ACTIVITY CHART:-

DATE ACTIVITY
17/06/19- Introduction and Basic Knowledge of Telecommunication
19/06/19 Department in Indian Railway.
Basic Knowledge of Optical Fibre communication and
microwave communication.
20/06/19- Basic knowledge of STM(Synchronous Transport Module)
22/06/19 and advantage of Optical fibre communication and how the
communication stablish between two station using STM in
Railways.
24/06/19- Introduction of Signalling in Indian Railway and how it is
26/06/19 used to direct railway traffic .

27/06/19- Basic Knowledge of Colour light signalling, and shows us how

29/06/19 the colour light signalling is done and control by the staff in
Railway.

INTRODUCTION :-

Indian Railways (IR) is India's national railway system operated by the Ministry

of Railways. It manages the fourth largest railway network in the world by size,
with a route length of 67,368-kilometre (41,861 mi) and total track length of
121,407-kilometre (75,439 mi) as of March 2017. Routes are electrified with 25
kV AC electric traction while 33% of them are double or multi-tracked.
Signal and Telecommunication Department is responsible for installation and
maintenance of Signalling system essential for the safe & speedy movement of
trains and Telecommunication systems required for the effective utilization of
the large fleet of locomotives and other rolling stock and track as well as for the
administration of the vast Railway Network.
TECHNICAL ASPECTS:-

What is Telecommunication
Telecommunication is the true or information over and communicate.
Role of Telecommunication Department in Railways:-
Among the numerous department of Railway, Telecommunication Department
is one of the most important departments of Railways. It forms the backbone of
the organization .For better communication the whole railway network divided
into number of zones. Each zone is divided into division and each zone has its
own headquarters.
There are two types of communication which is manly used in Railways:-
These are OFCA and MW Communication.
1) OFC(optical fibre communication): It is the backbone of railway
communication network This communication occurs by the help of
Optical fibre cable.
2) MW(microwave communication): Railway has its own microwave
infrastructure for long haul communication.

The OFC and MW communication system meets the entire need of voice and
data communication circuits of the division and zonal headquarters.
Optical fibre cable (OFC) :-
An optical fibre cable is a cable containing one or more optical fibres. The
optical fibre elements are typically individually coated with plastic layers and
contained in a protective tube suitable for the environment where the cable will
be deployed. Individual coated fibres(or fibres formed into ribbons or bundles)
then have a tough resin buffer layer and/or core tube(s) extruded around them to
form the cable core. Several layers of protective sheathing, depending on the
application, are added to form the cable. Rigid fibre assemblies sometimes put
light-absorbing ("dark") glass between the fibres, to prevent light that leaks out
of one fibre from entering another. This reduces cross-talk between the fibres,
or reduces flare in fibre bundle imaging applications .Generally there are two
standards for optical fibre communication.
SONET: Synchronous Optical Network.
→ SDH: - Synchronous Digital Higher achy.
Advantages of OFC:-
>Very high bandwidth and data rate.
>Less electromagnetic interference resulting in lesser noise.
>Low error rate.
Disadvantages of OFC:-
> Very high cost.
> Conversion of signal from light to electrical is difficult.
Synchronous Transport Module level-1 (STM-1):-
The STM-1 (Synchronous Transport Module level-1) is the SDH ITU-T fibre
optic network transmission standard. A STM-1 frame has a byte-oriented
structure rows and 270 columns of bytes, for a total of (9 rows 270 columns)
2430 bytes Each byte corresponds to a 64kbit/s channel. It has a bit rate of
155.52 Mb/s. Higher levels up by a factor of 4 at a time: the other currently
supported levels are STM-4,STM-16, STM-64 and STM-256.
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH):-
The FIBCOM FOCUS ACI is a product family where STM-1 and STM-4
Add/Drop multiplexers provide a cost efficient solution where the requirement
is to add/drop a limited number of channels. The number of tributary signals can
be increased to full capacity by adding additional tributary modules.
MERITS OF SDH:
I. Simplified multiplexing/de-multiplexing techniques
II. Direct access to lower speed tributaries, without need to multiplex/de-
multiplexer the entire high speed signal
III. Enhanced operations, Administration, Maintenance & provisioning
capabilities
IV. Capable of transporting existing PDH signal.
Railway Telephone Network :-
There is an in-house Railway Telephone Network connecting all-important
offices, officials, Way stations, Divisional Headquarters & Zonal Head
Quarters. Railway telephones exchanges are inter-connected through Railway
OFC network, Railway Microwave network and are supported by rented BSNL
channels as stand by.
Wireless communication System:-
Driver, Guard, Supervisors & officers of permanent way, Mechanical,
Electrical and Signal & Telecom departments are provided with 5 watts hand
held walkie-talkies, which can be used to establish communication between
moving train & adjacent stations. Every railway station is provided with 25
watts VHF set for this purpose.

SIGNALLING:-
Railway signalling is a system used to direct railway traffic and keep trains
clear of each other at all times. Trains move on fixed rails, making them
uniquely susceptible to collision. This susceptibility is exacerbated by the
enormous weight and inertia of a train, which makes it difficult to quickly stop
when encountering an obstacle.
Multiple Aspect Colour Light Signalling (MACL):-
Mechanical signals of Semaphore type are progressively replaced by
Electrical signalling with Multiple Aspect Colour Signals (MACL). MACL
signals have better visibility, quick operation and less maintenance.
Route Relay Interlocking (RRI) and Central Control Panels in signal
control system:-
By mere operations of knobs and route buttons, routes are set automatically and
signals are cleared with absolute safety. The entire station is track circuited.
Points and signals are operated by individual knobs/slides in small yards.
LED signals for colour light signalling (LED) :-
In the colour light signals light aspects of mechanical signals are lit by
incandescent bulbs. These bulbs have limited hours of working and get fused
due to ageing and voltage fluctuations. The bulbs have to be replaced
frequently. As an improvement, LED lit signals are now introduced. LED
signals are having longer life and better visibility. This type of signal has
enhanced the reliability by reducing the incidences of signal lamp fusing. It also
affords good visibility to the drivers and more signals are likely to be converted
to LED signals.
Track circuiting:-
Track circuit detects the presence or absence of the train on the track. This is
the backbone of the signalling system. This ensures complete safety to the train
in case of human failure. Due to high utilisation of the track capacity, this
ensures safe, speedy and punctual movement for train services.
Level crossing:-
The unmanned gates are taken up for manning where telephone facilities are
provided from the nearest station so that gate will be closed well in advance
before the train approaches the manned gates. LC gates are being taken up for
interlocking on the basis of train vehicle units (TVUs) to ensure safety for both
trains and road users.