E U/M = u = specific internal
Total enthalpy: H energy
H/M = h = specific enthalpy

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Notation
NOTE
Total mass: M = V*ρ
Total volume: V=v * M
Total kinetic energy: KE=ke*M
Total Potential Energy: PE=pe*M
Total Internal energy: U=u*M
Total Energy: E=e*M
Total enthalpy: H = M*h

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 Equilibrium and Steady state

A system is in equilibrium if it is in Mechanical, Chemical, Thermal,

Phase and composition equilibrium, simultaneously.
Gas in box
Mechanical: no unbalanced forces
Low
pressure
Board
Δx at point 2
High
F1
pressure
at point 1
R

F2
Gradient: ΔP/ Δx drives the gas flow from
Unbalanced forces can cause the board high pressure to low pressure.
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Chemical equilibrium
Gas in box
Low Oxygen
concentration
High Oxygen Δx at point 2
concentration
at point 1

Gradient: ΔCO2/ Δx=(C1-C2)/Δx drives the oxygen diffusion from

high concentration to low concentration region.

Equilibrium if there is no such chemical diffusion

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Thermal equilibrium
Gas in box
Low
temperature
High Δx at point 2
temperature
at point 1

Gradient: ΔT/ Δx = (T1-T2)/ Δx drives the heat transfer from high

temperature to low temperature region.

Equilibrium if there is no such heat transfer

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Equilibrium
Presence of gradients usually implies non-equilibrium

Presence of gradients drives the movement/dynamics of mass, chemicals, heat etc.

Ice + hot May be only water,

water final equilibrium
Long time
temperature

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Steady state (SS)
A system in equilibrium is in steady state, but a system in steady
state may or may not be in equilibrium

A system in steady state: no change in any property (eg. T, P, ρ) at

any point in the system with time.

Eg. A tube light running for a long time is in steady state but not
equilibrium

As soon as the tube light is on, it is not in steady state or equilibrium.

It takes some time to reach steady state (SS)
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As soon as the tube light is on, it is not in steady state or
equilibrium. It takes some time to reach steady state (SS)
There are T and concentration (electrons) gradients in tube light and on its
surface driving heat loss to surroundings.

CV

Electron flux
𝒅𝑸
𝑸=
𝒅𝒕

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Specific volume

𝟏 𝟏
𝝆 = 𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 = =
𝒗 𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒊𝒇𝒊𝒄 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆

Total mass by integration

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 Moles (n) and Molar mass (M)

1 dozen = 12
1 decade = 10 years
1 mole = 6.023 x 1023 count = Avogadro number

n = moles, no units
m = total mass
M = molecular mass, kg/kmole
Different molecules have different M

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Pressure = force per unit area = F/A

In fluids (air and liquids) Fnormal is same in all

directions, as long as fluid is at rest.
Same P at a point in all directions in
a fluid at rest
Pressure gradient (non-equilibrium)
drives fluid/mass flow
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 Pressure measurement

𝑃𝑏 = 𝑃𝑎 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 + 𝜌𝑔𝐿
No change in liquid going from a to
b on the lower side: no change in
pressure, Pa = Pb

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 Relationships among the absolute,
atmospheric, gage, and vacuum
pressures

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Temperature: Zeroth law of thermodynamics

If body A is in thermal equilibrium between B

and C

Then, TB = TC

Thermal equilibrium means no conduction of

heat transfer when brought in contact with
each other.

A = Thermometer

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Questions
A system is said to be at ________ if none of its properties
changes with time.

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Free body diagram: Vertical piston
Neglect friction between piston and cylinder wall

F Patm*A

Piston

Pin*A
Mp*g
Newton’s law
Sum of vertical forces = 0
F + Patm*A + Mp*g = Pin*A

Pin = F/A + (Mp*g )/A + Patm

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Pin = F/A + (Mp*g )/A + Patm

If F = 0

Pin = (Mp*g )/A + Patm

We will frequently use above equation

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Example

Pin = (Mp*g )/A + Patm

Patm = 100 kPa Pin = (250 kg*9.8 m2/s)/1 m2 + 100 kPa

Piston Pin = 2450 Pa+ 100 kPa

Mp = 250 kg
A = 1 m2 Pin = 2.450 kPa+ 100 kPa

Pin = ? Pin = 102.45 kPa

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