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January 2020
Rural cellular communication
– Challenges in 3G/4G for rural connectivity
Solution: SuperCell
- Architecture & simulation results
2
Mission:
Rural Cellular Connectivity
Make rural LTE deployment attractive to Mobile Operators by
dramatically reducing the TCO by deploying tall towers with spectrally
efficient base-stations.
Approach:
3
Resulting Coverage & Link budget
Conventional three sector system
• Shown is an acceptable heatmap of Sample cell-edge link budget for SuperCell
the resulting SINR by employing HOS
over a coverage area of 80kmx80km. Parameter Value (downlink) Value (uplink)
Noise figure 8 dB 4 dB
SNR -3 dB - 6 dB
Cellular BTS Architecture Comparison
Conventional Proposed: SuperCell
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Channel models Propagation model?
Multipath profile?
for SuperCell
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Site Planning Workflow
SINR heatmap example
Antenna pattern
intended for
deployment
Antenna radiation pattern
(measured in chamber)
Model
Pathloss model tuning parameters
with Ray tracing
Post processing
+ Cell planning Cell SINR Profile
Field
measurements Laplacian/Gaussian tool (eg.
curve fit ATOLL/Planet)
Model
Propagation Gaussian/Laplacian parameters
model model fit
+
Multipath Coverage
Cell Radii
profile (Throughput)
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Challenges in site-survey for
long-range coverage
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High-resolution PAS Clutter interference definition Test methodology
measurement
• Motivation:
Higher-order sectoring is required to meet the
increased population being covered in the 50km Anticipated results
radius. However HOS beyond 6 sectors poses a risk of
inter sector interference. Power azimuth spectrum results
Sectorization gain
• What is causing intersector interference?
• Antenna side/back lobe’s contribution to a Location 1, location 2
neighboring sector
No. of sectors
• Scattering caused by the clutter in the environment
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Multi-dimensional field measurements - I
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0
PAS measurement results
1
1
Multi-dimensional field measurements - II
1
2
Learnings summary:
• Propagation hypothesis: Cellular propagation models predict ~ 6 dB
lower path loss upon each doubling of BTS height
• Pathloss vs. PAS: Generate additional PAS data points to study of the effect of
pathloss on PAS
• Channel model vs. Clutter density: Analyze Pathloss and PAS as a function of clutter
density by artificially placing clutter in the Tx-Rx vicinity
• MIMO condition number: Assess the MIMO channel richness by artificially placing
buildings and evaluating the multipath inside the buildings.
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3D Ray-tracing simulation setup for Multipath
Calibration with
field measurements
1
5
Studying the effect of Clutter on Multipath
1
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Angular spread 3D Simulation results
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Antenna systems for
SuperCell
1
8
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Candidate class of antennas: Pros & Cons
Total (per site) EPA/
Solution Bands Cost Modularity achievable capacity weight Pros Cons
(20 MHz BW) for 360
coverage
High, low and mid bands High 12/10 sectors 1620 Mbps Low - Lower side lobes - High cost
in the same product per panel - No NRE required - Low modularity
Lens - Low EPA - No steerability
(698-896 MHz) - High capacity - Cusping loss
(1710-2690 MHz) - Long range (High
gain)
- Positive IRR
Either high or mid band High 2/3 sectors 1620 Mbps High - Dynamic steering - High cost
per panel - High gain - NRE required
Active (1.7 – 2.6 GHz) + Dynamic - Good modularity - High EPA
FDD only steering - High capacity
- Long range
- Cusping loss can be
avoided
Different products for Low 1/2 sectors 270 Mbps (with 6 Med - Low cost - Narrow elevation
high, low and mid bands per panel sectors) - Long range (high beam
Passive gain) - Higher side lobes
(694 – 960 MHz) - No NRE required - Poor capacity (lower
(1710 – 2170 MHz) - No cusping loss no. of sectors)
(2300 – 2960 MHz)
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Additional benefits: Cost-Effective Backhaul to Small Cells
and WiFi-Hot Spots
SuperCell
MNO Core
WiFi Hotpots
Small Cell
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Additional benefits: Adaptive sectorization
+
CPRI
RRU
Real-time KPIs and resource usage information for interference coordination
Baseband
processing unit
(eNodeB)
+ RRU
+ RRU
Baseband
+ RRU
processing unit
(eNodeB)
+ RRU
+ CPRI
RRU
data format Antenna system
conversion
+ RRU
Baseband
processing unit
(eNodeB)
Waveform Agnostic Adaptive
Sectorization block + RRU
+ RRU
2
3
Uniform sector
allocation : Example 2
2
4
Non-uniform sectorization algorithm
2
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Non-uniform sector
allocation: Example 1
2
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Non-uniform sector
allocation: Example 2
2
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Conclusion • Rural long-range cellular connectivity has its own challenges – both technical and
logistical
• Any novel ideas on enabling Pathloss and PAS measurements that could
potentially overcome these issues can be a good scope for future work.
• Overall, the measurement procedure and data can be applied in diverse use
cases in sub-6GHz frequency bands, such as Internet-of-things (IoT), long range
massive MIMO, IoT for agriculture, drone-based communication systems
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Questions?
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Backup
3
0