A Project Work On

Processor

SUBMITTED BY

AayushDhamala

Registration Number:

Roll Number:

Faculty: Science

SUBMITTED TO

Hari Kumar Giri

Faculty Member of Computer Science

Canvas International College

Basundhara, Kathmandu

Date:

RECOMMODATION
 This is to certify that the project work

Submitted by:

AayushDhamala

Has been approved and forwarded for examination.

Hari Kumar Giri

Faculty member of computer Science

Declaration
 I hereby declare that the project work entitled “Processor” submitted to
National Canvas International College is my original work,

_______________

Aayush Dhamala

Registration Number:

College Roll Number:89

Faculty: Science

Acknowledgement
 I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my teacher Mr.Hari Kumar Giri
for him encouragement to develop this project. I take this opportunity to express my
sincerest gratitude to all those who have inspired to write this project work.

I am proud to acknowledge Mr. Chakra Deuba, Mr. Bhupendra Katwal, Mr.

Lalit Joshi Mr. Ram Basnet whose guidance has inspired me to write the project work
in this form.

I am always grateful to my friends Mr. Saugat Timilsini, Mr. Saugat Ghimire,

Mr. RupeshAdhikari Mr. Ishwor Magrati for their support and innovative ideas for
this project work

I am equally grateful to all friends of Computer Science for give me a best

ideas for this project work.
 Contents

What is Processor?...........................................................................................6

Introduction........................................................................................................6

Types of CPU.................................................................................................7

Register..............................................................................................................7

Control unit........................................................................................................7

Arithmetic and logic unit...................................................................................8

Types of processor..........................................................................................8

Budget processors......................................................................................9

Mainstream processors...............................................................................9

Dual-core processors................................................................................10

Hardware........................................................................................................12

Software...................................................................................................13

Systems....................................................................................................13

Features......................................................................................................13

Function......................................................................................................14

Considerations..........................................................................................14

Size of Processor......................................................................................14

Benefits......................................................................................................15
What is Processor?

A processor is a small chip that resides in computer and other electronic devices. Its
basis job is to receive input and provide the appropriate output. While this may seem
like a simple task modern processor can handle billions of calculation per second. A
processor is the logic circuitry that responds to and processes the
basic instructions that drive a computer. The four primary functions of a processor
are, decode, execute and write back.

Introduction

Central processing Unit (CPU) is the portion of computer system that carries

out instructions of a computer program, and is the primary element carrying out

computer functions. The central processing unit carries out each instruction of the

program in sequence, to perform the basis arithmetical, logical and input/output

operations of the system. A CPU built on a single chip is called microprocessor is also

called processor.

The central processor of a computer is also known as CPU, or “central

processing unit”. This processor handles all the basic system instructions, such as
processing mouse and keyword input and running application. Most desktop contain a
CPU develop by either Intel or AMD, both of which use the x86 processer
architecture. Mobile devices, such as laptops and tablets may use Intel and AMD
CPUs but can also use specific mobile processor developed by companies like ARM
or Apple.

Modern CPUs often include multiple processing cores, which work together to
process instruction. While this “cores “ are contained in one physical unit , they are
actually individual processors infect , if you view your computers performance with a
system monitoring utility like Windows Task Manager(Windows) or activity monitor
(Mac OS X), You will see separate graph for each processor. Processors that include
two cores are called dual core processor, while those with four cores are called core
processor. Some high end workstations contain multiple CPUs with multiple cores,
allowing a single machine to have Eight, Twelve or even more processing cores.

Types of CPU

1. Register
2. Control unit
3. Arithmetic logic unit

Register

Registers are the primary memory of computer system. They are mainly used
to store data during the time of processing inside ALU. The Registers within CPU are
special purpose temporary storage locations. The main types of Registers are general
purpose register and specific purpose register. The important register within CPU is
program counter (PC).

Features of Register

 They are the fastest memory of computer.

 The storage capacity of registers is small.

 They are temporary memory of computer

Control unit

The control unit is the brain of a CPU itself. It is situated inside the processors. It is
situated inside a processor. It controls overall operations and device of computer.
There are two types of control units, the first type is called hardwired control unit.
Hardwired control units is micro programmed control unit. A micro programmed
control unit itself decodes and executes instructions by means of executing micro
program.
Features of Control Unit

 The control unit carries out the controlling operations of computer.

 It performs data processing operations.
 It sends control signal to various part of computer system for controlling.
 It gives command to stores data in memory.

Arithmetic and logic unit

The Arithmetic and logic unit carries out as the name suggests Arithmetic and
Logical operations on the data mode available to it. Basic arithmetic functions which
an ALU can carry out are an addiction, subtraction, multiplication and division. The
logical operation which can it can carry out greater than, equal to, less than etc.

Function of Arithmetic and Logical unit

 It performs basic arithmetical calculations such as addition,

subtraction, multiplication etc.
 It performs logical operations.

Types of processor
A few years ago, choosing a processor was pretty straightforward. AMD and Intel
each produced two series of processors, a mainstream line and a budget line. Each
company used only one processor socket, and there was a limited range of processor
speeds available. If you wanted an Intel processor, you might have a dozen
mainstream models and a half-dozen budget models to choose among. The same was
true of AMD.

To further confuse matters, most AMD and Intel processors are available in two types
of packaging, called OEM and retail-boxed. OEM processor packages include only
the bare processor and usually provide only a 90-day warranty. Retail-boxed
processors include the processor, a compatible CPU cooler, and a longer warranty,
typically three years.
A retail-boxed processor is usually the better deal. It typically costs only a few dollars
more than the OEM version of the same processor, and the bundled CPU cooler is
usually worth more than the price difference. But if you plan to install an after-market
CPU cooler for example, because you are upgrading your system to be as quiet as
possible it may make sense to buy the OEM processor.

Nowadays, choosing a processor isn't as simple. AMD and Intel now make literally
scores of different processor models. Each company now offers several lines of
processors, which differ in clock speed, L2 cache, socket type, host-bus speed, special
features supported, and other characteristics An Intel Celeron model number that ends
in J fits Socket 775, and the same model number without the J designates the same
processor for Socket 478. A Pentium 4 processor model number that ends in J says
nothing about the socket type it is designed for, but indicates that the processor
supports the execute-disable bit feature. And so on.

AMD and Intel each offer the three categories of processors described in the
following sections.

Budget processors
Budget processors give up a bit of performance in exchange for a lower price. At any

given time, AMD or Intel's fastest available budget processor is likely to have about

85% of the performance of their slowest mainstream model. Budget processors are

more than sufficient for routine computing tasks. (After all, today's budget processor

was yesterday's mainstream processor and last week's performance processor.) Budget

processors are often the best choice for a system upgrade, because their lower clock

speeds and power consumption make it more likely that they'll be compatible with

older motherboard.

Mainstream processors

Mainstream processors typically cost $125 to $250 although the fastest models sell for
$500 or more and offer anything up to about twice the overall performance of the
slowest budget processors. A mainstream processor may be a good upgrade choice if
you need more performance than a budget processor offers and are willing to pay the
additional cost.

However, depending on your motherboard, a mainstream processor may not be an

option even if you are willing to pay the extra cost. Mainstream processors consume
considerably more power than most budget processors, often too much to be used on
older motherboards. Also, mainstream processors often use more recent cores, larger
L2 caches, and other features that may or may not be compatible with an older
motherboard. An older power supply may not provide enough power for a current
mainstream processor, and the new processor may require faster memory than is
currently installed. If you intend to upgrade to a mainstream processor, carefully
verify compatibility of the processor, motherboard, power supply, and memory before
you buy the processor.

and with the 800 MHz FSB it's designated a Pentium 4/2.8C. A 2.8 GHz Prescott-core
Pentium 4 processor is designated a Pentium 4/2.8E.

Dual-core processors

By early 2005, AMD and Intel had both pushed their processor cores to about the
fastest possible speeds, and it had become clear that the only practical way to increase
processor performance significantly was to use two processors. Although it's possible
to build systems with two physical processors, doing that introduces many
complexities, not least a doubling of the already-high power consumption and heat
production. AMD, later followed by Intel, chose to go dual-core.

Combining two cores in one processor isn't exactly the same thing as doubling the
speed of one processor. For one thing, there is overhead involved in managing the two
cores that doesn't exist for a single processor. Also, in a single-tasking environment, a
program thread runs no faster on a dual-core processor than it would on a single-core
processor, so doubling the number of cores by no means doubles application
performance. But in a multitasking environment, where many programs and their
threads are competing for processor time, the availability of a second processor core
means that one thread can run on one core while a second thread runs on the second
core.

The upshot is that a dual-core processor typically provides 25% to 75% higher
performance than a similar single-core processor if you multitask heavily. Dual-core
performance for a single application is essentially unchanged unless the application is
designed to support threading, which many processor-intensive applications are. (For
example, a web browser uses threading to keep the user interface responsive even
when it's performing a network operation.) Even if you were running only unthreaded
applications, though, you'd see some performance benefit from a dual-core processor.
 Hardware

 Processor (computing) (CPU), the hardware within a computer that executes a

program

o Central processing unit is Microprocessor, a central processing

unit contained on a single integrated circuit (IC)

o Application-specific instruction set processor(ASIP), a component used in

system-on-a-chip design

o Graphics processing unit(GPU), a processor designed for doing dedicated

graphics-rendering computations

o Physics processing unit(PPU), a dedicated microprocessor designed to handle

the calculations of physics

o Digital signal processor (DSP), a specialized microprocessor designed

specifically for digital signal processing

o Image processor, a specialized DSP used for

image processing in digital cameras, mobile phones or other devices

o Coprocessor

o Floating-point unit

o Network processor, a microprocessor specifically targeted at the networking

application domain

 Multi-core processor, single component with two or more independent CPUs

(called "cores") on the same chip carrier or on the same die

 Front-end processor, a helper processor for communication between a host

computer and other devices
 Software

 Word processor, a computer application used for the production of potentially

printable material

 Document processor, a computer application that superficially resembles a

word processor—but emphasizes the visual layout of the document's components

Systems

 Information processor, a system which takes information in one form and

transforms it into another form by an algorithmic process

 Data processing system, a combination of machines, people, and processes that for
a set of inputs produces a defined set of outputs

 Information system, a system composed of people and computers that processes or

interprets information

There are many different processors on the market. However, there are only a few that
you should consider purchasing. Whether you're buying a computer off the shel

f, building it from scratch or upgrading your CPU, you must put some time and
thought into which processor to buy. The choice you make today will affect your
computer's speed and functionality for years to come.

Features

Each processor has a clock speed which is measured in gigahertz (GHz). Also, a
processor has a front side bus which connects it with the system's random access
memory (RAM.) CPUs also typically have two or three levels of cache. Cache is a
type of fast memory which serves as a buffer between RAM and the processor. The
processor's socket type determines the motherboard type where it can be installed.

Function

A microprocessor is a silicon chip containing millions of microscopic transistors. This

chip functions as the computer's brain. It processes the instructions or operations
contained within executable computer programs. Instead of taking instructions
directly off of the hard drive, the processor takes its instructions from memory. This
greatly increases the computer's speed. It help to give desirable output.

Considerations

If you're thinking about upgrading your processor yourself, you must check your
motherboard specs first. The CPU you install must have the same socket size as the
slot on the motherboard. Also, when you install a new processor, you may need to
install a heat sink and fan. This is because faster processors produce more heat than
slower ones. If you fail to protect your new CPU from this heat, you may end up
replacing the processor.

Size of Processor

When it comes to processors, size matters. Whether you're buying a new computer or
upgrading your old one, you must get the fastest processor you can afford. This is
because the processor will become obsolete very quickly. Choosing a 3.6 GHz
processor over a 2 GHz today can buy you several years of cheap computing time.
Also check the speed of the front side bus (FSB) when purchasing your new computer
or CPU. A front side bus of 800 MHz or greater is essential for fast processing speeds.
The processor's cache is also important. Make sure it has at least 1 MB of last level
cache if your computing needs are average. There can be hundreds of dollars'
difference between the cheapest processors and the most expensive ones. However,
investing just a little extra cash can get you a much better processor.

Benefits

Getting a processor with a dual, triple or quad core can make a significant difference
in the processing power of your computer. It's like having two, three or four separate
processors installed on your computer at one time. These processors work together to
make your computer multitask faster and with greater efficiency. Getting a CPU with
a larger front side bus can enhance the processor's ability to communicate with RAM,
which will increase your computer's overall speed.

Today, computers are a part of our lifestyle, but the first computer that was used was
developed at the University of Pennsylvania in the year 1946! It had an ENIAC
(Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) processor. The reprogramming
feature that is so extensively use today, was introduced by Alan Turing and John von
Neumann with their teams. The von Neumann architecture is the basis of modern
computers.

From the development of the first microprocessor - Intel's 4004 to the latest ones - the
microprocessors have come a long way.
Abbreviations

SN Short Form Full form

1. CPU Central Processing Unit

2. CU Control Unit

3. ALU Arithmetic and Logic Unit

4. PC Program counter

5. OS Operating System

6. ENIAC Electronic Numerical Integrator and

Computer

7. FSB Front Size Bus