Lecture 4

1
Dr. P V Ramana
FEM Dr PVR
 Distributed loading Fe     N 
T
p ds
y
s
Equivalent force system: Replace the distributed load by concentrated nodal forces
 3x 2 2x 3   wL 
and moments tending to have the same effect on the beam as the actual distributing  (1  2
 3 )   2 
load based on the concept of fixed-end reactions from structural analysis theory.  L L   
 2x 2
x3   wL 
2

 (x   )   12  
 L2  
F    L
  w dx  
the e L  3x 2 2x 3

Fixed-end reactions are those reactions at the ends of an element if    wL 
(  3 )
ends of the element are assumed to be fixed.  L2 L   2 
 2 3   2 
(  x  x )   wL 
 L L2
 
  12 
 
y L/2 wL
w w
F1 F2
M1 M2 L
x 2L/3 wL/2
w
Beam subjected to a distributed load Fixed-end reactions for the beam
L
(w2- w1)L/2
Ex. Distributed load. equivalent force system w 1L
w2 L/2 L/3
wL wL w1
w 2 2 wL2
L
wL2
Fe     N  p y ds
T
 12 12
s

 3x 2 2x 3   3wL 
w
 (1 
L2
 3 )
L    20 
3wL 7wL    
 
2 2
2x x3   wL 
 (x  L  L2 )
2 wL2
wL 20 20   wx   30 
20 Fe     2    dx   
 30 L  3x 2x 3  L    7wL 
(  3 )
 L2 L   20 
 2 3   wL2 
2 FEM Dr PVR (  x  x )   
 L L2   20 
 Example: 1 Consider the cantilever beam subjected to the uniform
load w. Find the right-end vertical displacement, rotation, and nodal
forces. Dis EX 1
wL wL
w
y 2 2
M1
x
wL2 wL2
F1
12 12
cantilever beam subjected to the uniform load w
equivalent nodal force system for uniform load w

Solution:
One element is used to represent the whole beam

wL
wL
2
2 wL
wL2 2
12 wL2 M1e wL2
12
12
M1 F1 F1e
The system equation for the beam is

 F1  12 6 L  12 6 L   1 
M   4 L2  6 L 2 L2   
 1  EI   1
   3  
FEM Dr PVR  F2  L  12  6 L   2 
3
M 2   2  2 
e  4 L 
 wL2
 1  1  0
wL
Applying the nodal forces F2   , M2  and the boundary conditions,
2 12

 F1  12 6 L  12 6 L   1 
M   2     wL 
 1  EI   1   2 
2

   3  4 L 6 L 2 L EI  12  6 L  v2 
 12  6 L  2   wL2   3  2  
 F2  L   L   6 L 4 L   
M 2   2   
2

e  4 L  2   12 e
Solving the above equation for the displacements
 1  1  0
 2  ?, 2  ?

 2  L 2 L2 3L  wL 2  L3  wL 8 

   6 EI    wL2   EI   w  F1  ?, M1  ?
2   3L 6   12   6 
F2   wL 2 , M 2  wL2 12
The reaction forces F1e and M1e for the equivalent nodal force system are

 F1e  EI   12 6 L  v2 
  3  2  
 1e 
M L   6 L 2 L 
 2 
  wL   wL 
  12 6 L   8   2 
 2   w   5wL2 
  6 L 2 L  
FEM Dr PVR
6   12 
4
 F1  12 6 L  12 6 L   0 
 M   2 
 
 1  EI  4 L2
 6 L 2 L  0
  wL4 
 wL   3 
 22  L  12  6 L  8EI 
 
wL  4 L2   wL 
3

 12e   6 EI 

wL
wL
2
2

wL2
12 wL2
F1 12
M1

5 FEM Dr PVR
Propped Cantilever wL
wL
y 2 2
M1 2 wL2
x  wL
12 12
B
F1 equivalent nodal force system for uniform load w

wL
2 wL wL
2
wL2 2
12 B wL2 2
12
M1e BwL
F1 12
M1
F1e

The system equation for the beam is

 F1  12 6 L  12 6 L   1 
M   4 L2  6 L 2 L2   
 1  EI   1
   3  
 F2  L  12  6 L   2 
M 2   2  2 
e  4 L 

 F1  12 6 L  12 6 L  0
 M   0
 1  EI  4 L2  6 L 2 L2     wL2  EI 2
 F   3      3 4 L 2
 22  L  12  6 L  0  12  L
6 FEM Dr PVR
wl   2  2 
 12e  4 L 
 wL3
2 
48EI

The reaction moment M1e for the equivalent nodal force system are

3 2
EI 2 wL wL
M 1e  3 4 L 
L 48 EI 12

7 FEM Dr PVR
 -R

wL3
2 
48EI

8 FEM Dr PVR
Fixed Beam

equivalent nodal force system for uniform load w

The system equation for the beam is

 F1  12 6 L  12 6 L   1 
M   4 L2  6 L 2 L2   
 1  EI   1
   3  
 F2  L  12  6 L   2 
M 2   2  2 
e  4 L 

 F1  12 6 L  12 6 L  0
M   4 L2  6 L 2 L2  0
 1  EI   
   3  
 F2  L  12  6 L 0
9 FEM Dr PVR
M 2   2  0
e  4 L 
10 FEM Dr PVR
Example 5 Find the maximum vertical displacement,
rotation, and nodal forces for given continuous beam.

v1 v2 v3

q1 q2 q3

11 FEM Dr PVR
 v1 v2 v3

q1 q2 q3

12 FEM Dr PVR
13 FEM Dr PVR
14 FEM Dr PVR
For element 1
V1  0  12 6 -12 6  0  1285.92 
 M  0   6 4 -6 2  0  
 
 1   5     428.64 
      8X10   
V2  0  -12 -6 12 -6  0  1285.92 
 M 2  0   4   
 6 2 -6 4  2.679x10   857.28 
1285.92 1285.92

428.64 857.28

For Element 2
V1  6000  12 6 -12 6  0  6856.8 
 M  1000   6 4 -6 2  2.679x104  856.96  6856.8 5143.2
 1   5     
    8X10   
V2  6000  -12 -6 12 -6  0  5143.2  856.96 0

 M 2  1000   4   
FEM

Dr PVR
6 2 -6 4   4.464x10   0
15
 Example: 4
EI Constant
P
Exam

12 6 L  12 6 L   Fi 
 2  M 
4L  6L 2L 
2
 i
K   3 
EI 
 
L 12  6 L   Fj 
 2  M j 
 4 L 
16 By direct stiffness method, the system eqn. For the beam is obtained as
FEM Dr PVR
  F1  12 6 L  12 6 L   v1 
   2   
 M 1  EI  4L  6L 2L 
2
 1
 F   L3  12  6 L
 
   v2 
2 
2
M  2 
 2  4 L 

Boundary conditions : v1  v2  2  0 , loads : M1  PL

 F1  12 6 L  12 6 L  0
   2   
  EI 
PL 4L  6L 2L 
2
 1
 F   L3  12  6 L 
 
   0
2 
2
M   0 
17 FEM Dr PVR  2  4 L 
 The final set of equations is

EI 2
PL  3 4 L 1
L

The transverse displacement at node 1 and rotations at node1 and 2 are

2
PL
1 
4 EI

18 FEM Dr PVR
 Example: 4a
EI Constant
P
Exam

12 6 L  12 6 L  Fi
 2 
4L  6L 2L 
2 Mi
K   K 
EI 
(1) ( 2)
 3
L  12  6 L  Fj
 2 
 4L  Mj

19 By direct stiffness method, the system eqn. For the beam is obtained as
FEM Dr PVR
  F1 y  12 6 L  12 6L 0 0   v1 
M    
 1  4L  6L
2
2L 2
0 0  1 
 F2 y  EI  12  12  6 L  6 L  12 6 L  v2 
  3  2  
M 2  L  4 L  4 L  6 L 2 L  2 
2 2

 F3 y   12  6 L v3 
    
M 3   4 L  3 
2

Boundary conditions : v2  v3  3  0 , loads : F1 y  P, M1  0, M 2  0

 P  12 6 L  12 6L 0 0   v1 
 0    
  1 
2 2
   4 L 6 L 2 L 0 0
 F2 y  EI  12  12  6 L  6 L  12 6 L   0 
  3  2  
 0 L  4 L2
 4 L2
 6 L 2 L    2
 F3 y   12  6 L   0 
20 FEM Dr PVR     
 M 3     0 
2
4 L
 The final set of equations is

 P  12 6 L 6 L   v1 
  EI  2  
 0  3  6 L 4 L2
2 L 
 1

0 L
  6 L 2 L 8L  2 
2 2
 
The transverse displacement at node 1 and rotations at node1 and 2 are

3 2 2
7 PL 3PL PL
v1   1  2 
12EI 4EI 4EI
21 FEM Dr PVR
 where the minus sign indicates that displacement at node 1 and the positive signs indicate
counterclockwise rotations at node1 and 2.

By substituting the known global nodal displacements and rotations into the system
equation, one can determine the global nodal forces. The resulting equations are

 7 PL3 
 
 12 EI
2 
3 PL
 F1 y  12 6L  12 6L 0 0  
M     4 EI 
 1  4 L2  6L 2 L2 0 0  

 F2 y 
 EI  12  12  6L  6L  12 6L  
0 

  3    
4 L2  4 L2  6L
2
M
 2 L  2 L2   PL 
 F3 y   12  6 L   4 EI 
    

M 3    4 L   0 
2

 
 0 

 

The global nodal forces and moments are

5 3 1
F221 y  FEM
 P, M 1 Dr0PVR
, F2 y  P, M 2  0, F3   P, M 3  PL
2 2 2
 Local nodal force for each element (used for stress analysis of the entire structure)

Element 1
 f1 y   v1    P 
m     0  Element 2
 1  1  
   k   
(1)

 f2 y   v2   
3
 f2 y   v2   P  P
 m2  2   PL       2

 m2  ( 2 )  2   PL 
   K      3 
 f 3 y v
   2 
3  P

 m3  3   PL 
 2 
23 FEM Dr PVR
 Free body diagrams for element 1 and 2 are shown as follows.

P 3
P 3
2 P
2 PL
2
PL PL
P
According the results of the global nodal forces and moments, the free body diagram
for the whole beam is given as shown.
3
P
2
P 2 PL
24 FEM 1
Dr PVR 5 3
P 2
2
By using the beam theory sign conventions, the shear force V and bending moment M
diagrams are shown in the following figures.

M M
V V
Shear force diagram for the beam

3
V P
2
1 2 3
P
Bending moment diagram for the beam
PL
M
2
1 2 3

 PL
25 FEM Dr PVR
 Example: 5 Determine the vertical displacement and rotation of the horizontal beam at the traffic
light mounts, the support reactions and the internal forces at the light mount near the center of the beam

340 N 220 N

FEM Dr PVR
26
General Stiffness Matrix

Element Stiffness Matrix

27 FEM Dr PVR
Element 1

28 FEM Dr PVR
Element 2

29 FEM Dr PVR
30 FEM Dr PVR
31 FEM Dr PVR
32 FEM Dr PVR
33 FEM Dr PVR
34 FEM Dr PVR
Example 6

v1 v2
v3
q1 q2 q3
v3

v4

35 FEM Dr PVR
36 FEM Dr PVR
37 FEM Dr PVR
38 FEM Dr PVR
39 FEM Dr PVR
40 FEM Dr PVR
41 FEM Dr PVR
 EXAMPLE 8 Solve the beam shown in the figure using Direct Displacement method.
Solution
Numbering element and structure forces

42 FEM Dr PVRamana
Calculating fixed end moments and equivalent joint loads
 12 6 10  12 6 10  
 2
EI 6 10  4 10  6 10  2 10  
2

K1  3 
10  12 6 10  12 6 10 

6 10  2 10  6 10 
2
4 10  
2

 12 6 15 12 6 15 
 2
EI 6 15 4 15 6 15 2 15 
2

K2  3 
15  12 6 15 12 6 15
  12 6 12  12 6 12  
6 15 2 15 6 15
2
4 15 
2

 2
EI 6 12  4 12  6 12  2 12  
2

K3  3 
12  12 6 12  12 6 12 

6 12  2 12  6 12  4 12  
2 2
43 FEM Dr PVRamana

  12 60 12 60 0 0 0 0 
 60 400  60 200 0 0 0 0 
 
 12 60 12  12 3 60  26.67 12 3 26.67 0 0 
 1.5 1.5 
 60 200 60  26.67 400  266.7 26.67 133.4 0 0 
EI  
K
10   0 0 121.53 26.67 12 3  12 3 26.67  41.67 12 3 41.67 
3
1.5 1.2 1.2 
 0 0 26.67 133.4 26.67  41.67 266.67  333.3 41.67 166.67 
 
 0 0 0 0  12 3 41.67 12 3 41.67 
 1.2 1.2 
 0 0 0 0 41.67 166.67 41.67 333.34 
 12 60 12 60 0 0 0 0 
 60 400  60 200 0 0 0 0   v1
 
 12 60 12  12 3 60  26.67   q1
 12 26.67 0 0
 1.5 1.53
  v2
 60 200 60  26.67 400  266.7 
 q2
EI  26.67 133.4 0 0

10   0 0 121.53 26.67 12 3  12 3 26.67  41.67 12 3 41.67   v3

3
1.5 1.2 1.2 
 0 0 26.67 133.4 26.67  41.67 266.67  333.3 41.67 166.67   q3
 FEM Dr PVRamana
v
44
 0 0 0 0  12 41.67 12 41.67   4
1.2 3
1.2 3

  12 60 12 60 0 0 0 0 
 60 400  60 200 0 0 0 0   v1
 
 12 60 12  12 3 60  26.67   q1
 12 26.67 0 0
 1.5 1.53   v2
 60 200 60  26.67 400  266.7 
 q2
EI  26.67 133.4 0 0

10   0 0 121.53 26.67 12 3  12 3 26.67  41.67 12 3 41.67   v

3
1.5 1.2 1.2  3
 0 0 26.67 133.4 26.67  41.67 266.67  333.3 41.67 166.67   q3
 v
 0 0 0 0  12 41.67 12 41.67   4
  q 4
3 3
 1.2 1.2
 0 0 0 0 41.67 166.67 41.67 333.34 
10(10) 10(10) 2(152 )
Boundary conditions : v1  v2  v3  v4  0 , loads : M 1   ,M2   ,
8 8 12
10(12) 2(152 ) 2(122 ) 10(12) 2(122 )
M3     ;M4  
8 12 12 8 12
M 1  12.5, M 2  25, M 3  1.5; M 4  39;

45 FEM Dr PVRamana
  12 60 12 60 0 0 0 0 
 60 400 60 200 0 0 0 0    0   F1 ?
  
 12  q 1   M1
60 12  12 3 60  26.67 12 3 26.67 0 0
 1.5 1.5  0   F2 ?
 60 200 60  26.67 400  266.7 26.67 133.4 0 0  q   M
I   2    2
0  0
3
0 12 3 26.67 12 3  12 3 26.67  41.67 12 3 41.67  0   F3 ?
 1.5 1.5 1.2 1.2   
 0 0 26.67 133.4 26.67  41.67 266.67  333.3 41.67 166.67  q3   M 3
   
 0 0 0 0 12 3 41.67 12 3 41.67  0   F4 ?
 1.2 1.2   q 4   M 4
 0 0 0 0 41.67 166.67 41.67 333.34 

M 1  12.5, M 2  25, M 3  1.5; M 4  39;

46 FEM Dr PVRamana
  12 60 12 60 0 0 0 0 
 60 400 60 200 0 0 0 0    0   F1 ?
  
 12  q 1   M1
60 12  12 3 60  26.67 12 3 26.67 0 0
 1.5 1.5  0   F2 ?
 60 200 60  26.67 400  266.7 26.67 133.4 0 0  q   M
I   2    2
0  0
3
0 12 3 26.67 12 3  12 3 26.67  41.67 12 3 41.67  0   F3 ?
 1.5 1.5 1.2 1.2   
 0 0 26.67 133.4 26.67  41.67 266.67  333.3 41.67 166.67  q3   M 3
   
 0 0 0 0 12 3 41.67 12 3 41.67  0   F4 ?
 1.2 1.2   q 4   M 4
 0 0 0 0 41.67 166.67 41.67 333.34 

M 1  12.5, M 2  25, M 3  1.5; M 4  39;

47 FEM Dr PVRamana
  400 200 0 0  q1   12.5
 200 666.67 133.34 0  q   25 
EI  
  
2  
10  0 133.34 600 166.67  q3   1.5 
3

    
0 0 166.67 333.34 q 4   39 
q1  18.7,q 2  25,q3  34.2;q 4  134.1;

48 FEM Dr PVRamana
EXAMPLE 8 Solve the beam shown in the figure using stiffness method.
Solution

Numbering element and structure forces

10k

10k
2kip/ft

5' 5' 15' 6' 6'

W1 , 1 W2 , 2 W3 , 3 W4 , 4

Structure loads and deformations

w1, 1 w2,2 w3 , 3 w4 ,4 w5 , 5 w6 ,6

49 FEM Dr1PVRamana 2 3
Calculating fixed end moments and equivalent joint loads

  12.5
 12.5 -12.5k' 10k 12.5k' 10k
2k/ft -39 39
2k/ft
 
 37.5
FEF ' s    
-37.5k' 37.5k'

 37 .5 
  39 Fixed end moments
 
 39

W1F   12.5
W    25
WF  Net Fixed End M oments   2 F    
W3 F    1.5
   
 4F  
W 39 

-12.5 -25 -1.5 39

1 2 3

Net fixed end moment

50 FEM Dr PVRamana
Equivalent joint loads are : 12.5 25 1.5 -39

W1E  12.5
W   25 1 2 3
W K   2E    
W3 E   1.5 Equivalent joint Moments
   
 4E  
W  39 
Calculating structure stiffness matrices of element
Following table lists the properties needed to form structure stiffness matrices
of elements.
Member Length (ft) I J

1 10 1 2
2 15 2 3
3 12 3 4

51 FEM Dr PVRamana
Structure stiffness matrices are:

1 2 1 2

 4 2 1 0.4 0.2 1
K 1  EI  2 4  EI  
10  2  0.2 0.4 2
2 3 2 3

 4 2 2 0.267 0.13  2
K 2 
EI
 2 4  EI  
15  3  0.13 0.267 3

3 4 3 4

EI 4 2 3  0.34 0.167 3
K 3     EI  
12 2 4 4 0.167 0.34 4

Forming structure stiffness matrix of the entire structure

Using relation [K] = [K]1 + [K]2 + [K]3 structure stiffness matrix of the entire structure is:

52 FEM Dr PVRamana
 1 2 3 4
0.4 0.2 0 0 1
0.2 0.4  0.267 0 .13 0 2
K   EI  
 0 0.13 0.267  0.34 0.167 3
 
 0 0 0 .167 0 .33 4

1 2 3 4
0.4 0.2 0 0 1
0.2 0.667 0.13 0 2
K   EI  
0 0.13 0.597 0.167 3
 
 0 0 0.167 0.33 4
Finding unknown deformations
Unknown deformations are obtained by using the following equation
] = [K]-1 [W]

53 FEM Dr PVRamana
 1
 1  0.4 0.2 0 0 12.5 
     
     
  0.2
 2  0.667 0.13 0

 25 
 
   1    
  EI    
 3   0 0.13 0.597 0.167  1. 5 
     
     
     
 4   0 0 0.167 0.33   39

 1   2.97  0.94 0.24  0.123 12.5 

     
     
    0.94
 2  1.88  0.49  0.25

 25 
 
   1    
  EI    
 3   0.24  0.49 2.08  1.05  1. 5 
     
     
     
 4    0.123  0.25  1.05 3.56   39
q1  18.7,q 2  25,q3  34.2;q 4  134.1;
 1   18.8
   
   
  
 2  24.85 
   1  
  EI  
 3   35
   
   
 54 FEM
 Dr PVRamana

 4    132.736
Calculating element forces

Using relation [w]=[kT][] get

 w1E   0. 4 0.2 0 0  12.5

     
     
w   0. 2
 2E   0.4 0 0  18.8  13.7
 
       
       
 w3 E   0 0.267 0.13 
0  24.85   11.325
    1  
   EI      
      EI  
 w4 E   0 0.13 0.267 0  35  12.67
      
       
w   0  
0 0.34 0.167 - 132.74   10.27
 5E
    
     
  FEM  Dr PVRamana   
 w
55 
6E   0 0 0.167 0.34   39.88
Actual forces on the structure are obtained by superimposing the fixed end
reactions on above calculated forces.

 w1   w1F   w1E    12.5   12.5   0 

 w   w   w   12.5   13.7   26.2 
 2   2F   2E       
 w3   w3 F   w3 E   37.5  11.325   26.2
      
w
  4 w 4 F   w 4 E   37.5   12.67   50.1 
 w5   w5 F   w5 E    39    10.27    50.1
           
 w6   w6 F   w6 E   39   39.08  0 

 w 1   w 1F   w 1E    12.5   12.5   0 
 w   w   w   12.5   13.7   26.2 
 2   2F   2E       
 w 3   w 3F   w 3E   37.5  11.325   26.2
      
w w
 4   4F   4E   w 37.5   12 .67   50.1 
 w 5   w 5 F   w 5 E    39    10.27    50.1
           
 w 6   w 6 F   w 6 E   39   39.08  0 

56 FEM Dr PVRamana
57 FEM Dr PVRamana
EXAMPLE 9 Solve the beam shown in the figure using Direct Displacement method.
Solution

Numbering element and structure forces

58 FEM Dr PVRamana
Calculating fixed end moments and equivalent joint loads

 12 6 10  126 10  

 2
EI 6 10  4 10  6 10  2 10  
2

K1  3  
10  12 6 10  12 6 10 

6 10  2 10  6 10  4 10  
2 2

 12 6 15 12 6 15 
 2
EI 6 15 4 15 6 15 2 15 
2

K2  3 
15  12 6 15 12 6 15

6 15 2 15 6 15 4 15 
2 2

59 FEM Dr PVRamana
  12 60 12 60 0 0 
 
 60 400 60 200 0 0 
 12 
 12 60 15.56 86.67  3 26.67 
EI 1.5
K  
10   60 200 33.34 666.67 133.34 
3
26.67
 12 12 
 0 0 26.67 26.67 
 1.53
1.53 
 0 26.67 166.67 
 0 26.67 133.34
 12 60 12 60 0 0 
 
 60 400 60 200 0 0   v1 
q 
 12  1
 12 60 15.56 86.67  3 26.67   
EI 1.5 v2
  
10  60 200 33.34 666.67 133.34  q 2 
3
26.67
 12 12  v 
 0 0 26.67 26.67   3 
 1.53
1.53  q3 
60 FEM Dr PVRamana
 0 26.67 166.67 
 0 26.67 133.34
  12 60 12 60 0 0 
   v1   F1 
 60 400 60 200 0 0 
q   M 
 12  1  1
 12 60 15.56 86.67  3 26.67     
EI
 1.5 v2
      F2 
10   60 200 33.34 666.67 26.67 133.34  q 2   M 2 
3

 12 12  v   F 
 0 0  26.67 26.67  
3
 
3

 1.53
1.5 3
 q3   M 3 
 0  
 0 26.67 133.34 26.67 166.67 
2(10)
Boundary conditions : v1  v2  v3  0 , loads : M 1   ;
8
2(10) 5(152 ) 5(152 )
M2   ; M3  ;
8 12 12

61 FEM Dr PVRamana
  12 60 12 60 0 0 
   0   F1 ? 
 60 400  60 200 0 0   
q 
 12  1  1  M
 12 60 15.56 86.67  3 26.67    
EI 1.5 0  F2 ?
     
10   60 200 33.34 666.67 26.67 133.34  q 2   M 2 
3

 12 12   0   F ?
 0 0 26.67  26.67    
3

 1.5 3
1.5 3
 q3   M 3 
 0  
 0 26.67 133.34 26.67 166.67 
M1  2.5; M 2  91.25; M 3  93.75;

62 FEM Dr PVRamana
  400 200 0  q1   M 1 
EI      
3 
200 666.67 133.34  q 2    M 2 
10   0 133.34 166.67  q   M 
  3  3 
M1  2.5; M 2  91.25; M 3  93.75;
q1  130.67,q 2  273.75,q3  488.44;

63 FEM Dr PVRamana
  12 60 12 60 0 0 
   0   F1 ? 
 60 400  60 200 0 0   
q 
 12  1  1  M
 12 60 15.56 86.67  3 26.67    
EI 1.5 0  F2 ?
     
10   60 200 33.34 666.67 26.67 133.34  q 2   M 2 
3

 12 12   0   F ?
 0 0 26.67  26.67    
3

 1.5 3
1.5 3
 q3   M 3 
 0  
 0 26.67 133.34 26.67 166.67 
M1  2.5; M 2  91.25; M 3  93.75;

64 FEM Dr PVRamana FEM Dr PVRamana 64

 EI  400 200  q1   M 1 
3     
10   200 666.67 q
 2  2 
M
M1  2.5; M 2  91.25;
q1  73.67, q 2  158.82.

65 FEM Dr PVRamana
EXAMPLE 9: Analyse the shown beam using direct stiffness method.
Beam subjected to shear and moment.

STEP-1 Numbering the forces and deformations

5kip/ft (0.41667kip/inch)
2kips

10' 15'

W1 W2 W3

W4 W5 W6

Structure forces and deformations

w1 w2 w5 w6

1 2
w3 w4 w7 w8
66 FEM Dr PVRamana
Element forces and deformations
 Finding fixed end forces and equivalent joint loads
 w1F    30 
 w   30 
 2F   
 w3 F   1 
   
w 1
FEF " s    4 F    
w5 F  1125
   
 w6 F   1125 
 w   37.5 
 7F   
 w8 F   37.5 

67 FEM Dr PVRamana
30k" 30k" 1095k"
1095k"

Equivalent joint loads

Net fixed end forces

W1F    30 
W   1095
 2F   
[W]F=Net fixed end moments and forces = W3 F   1125 
  
 W 4 F   1 
W5 F   38.5 
   
W6 F   37.5 

68 FEM Dr PVRamana
 W1E   30 
Equivalent joint loads = W   1095
 2E   

Calculating Structure Stiffness Matrices of Elements

Following table shows the properties of the elements required to form structure
stiffness matrices of elements

L I J K L
M
1 120 1 2 4 5
2 180 2 3 5 6

69 FEM Dr PVRamana
From structural elements

Member-1
1 2 4 5

 0.0333 0.016667 0.00041667 0.00041667  1

 
 0.00041667 0.00041667  2
K 1  EI 
 0.016667 0.033333
 0.00041667  0.00041667 0.00000694  0.00000694 4
 
 0.00041667 0.00041667  0.00000694 0.00000694  5

Member-2
2 3 5 6
 0.0222 0.0111  0.000185 0.000185  2
 0.0111 0.0222  0.000185 0.000185  3
K 2  EI 
 0.000185  0.000185 0.00000206 0.00000206 5
 
 0.000185 0.000185 0.00000206 0.00000206 6

70 FEM Dr PVRamana
Forming structure stiffness matrix for the entire structure
Structure stiffness matrix for the entire beam is obtained using the relation
[K] = [K]1 + [K]2

1 2 3 4 5 6
 0.0333 0.016667 0  0.00041667 0.00041667 0  1
 0.016667 0.0555 0.0111  0.00041667 0.00023148 0.00018519 2

 0 0.0111 0.0222 0  0.000185 0.000185  3
K   EI  
 0.00041667  0.00041667 0  0.00000694  0.000000694 0  4
 0.00041667 0.00023148  0.000185  0.00000694 0.000009 0.00000206 5
 
 0 0.00018519 0.000185 0 0.0000206 0.00000206 6

Finding unknown deformations

Unknown deformation can be calculated using equation
[u] = [K11]-1 [Wk]
This can be done by partitioning the structure stiffness matrix into known
and unknown deformations and forces.

Wk   K11 K12   u 

W    K K   
 u  Dr PVRamana
FEM
21 22   k 
71
 1 2 3 4 5 6
W1E   0.0333 0.016667 0  0.00041667 0.00041667 0   1 
W   0.016667 0.0555 0.0111  0.00041667 0.00023148 0.00018519  2 
 2 E  
W3 E   0 0.0111 0.0222 0  0.000185 0.000185    3 
   EI   
W4 E   0.00041667  0.00041667 0  0.00000694  0.000000694 0   4 
W5 E   0.00041667 0.00023148  0.000185  0.00000694 0.000009 0.00000206  5 
    
W6 E   0 0.00018519 0.000185 0 0.0000206 0.00000206  6 

Using Equation [u] = [K11]-1 [Wk]

1
 1  1  0.0333 0.016667  30  1  10535.2946
       
 2  EI 0.016667 0.0555  1095 EI  22870.5886 
Finding Unknown Reactions
Unknown reactions can be calculated using the following equation
[W]u = [K]21 []u
W3 E   0 0.0111  253.86
     
W4 E   0.00041667  0.00041667  10535.2946 1   5.14 
   EI     
W5 E   0.00041667 0.00023148   22870.5886  EI  0.91 
72 FEM  Dr PVRamana
   
W6 E   0 0.00018519   4.235 
 W = W E + WF

W3  253.86 1125 1378.86

       
W4    5.14   1    4.14 
    
W5   0.91   38.5   39.41 
       
W6   4.235   37.5   41.735 

Since all the deformations are known to this point we can find the element
forces in each member using the relation
[w]m = [kT]m []m
Member-1:
 w1E   0.0333 0.016667  0.00041667 0.0001667   10535.2946  30 
w   0.016667 0.033333  0.00041667 0.00041667  1  22870.58863  586.7647
   EI 
2 E   
 w3 E   0.000416667  0.00041667 0.00000694  0.00000694 EI  0    5.1397 
       
 4E 
w  0.00041667 0.00041667  0.00000694 0.00000694   0   5.1397 
Superimposing the fixed end forces for member-1 on the above w’s we
get
73 FEMw = wEDr+PVRamana
wF
  w1   30   30  0 
 w  586.7647  30   616.764 
 2     
 w3    5.1397   1   4.1397
       
 4 
w 5.1397   1   6.1397 

Member 2 :

 w5 E   0.0222 0.0111  0.000185 0.000185  22870.5886  508.2353 

w    0.000185 0.000185  1    254.1176 
 6 E   EI  0.0111 0.0222  0  
 w7 E   0.000185  0.000185 0.00000206 0.00000206 EI  0   4.23529
       
 w8 E   0.000185 0.000185 0.00000206 0.00000206  0   4.23529 

Superimposing the fixed end forces

w  wE  wF
 w5   508.2353   1125  616.764
 w   254.1176   1125   1379.117 
 6     
 w7   4.23529  37.5   33.2647 
       
 8 
w 4 .23529   37 .5   41.73529 

74 FEM Dr PVRamana
  w1E   0.0333 0.01667 0  0.00041667 0.00041667 0 
w   OR  0.00041667   10535.2946
  2 E  0.01667 0.0333 0 0.00041667 0  
 w3E   0.00041667  0.00041667 0 0.00000694  0.00000694 0   22870.5886 
    
w
wE   4 E   EI 
0.00041667 0.00041667 0  0.00000694 0.000000694 0  0  1
 
w5 E 0 0.0222 0.0111 0  0.000185 0.000185   0  EI
   
 w6 E   0 0.0111 0.0222 0  0.000185 0.000185   0 
w     
0  0.000185  0.000185 0 0.00000206 0.00000206  0 
  7E
 
 w8 E   0 0.000185 0.000185 0 0.00000206 0.00000206

 w1E   30 
 w  586.53
 2E   
 w3 E    5.14 
   
w 5. 14
wE   4E    
 w5 E  508.42
   
 w6 E   254.21
 w    4.24 
 7E   
 8 E  
w 4 . 24 
75 w = wE +w
FEM Dr PVRamana
F
  w1   30    30 
 w  586.53  30 
 2    
 w3    5.14   1 
     
w 5. 14 1
w  4    
 w5  508.42  1125
     
 6 
w 254 .21  1125 
 w    4.24   37.5 
 7    
 w8   4.24   37.5 

 w1   0 
 w   616.53 
 2  
 w3    4.14 
   
w 6. 14
w  4   
 w5   616.58
   
 6 
w 1379 . 2 
 w   33.26 
 7  
76 FEM  w8   41.74 
Dr PVRamana 
 0 616.7647k" -616.7647k" 1379.177kip"

1 2
-4.139 -6.139 41.735
33.26
711.432
33.2647

+ +
-4.139 - - -248.34
- -
-6.139
-41.735 -616.7647

FEM Dr PVRamana
-1379.117
77
Shear Force Diagram Bending Moment Diagram
78 FEM Dr PVR