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SOIL MECHANICS
INTRODUCTION
This test demonstrates the laboratory measurement of coefficient of permeability of soil using
(1). Constant Head Permeameter
(2). Falling Head Permeameter
THEORY
The principal of the constant head permeameter is illustrated in Fig. 1. Water from the
reservoir is allowed to flow through a soil sample of known cross sectional area ‘A’ at a
constant rate. The hydraulic head ‘h’ is measured between two points a distance ‘l’ apart. The
water flowing through the sample is collected in a measuring cylinder to find the quantity of
water ‘Q’ passing through the sample during time ‘t’.
Q/t = ( k × A × h ) /1
q = ( k × A/1 ) ×h
During a small time interval ‘dt’ the change in height of the water level in the stand pipe is (-
dh), the negative sign indicating that the head is decreasing. The volume rate of flow is q = a
(-dh/dt).
dh k ×h × A
−a × =
dt 1
h2
dh k ×h × A h2
1 kA
t
Integrating; −a ∫
h1
×
dt
=
1
− ∫h1 h dh = al t∫0 dt
k × A
− a[log e h ] h1 = ×[ t ] t 0
h2 t
1
k × A
− ( log e ( h2 / h1 ) ) = ×(t − t 0) ( log e ( h1 / h2 ) ) = kA × (t − t 0)
( a ×1) al
(1). Transfer the sand to the permeameter. During this process some water should be
added, to ensure that, there are no air bubbles trapped in the sand.
(2). Connect the inlet to the constant head water supply and allow water to pass through,
until the sample gets saturated.
(3). Watch on the water levels of the stand pipes. Wait until their levels become
constant (a steady state has been achieved). Once a steady state has been achieved,
record the time required to collect 1000ml of water.
(1). Connect the water supply to graduated tube and open the valve to remove all the air
from the system.
(2). Record the water level in the Stand Pipe at time intervals of 5min or 10min as
appropriate.
Time to collect
Rate of flow
Set Number 1000 ml water h1 cm h2 cm h cm
M3/s
(sec)
1 20 65.1 95.1 30.0 5.00 E-05
2 25 70.1 94.1 24.0 4.00 E-05
3 30 66.1 86.1 20.0 3.33 E-05
4 35 72.1 89.2 17.1 2.86 E-05
5 40 82.1 97.1 15.0 2.50 E-05
6 45 90.1 103.4 13.3 2.22 E-05
Specimen Computation
Ak
= 1.666 ×10 −4 m3/s m
l
0.00005
0.00004
q (m3/s)
0.00003
0.00002
0.00001
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
h (cm)
Determination of the Coefficient of Permeability by the Falling Head Method
Water level h + 33
Time t (min) h0 h1 h0/h1 ln(h0/h1)
(h) (cm) (cm)
2:30 pm 0 90.0 123.0 123.0
2:35 pm 5 87.5 120.5 123.0 120.5 1.021 0.021
2:40 pm 10 85.1 118.1 123.0 118.1 1.041 0.041
2:45 pm 15 83.1 116.1 123.0 116.1 1.059 0.058
2:50 pm 20 80.6 113.6 123.0 113.6 1.083 0.080
2:55 pm 25 78.1 111.1 123.0 111.1 1.107 0.102
3:00 pm 30 76.4 109.4 123.0 109.4 1.124 0.117
3:05 pm 35 74.2 107.2 123.0 107.2 1.147 0.137
3:10 pm 40 72.2 105.2 123.0 105.2 1.169 0.156
3:15 pm 45 70.1 103.1 123.0 103.1 1.193 0.176
3:20 pm 50 68.1 101.1 123.0 101.1 1.217 0.196
Ak
ln ( h0 / h1 ) = × ( t1 − t0 )
al
π
0.0039 × ×19 2 × 0.150
0.0039 × a × l 4
k= = m/s
A π
× 99 .6 × 60
2
4
k = 3.77 ×10 −7 ms-1
Falling Head Test
0.25
0.2
0.15
ln(h0/h1)
0.1
0.05
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
t (min)