Table of Content

Contents Page

Introduction 2

Objective 3

Apparatus arrangement 3

Apparatus 3

Procedure 4

Result 5-7

Discussion 8-9

Conclusion 9

Appendice 10

Reference 11

Page 1
Introduction

The orifice consists of a flat plate with a hole drilled in it. When a fluid passes

through an orifice, the discharge is often considerably less than then the amount

calculated on the assumption that the energy is conserved and that the flow through

the orifice is uniform and parallel. This reduction in flow is normally due to a

contraction of the stream which take place through the restriction and continues for

some distance downstream of it.

Knowledge of the flow through an orifice and orifice size can be used in

determining the sizing and selection of a vacuum pump or system. Many of the

situations encountered when sizing vacuum equipment, particularly in material

handling type applications are resolved with a basic understanding of how flow

through an orifice works.

In determining the performance of water flow through an orifice, the coefficient

of discharges, Cd, the coefficient of contraction, Cc and coefficient of velocity, Cv are

needed. These three coefficients allow us to understand the effect of friction on water

flow clearly. Each of these coefficient is a ratio of the actual performance to ideal

performance as related to discharge, velocity and contraction.

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Objective

To measure the extend of the reduction in flow and contraction of the stream as water

discharged form a sharp edged orifice.

Apparatus arrangement

Apparatus

 Collection tank  Adjustable valve

 Tube manometer  Stopwatch

 Micrometer

 Discharge tank

 Plexiglass tank with overflow

 Water pump

Page 3
Procedure

1. The pipes were all ensure to be properly connected. The water was allowed to

flow through the pump into the tank.

2. The inflow of water was regulated when when the water level reached the height

of the overflow pipe so that a small steady discharge was obtained from the

overflow.

3. the values of Ho and Hc were recorded.

4. The diameter of the water flow through the orifice was recorded by calculating

the difference in reading using a micrometer.

5. The inflow of the tank was then reduced to lower the level in the tank in stages.

6. The discharge from the orifice for other three different stages.

7. Steps 2 to 5 were repeated with different discharge rate.

8. The data obtained were all recorded.

Page 4
Result

Time (s) Volume Discharge,Q Diameter Ho (mm) Hc (mm)

discharged (m3) *10-4 (m3/s) (mm)

26 0.01 3.8462 10.13 360 170

41 0.01 2.4390 10.55 355 346

35.16 0.01 2.8441 9.76 356 345

35.09 0.01 2.8498 10 357 344

Area of Ideal Actual Theoretical coefficient coefficient coefficient

orifice velocity,V0 velocity,Vc Discharge, of velocity, of of

*10-5 (m2) (m/s) (m/s) Qo *10-4 Cv discharges, contraction,

(m3/s) Cd Cc

8.0595 2.6577 1.8263 2.1420 0.6872 1.7956 2.6129

8.7417 2.6391 2.6055 2.3070 0.9873 1.0572 1.0708

7.4815 2.6429 2.6017 1.9773 0.9844 1.4384 1.4612

7.8540 2.6466 2.5979 2.0786 0.9816 1.3710 1.3967

Page 5
Sample calculations for 1st experiment

Volume discharged = 10L = 0.01m3

V 0.01
Fluid discharge = Q    3.8462  10  4 m 3 / s
T 26

Diameter = 15.1mm - 4.97mm = 10.13mm

Area of Orifice =

D 2
A
4
  (10.13 10 3 ) 2
A
4
A  8.0595 10 5 m 2

Ideal velocity =

vo  2 gH o

vo  2  9.81 0.36
vo  2.6577 m / s

Actual velocity =

vo  2 gH c

vo  2  9.81 0.17
vo  1.8263m / s
vc 1.8263
coefficient of velocity = C v    0.6872
vo 2.6577

Qc 3.8462 104
coefficient of discharge = Cd    1.7956
Qo 2.1420 10 4

Cd 1.7956
coefficient of contraction = Cc    2.6129
Cv 0.6872

Page 6
A graph of Ho vs. Q

Page 7
Discussion

From the graph of Ho vs Q plotted, we can conclude that the Ho are almost

proportional to Q where most of the values are consistent. But there a vertical line in

the graph that cause the result inaccurate and graph not perfectly proportional. This is

due to error occur in this experiment. From the graph plotted, it can be observed that

when the Ho increase, the Q will also increase. Besides, from the result calculated, we

can observed that when the diameter of the orifice increase, the theoretical volume

discharges also increase. Thus, we can conclude that the diameter of the orifice is

directly related to the pressure acting on the volume of water in tank.

On the other hands, we have calculated the coefficient of discharges, Cd, the

coefficient of contraction, Cc and coefficient of velocity, Cv. All of these theree

coefficient are measures of pressure loss. From this experiment, it is evident that the

energy loss in the system can be directly related to the difference in head levels

between ideal and actual conditions.

There are some error that happened in this experiment that cause the result

inaccurate. For example, some systematic error with the apparatus used. The tube

have air bubbles inside it. It will affect the reading of the height of the manometer.

Besides, the the surface of the manometer ruler was not clear, it make student har d to

take the readings from the scale. Furthermore, we did not start and stop the stopwatch

immediately when the water level is reaching. Moreover, the diameter of the water

flow cannot be measured accurately due to the spreading of the water, making it

difficult to determine the initial and final boundary values of the flowing water.

Henceforth, some precaution steps have to be taken in order to prevent error from

happening. For instance, a clean fully transparent tube could be used. Furthermore, all

leakages should be plugged. Moreover, we can reduced the parallax error when taking

Page 8
reading from manometer by putting a white paper behind the ruler to make the scale

be seen more clearly. Lastly, we should ensure that the air bubbles in the flexible tube

completely null as well as we should make sure all the apparatus are in good

condition before the experiment start in order to obtain a more accurate result.

Conclusion

In this experiment, we have successfully calculated the coefficient of discharges,

Cd, the coefficient of contraction, Cc and coefficient of velocity, Cv. Besides, from the

Ho vs. Q graph plotted, we can conclude that the Ho is proportional to Q. Thus, when

Ho increase, Q will also increase. Besides, from the result calculated we also can

conclude that the increase in the diameter of orifice will increase the Volume of fluid

discharge as pressure acting on it increased.

Page 9
Appendice

Figure 1 : Data collected

Page 10
Reference

 Arjun , M. (2013, August 28). ORIFICE DISCHARGE lab report sample.docx.

Retrieved May 5, 2019, from

https://www.scribd.com/document/179649354/ORIFICE-DISCHARGE-lab-repor

t-sample-docx

 Mondatta, R. (n.d.). Flow through an orifice. Retrieved May 5, 2019, from

https://www.academia.edu/8952330/Flow_through_an_orifice

 Vinay , S. (2011, May 21). Flow Through an Orifice. Retrieved May 5, 2019,

from https://www.scribd.com/document/55952589/Flow-Through-an-Orifice

 Khairil , I. (2015, April 7). Experiment 4 - Flow Measurement (2). Retrieved

May 5, 2019, from

https://www.scribd.com/document/261088985/Experiment-4-Flow-Measurement

-2

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