STATIC EXCITATION SYSTEM.

1) GENERAL INTRODUCTION:
A) The static Excitation equipment is one which supplies the
required excitation current to the generator rotor field and which regulates
the generator voltage by direct influence on the excitation current.
Controlled rectifiers replace the old usual exciter machines. The required
excitation power is supplied by a 3.3kv/380v, 3Ø,  transformer to the
Thyrister, and from the thyristors, the rectified power is delivered to the
generator slip rings through Field Breaker. The system is normally fed from
the generator terminals, but in our station, it is fed from the 3.3kv unit
section of the respective units.
B) SALIENT DESIGN FEATURES:
1. The excitation system controls the field voltage of the
generator in such a way that the transient change in the regulated voltage are
effectively suppressed and sustained oscillations in the regulated voltage are
not produced by the excitation system during steady state load condition.
2. The generator terminal voltage is maintained constant
within ±0.5% of the preset value over the entire load range of the machine.
3. In the event of sudden loss of maximum continuous
rated output at rated power factor, the system is capable of restoring the
voltage to within 2% of the nominal preset value within 3.0 seconds.
4. Provision for remote adjustments of reference voltage
setting is available corresponding to 90% to 110% of the rated nominal
value under all load condition.
5. The excitation system is capable of providing field
forcing for a maximum duration of 10 seconds.
6. The response of the excitation system is such that 90%
of ceiling voltage emerges in 40 millisecs, at 5% drop in generator terminal
voltage.

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7. The system incorporates a device for controlling
volt/frequency ratio, which enables the regulation to be proportional to the
frequency below a predecided cut off frequency.
8. The thyristor converter is based on (n-1) principle. i.e
if one parallel bridge goes out, the remaining bridges are rated to meet the
nominal excitation and field forcing excitation requirements of the generator
without exceeding permissible operating temperature.
9. The AVR measurement circuit is suitable for 5A or 1A
CT secondary and 110v potential transformer secondary.
10. AVR Parameters:
Range of voltage level adjustment : ± 10% in all modes of operation of
Generator.
Frequency range of operation : 48.5 to 51.5 Hz
Accuracy with which generator
Voltage is held : Better than ± 0.5%
Percentage of transformer
Drop compensation : 0 to 15%
Max. change in generator voltage : Less than 0.5%
When AVR is changed from ‘Auto’
to ‘Manual’ under all condition
of excitation.
Manual control range : 0-105% of generator terminal
Response time : Less than 50 mille sec.
C) ADVANTAGES OF STATIC EXCITATION SYSTEM:
1. Fast response
2. No influence due to short circuits in the system.
3. Interchangeability of power parts during operation.
4. Practically less maintenance.
5. Good accessibility.
6. Higher reliability.

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7. Free selection of the place of installation.
8. Reduced overall length of the machine group.

II. DESIGN, CONSTRUCTIONAL & OPERATIONAL

FEATURES:
The static excitation system is divided into four principle sections, namely.
A) Rectifier transformer
B) Thyrister Converter.
C) De-excitation cubicle (or) Field suppression cubicle.
D) AVR & control unit (Regulation Cubicle)
II. A. RECTIFIER TRANSFORMER:
This is an epoxy moulded dry type, 3 phase, /
transformer, the primary of which is connected to the respective 3.3kv unit
section thro’ 3.3kv OMCB. The secondary side is connected to the SCR
power rectifier unit thro’ off load isolators (Q). The secondary voltage is so
chosen that sufficient ceiling voltage is attained at maximum output of the
current converter. CTs are provided on the primary side of the transformer
for maximum current and overload protection of the Excitation Transformer.
Temperature sensors are provided with embedded Thermisters / P.T 100
elements into the cast coil on the LV side of the transformer to measure the
temperature of the LV winding in each phase. Two separate signal systems,
one for alarm at 140c and the other for tripping at 160c are incorporated.
Normally the excitation transformer will have DY5 vector group connection
because of historic reasons and due to easy manufacturing activities. How
ever, YD11 or DY11 connection can also be provided depending upon the
requirements.
MAJOR ADVANTAGES OF EPOXY TRANSFORMER:
1. Less maintenance
2. High over load capacity

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3. Space saving
4. Compact installation
5. Impulse voltage proof
6. Resistance to short circuit shocks
7. Non-inflammable
8. Moisture repellant.Ressistant to temperature fluctuations.
TECHNICAL DATA OF THE RECTIFIER TRANSFORMER:
DETAILS 50MW 100MW

MAKE May & Ghriste BHEL

(West Germany)
Frequency 50Hz 50Hz
Phase 3 3
Rated capacity 450KVA 1100KVA
DETAILES 50MW 100MW
Voltage Current Voltage Current
Primary 3.3KV 78.7A 3.3KV 192.5A
VOLTAGE
Secondary 380V 684A 380V 1671.3A
Type Dry type: Cast coil Dry type: Cast coil
Percentage impedance 6% 6%
Vector group Dyn5 Dyn5
Mode of connection By cables By cables
between LV terminals
and thyristor converter.
Type of cooling Natural air cooling Natural air cooling
Insulation level 12/1.1 KV
Taps 1. 3465 V 1. 3465 V
2. 3300 V 2. 3382.5 V
3. 3135 V 3. 3300 V
4. 3217.5 V
5. 3135 V

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II . . THYRISTOR CONVERTER
II General: Basically, the thyristor consists of four layers of P&N material
and three junctions between layers as shown in fig.
J1 J2 J3
ANODE
CATHODE
P N P N

GATE
This has two blocking states. When the anode terminal is biased positively
with respect to the cathodes, the junctions J1&J3 are forward biased where
as J2 would be reverse biased so that current flow is blocked and the SCR is
set to be in the forward blocking state. Similarly, with a negative voltage
applied to the anode with respect to cathode, junctions J1&J3 are reverse
biased and junction J2 is forward biased and the device will not switch on.
This state is known as reverse blocking state or high impedance state.
The Thyrister can be turned ON by increasing the anode voltage
sufficiently to exceed the break over voltage so that the reverse biased
junction J2 breaks down because of large voltage gradient across the
depletion layers and the forward current increases. Once the conduction
starts, external resistance of the circuit limits it current. The most
convenient method of switching the thyristor is by applying a positive
trigger pulse to the gate of the thyristor with a lower positive anode voltage
than the break down voltage. This is known as gate control. Once the
thyristor is ON, the forward current is to be maintained above a certain value
known as latching current to enable the thyristor to hold on to the
conducting state. For turning OFF a thyristor, the forward current thro’ it
should be brought down below the holding current value by reversing the
anode potential when the junction J2 is again reverse biased because of
reduced no. of carriers. Turn ON time is dependent upon the load current

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and rate of rise of gate pulses. Turn off time depends on the recombination
of charges near junction J2. Normally, Turn ON time will be 1 to 4 sec and
Turn off time will be 10 to 250 secs.
Junction temperature has got a direct bearing on the performance of
the device since it affects the carrier densities of the P&N layers. With high
temperature both the forward and reverse break over voltages will be lower,
the turn OFF time will increase for a given forward current and the
minimum gate current required for turn ON for the thyristor will be lower.
The junction temperature depends on the losses generated in the device and
the efficiency of heat transfer mechanism. The junction temperature of the
thyristor should be within 125 c for BHEL make thyristors.
The thyristor must, not only withstand the peak value of the line
voltage but also the repetitive commutation spike voltages that occur in the
parallel connected bridge circuits. These spikes are kept lower by
connecting RC snubber circuit across the device.
Firing Angle;
The angle in the AC cycle at which the thyristor starts conducting
at the application of positive voltage to gate is known as the firing angle ().
As the firing angle is increased the mean valve of the dc voltage changes
from positive to negative. If the firing angle is <90the positive area are
longer, the net output voltage is positive and this is known as rectifier mode
of operation. When the firing angle  = 90 the positive and negative
voltages are equal. With  > 90 the negative areas are greater, so that the
total voltage becomes negative. The operation under such conditions with
negative output voltage is termed as ‘Inverter operation’.
THYRISTOR BRIDGES:
For SEE application, thyristors are used in a three-phase full wave
bridge configuration. Six thyristors are connected to form one bridge and
thereby each thyristor conducts for 120 electrical degrees in a cycle with

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commutation at every 60 electrical. Commutation is the process of change
over of conduction from one pair of thyristors to the other.
The thyristor rectifier unit comprises of two parallel bridges in 50MW
units and 3 parallel bridges in 100MW units. One bridge is wholly
redundant. One bridge is sufficient in 50MW unit, and 2 bridges are
sufficient in 100MW units to meet the excitation requirements in all the
working conditions of the generator. The thyristors are equipped with
protective devices and the failure of one Thyristor Bridge or part there of
causes an alarm without limiting the operation of machine. The loss of the
second bridge will trip and deexcite the machine.
AIR FLOW MONITORING UNIT:
In order to maintain the junction temperature of the thyristors,
Cooling fans are provided in each of the thyristor bridge cubicle at the top of
the cubicle. An air flow monitoring unit is provided for each thyristor
bridge cubicle which senses the air flow in thyristor cubicle and actuates the
thyristor cooling failure protection which blocks the respective thyristor
bridge pulses whenever all/any cooling fan trips or air flow reduces below
the set value. Supply for AFMU is fed from 220v DC thro Miniature circuit
breaker and then it is reduced to 24v thro’ a potential divider.
MAIN COMPONENTS IN THYRISTOR CUBICLE:
a. Three phase, fully controlled thyristor bridges, each bridge
consisting of 6 thyristors, arm fuses and snubber circuit.
b. Cooling fan for keeping the junction temperature rise of every
device within safe limits.
c. Final stage pulse module for amplification of firing pulses.
d. Pulse transformers for electrical isolation between power and control
circuits and coupling the firing pulses to the gates.
D .Fuse monitoring unit.
e. Airflow monitoring unit.

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f. Offload isolators on ac input side and dc output side, with every thyristor
bridge so that it can be isolated completely in the event of bridge failures
and rectification work on the faulty bridges can be carried out under running
conductions.
AC OVER VOLTAGE PROTECTION:
Ac over voltage protection circuit UNC 0006b428 is connected to
the excitation transformer’s secondary bus in order to protect the thyristor
bridges against surge voltages. The protection circuit is connected to the
excitation transformer’s secondary bus thro’ the MCB-E9 with an auxiliary
contact for signaling whenever the MCB trips. The secondary of the
excitation transformer is connected to the terminals 1,2&3 of the AC O/V
protection circuit. This circuit is located in thyristor bridge (2) cubicle in
50MW units & in thyristor bridge (3) cubicle in 100MW units.
FIELD SUPPRESSION CUBICLE:
FIELD BREAKER:
Normally, the field windings of synchronous machines area fed via
a special and suitable DC breaker so that under any disturbance or fault
condition, the field is disconnected from the source and simultaneously, the
magnetic energy stored is discharged. Because of the above requirements
the field breakers are having main poles thro’ which the field current is fed
and the deexcitation poles which short circuit the field when main pole
opens. Normally, under ideal conditions the breakers used with synchronous
machines are making before break type. Thus, the double polar field
breaker along with a non-linear discharge resistor is provided for quick field
discharge of inductive energy of the field. Suppression is the conversion of
the magnetic field energy in to heat energy. This happens partly in field
discharge resistor. In addition, quick field suppression takes place by the
inverter operation of the thyristors.
ROTOR OVER VOLTAGE PROTECTION

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 Rotor over voltage protection is provided in order to protect the rotor
winding against over voltages. Such over voltages appear if synchronous
generators fall out of step inducing an AC voltage in the field system.
Depending on the type of construction of the machine and the slip, this
voltage can become unpermissibly high. Over voltage will also appear
during switching off the inductive load from the a.c side of the rectifier.
The rotor over voltage protection unit is connected into the field circuit and
its object is to connect a de-excitation resistor in parallel to the field winding
in case of positive or negative over voltages.
This connection takes place in practically no time using thyristors. The
thyristors are connected in anti-parallel so that both directions of current can
be covered. The voltage level at which over voltage protection should
operate is selected based on the insulation level of the field winding of the
generator. This unit is located in field suppression cubicle.
ROTOR OVR VOLTAGE PROTECTION IN 50MW GENERATORS:
The essential parts of this unit are the two thyristors connected in
anti parallel. They conduct as soon as the over voltage reaches the
maximum value over the three lightning arrestors. Each lightning arrestor is
connected in parallel to a resistor to obtain better voltage distribution. The
spark over voltage is the sum of the voltage of all lightning arrestors used in
this unit. The current indicator consisting of one coil and one reed contact is
connected in series to the thyristors. As soon as the over voltage reaches the
spark over voltage, depending on the polarity, any one of the Thyrister will
conduct. This connects the deexcitation resistor in parallel to the field. As
soon as the field breaker opens, the power thyristors are bridged over by the
de-excitation contact. The current flow thro’ the power thyristor causes the
current indicator to operate and contacts 5&6 close. These contacts are used
for giving a LED signal.
ROTOR OVER VOLTAGE PROTECTION IN 100MW UNITS
(CROW BAR TYPE)

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 The rotor over voltage protection circuit used in 100MW
generators is called as crow bar type. In this protection circuit, besides the
main circuit with the anti parallel power thyristors, an RC network and two
firing units UN SOO12 with adjustable response voltage are available. In
addition, two current relays K10&K11 are provided to give tripping impulse
to the field breaker & LED signal separately for +voltage & -voltage over
voltages.
As soon as the over voltage reaches the set maximum value,
depending on the polarity of the break-over diodes, the corresponding firing
unit operates. Now, a firing current will flow to the corresponding power
thyristor, which connects the de-excitation resistor parallel to the field. As
soon as the field breaker opens, the power thyristors must be bridged over
by the de-excitation contact.

REGULATION CUBICLE:
AUTO CHANNEL:
AVR is the heart of the static excitation system. It regulates the
generator voltage by controlling the firing pulses to the thyristors. The AVR
is of thyristorized type having negligible dead band and high speed of
response. The system consists of an automatic channel, and a separate
manual channel suitable for remote operation. For manual channel, an
automatic follow up device is available to follow up the auto channel pulses
and change over smoothly in case of failure of auto channel. The manual to
auto channel change over and vice versa can be done by using the
Auto/Manual change over switch. The regulator equipment is free from
voltage drift and temperature error. The auto channel has the following
facilities built into it.

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MAXIMUM EXCITATION LIMITERS IN AUTO CHANNEL
The automatic channel which is normally in operation comprises
the voltage regulator UN2010. Here the actual value is processed and
subsequently compared with the reference value. The behaviour with
respect to the time of the following PID amplifier permits to stabilize the
control circuit. The three limiters namely, Rotor current limiter, stator
current limiter and load angle limiter operate whenever the set values are
exceeded. The rotor current limiter (UN 1024) prevents thermal overloading
of the rotor by lowering the output value of the voltage regulator and thus
the field voltage, incase the permissible current is exceeded. The effect of
the load angle limiter (UN1043) is reverse, since it will limit the field
voltage from further dropping and thus stop the generator from falling out of
step.
The stator current limiter type (UN1022) in conjunction with the
integrator (UN0008) reduces the excitation current when the stator current
exceeds the safe permissible value in the inductive direction. The limiter
UN1022 acts directly to increase the excitation immediately, if the stator
current increases in the capacitive direction.

MANUAL CHANNEL
The manual channel operates on open loop control and no
limiter is provided. In our sets during load throw off condition while the
system is operating in manual channel, the out put signal limiter modules
will seal the generator terminal voltage, beyond which GTV will not rise
(setting 10.8KV).
AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE REGULATOR (AVR-UN 2010).
The regulator comprises of a Three phase sensing
converter, a reference value generator, as well as actual operation amplifier
with adjustable response.(PID). Further it comprises an input differentiation

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circuit and limiter circuit. The actual value is generated with the sensing
convertor consisting of one voltage and other frequency proportional
sensing circuits with input from generator terminal voltage. The signal
proportional to the frequency provides the voltage frequency characteristics
required for over fluxing protection of the unit transformer. The stabilized
reference voltage is provided by means of zener diode. The temperature
drift compensation is provided in AVR to compensate for the effect of
temperature on semiconductor. The response of the static excitation system
shall be such that 90% of ceiling voltage will be obtained in 40 milliseconds
at 5% drop in generator terminal voltage.
The generator terminal voltage is stepped down by a three
phase P.T. (corrector PT) and fed to the AVR. The ac input thus obtained is
rectified, filtered and compared against a highly stabilized reference value
and the difference is amplified in different stages of amplification. The
corrector PT feeds the stepped down Generator terminal voltage to AVR,
Slip-stabilizer, Load angle limiter, Stator current limiter, P.T supply
monitoring unit & voltmeter. Three CTs sensing the output current of the
generator (Compounding CTs) feed proportional current across variable
resistors in the AVR. The voltage thus obtained across these resistors can
be added vectorially either for compounding or for transformer drop
compensation (Not in service in our sets). The compounding CTs feed the
stepped down generator out put current to AVR, Stator current limiter, Load
angle limiter, Slip-stabilizer and Ammeter.
For Rotor current limiter two separate CTs (T24.1 & T24.2)
connected in A phase & C phase after the rectifier transformer are
used.(800/1A) in 50MW Units & 2000/1A in 100MW Units).
GATE CONTROL UNIT: (UN1001)
The output of the AVR is fed to a gate control unit, which
gets its synchronous ac reference through a filter circuit and generates a
double pulse spaced 60elec. Apart whose position depends on the output of

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the AVR i.e., the pulse position varies continuously as a function of the
control voltage. Separate gate control units are provided for manual and
auto channels. Automatic gate control unit gets control signal from AVR,
whereas the manual gate control unit is an open loop control and gets signal
from manual Reference generator circuit.. The manual channel is used only
as an emergency measure incase of auto Channel failure and for testing
purposes. The gate control unit converts the analogous input signal into a
row trigger pulses of variable phase needed for the control of thyristor. Two
relays are provided by energizing which; the pulses can be either blocked
completely or shifted to inverter mode of operation.
PULSE-AMPLIFIER:(UN 2004)
The two output of the GATE control unit is amplified further
at an intermediate stage amplifier. This is known as pulse intermediate
stage. The two gate control units along with intermediate pulse amplifiers
are connected to a common pulse bus bar. Blocking or releasing the
corresponding intermediate pulse stages effects the change over from auto to
manual and vice-versa. The unit has a dc power supply, which operates
from a 3-phase 380v supply and delivers +15v, -15v, +5v and a coarse
stabilized voltage VL (24v). A built in relay is provided which can be used
for blocking the 6 pulse channels. The change over from auto to manual and
vice versa is effected by energizing/de energizing this relay.
PULSE FINAL STAGE:(UN 2001)
This unit receives input pulses from the pulse amplifier and
transmits them thro’ pulse transformers to the gates of the thyristors. A built
in power supply provides the required dc supply to the final pulse amplifier.
Each thyristor bridge has its own final pulse stage. Therefore, even if a
thyristor bridge fails with its final pulse stage, the remaining thyristor
bridges can continue to cater to full load requirement of the machine. There
are as many pulse final stages as the no of thyristor bridges.
MANUAL CONTROL CHANNEL:

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 A separate manual control channel is provided where the
controlling dc signal in taken from the manual Reference generator module,
this dc signal is fed to a separate gate control unit whose output pulses after
being amplified at an intermediate stage can be fed to the final pulse state.
When one channel is working, generating the required pulses, the other
remains blocked. Therefore, a change over from ‘AUTO’ to ‘MANUAL’
control or vice versa is effected by blocking or releasing the pulses of the
corresponding intermediate stage.
PULSE SUPERVISION UNIT:(UN 0053)
A pulse supervision unit detects spurious pulses or loss
of pulses of auto channel at the pulse bus bar and transfers control from auto
channel to Manual channel on detection.
FOLLOW UP-UNIT (Pulse-Regulator-UN0510)
To ensure a smooth change over from ‘Auto’ to ‘Manual’ (i.e.,
to avoid any surges during change over), it is necessary that the positions of
the pulses on both channels should be identical. A pulse comparison unit
(UN 0040) detects any difference in the position of the pulses and with the
help of a follow up unit (UN 0510) varies the manual reference generator
output in a direction to eliminate the difference.
The pulse comparison unit produces a dc voltage
proportional to the angular deviation between the firing pulses. Having
passed the impedance transformer (Matching & Feed back unit, UN1011)
the signal goes to a voltmeter for indication in the control room and at the
same time feeds the follow up control. The latter generates adjusting pulses
for the manual reference generator, where by the manual channel is
permanently kept balanced with ‘auto channel’. For change over from
manual to Auto Channel the balancing has to be done by operating Auto
(Lower/Higher) switch, by giving appropriate corrective pulses to the ‘auto’
channel reference generator and the balancing voltmeter has to be brought to
zero indication. After the balancing, Auto channelcan be selected by

14
operating the Auto/Manual selector switch. If the voltage in the balancing
meter is - ve then Auto pulse leads manual pulse and if the voltage is + ve
then Auto pulse lags manual pulse.
LIMIT CONTROLLERS:
When a generator is running in parallel with the power
network it is essential to maintain its parameters without exceeding the
rating of the machine and to avoid the actuation of protection system. The
AVR by itself cannot ensure this. It is necessary to the basic voltage
regulator by limiters to limit the over excitation and under excitation.
Limiters do not replace the protection system but only prevent the protection
system from tripping unnecessarily under extreme transient conditions.
It is likely that under low frequency conditions, saturation of
transformers. PTs and unintended tripping due to over voltages may occur if
the excitation is maintained at rated frequency conditions. Hence, the AVR
has got a built in frequency dependent circuit which senses the frequency
and reduces the reference value when the frequency falls below a cut off
value. By this reduction in excitation, the terminal voltage is reduced. ie,
this circuit is made to respond proportionally to a voltage above a certain
frequency (cut off frequency) and proportional to a voltage below this
frequency.
Thus, limiters working in conjunction with AVR ensure.
a. Optimum utilization of the machine.
b. Security of parallel operation.
c. Limiters, whenever, they intervene influence the voltage regulator
suitably to bring about a corresponding change in the excitation. The
following are the parameters which are to be limited.
1. Stator current under conditions of over excitation and under
excitation.
2. Rotor current,
3. Rotor angle or load angle.

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STATOR CURRENT LIMITER:(UN 1022)
This avoids thermal overloading of the stator windings. Stator
current limiter is provided to protect the generator against large stator
currents. In case the momentary loading is inductive i.e, the machine is over
excited; reducing the excitation current reduces the stator current. If on the
other hand, the loading is capacitive, i.e., the machine is under excited;
increasing the excitation current reduces the stator capacitive current. The
stator current limiter is capable of operating on inductive and capacitive load
and passes the correct signal to voltage regulator.
Since, in the under excited condition, there is a danger of the
generator falling out of step, the limitation in this range will take place
rapidly without any time delay. For this reason the amplifier which limits
the capacitive stator current acts directly upon the voltage regulator (AVR)
when the stator (capacitive) current exceeds the set limit.
For limitation of the inductive stator current, the limiter acts upon
voltage regulator (AVR) thro’ a time delayed integrator (UN0008). The time
delay is necessary in order not lower the dynamic stability of the generator,
for example, incase of short circuits in the system. The delay is permissible
as far as heating of the stator is concerned, since the integration time
constant is set at least one level lower than the thermal time constant of the
stator.
ROTOR CURRENT LIMITER(UN1024)
This avoids thermal over loading of the rotor winding and is
provided to protect the generator rotor against excessively long duration
over-loads. In the absence of such a limiter, over loading of the
synchronous machine as well as the thyristor converter can take place due to
a number of reasons, namely.
a. Operational faults due to faulty handling.

16
b. Dips in grid voltage.
c. Loss of sensing voltage in AVR (Control amplifier UN2010).
d. Defects within the control amplifier UN2010.
The excitation limiter must prevent this overload from persisting.
On the other hand, during dynamic disturbances in the system the excitation
should not be reduced at once but the limiter module is designed to permit
such short duration overloads of rotor current, as they are not detrimental to
the machine. The field current is measured on the AC side of rectifier
supply and is converted into dc voltage, which is proportional to the current.
This signal is compared with adjustable reference value, amplified & fed
thro’ the integrator to voltage regulator input. Three distinct operating
modes of the rotor current limiter are as follow.
1. Simple Operation mode:
The excitation current is continuously measured. The
moment excitation current exceeds Iel (set limit value), the
integrator comes in to action. The excitation current is allowed to increase
maximum to Ie max and then brought back gradually to its nominal value Iel
by the integrator after a certain time 1ag tb. This time tb is inversely
proportional to the extent of the overload. In this mode, the integrator is
reset only when excitation current goes below Iel.
2. Mixed Operation Mode:(Adopted in our sets)
In the event of a dip in the generator voltage, the maximum
excitation limit Ie max should be effective again so that a large short circuit
current may flow to enable selective intervention of the protection system.
Mixed mode of operation takes care of this. This mode is similar to the
simple operation mode except that the integrator is reset by a sufficiently
large dip in the generator voltage even when the excitation is under
limitation by the limiter.
3. Switching Operation Mode:

17
 In this mode, the excitation current is either limited to Iel or Ie
max. Normally, the Iel limit is effective, but in the event of a dip on the
generator voltages, Ie max becomes effective for a time t T. The excitation
current is limited back to Iel after the elapse of this time t T.
ROTOR ANGLE LIMITER OR LOAD ANGLE LIMITER:(UN1043)
The rotor angle is the electrical angle between the voltage
vector of the system (UN) and the vector of the machine voltage (e). The
rotor voltage (e) is simulated by adding the inductive voltage drop in the
machine (Ixq) to the generator terminal voltage. The system voltage at the
load center is obtained by subtracting Ixe drop. (Reactance drop in the
transmission line, transformers etc.,) from the generator terminal voltage.
Now, the angle between UN & e is called as the load angle or rotor angle.
The rotor angle limiter limits the load angle of the machine to an
acceptable preset value. The phase angle between ‘e’ and ‘U N’ is converted
into a proportional dc voltage. The actual valve is compared with an
adjustable reference and fed to the input of an operational amplifier. In case
the angle exceeds the set value, the output signal immediately takes over the
control of thyristor network to build up the generator air gap flux fast
enough to avoid slipping by decoupling AVR. The reason that the output of
the limiter acts directly over AVR output is to avoid any loss of time due to
filter time constants in the AVR. The generator voltage and generator
current are introduced at the input of rotor angle limiting regulator.
SLIP-STABILIZATION:
The damping torque in a typical system with a single machine
connected to infinite bus thro’ a reactance is directly proportional to two
factors namely:
1. The gain in excitation system.
2. The change on the generator terminal voltage for small change in rotor
angle constant d-axis flux linkages.

18
 The second factor can assume negative values in large and weakly
connected power system. Added to this, the high gain in the excitation
system worsens the situation, the net result is either sustained oscillations in
the active power or machine getting out of step in extreme cases. In order to
offset this problem and to improve the system damping in general, artificial
means can be introduced in the system which should see that more active
power is given off at the generator terminals when the rotor is accelerated
and less when it is decelerated. These signal which are fed into the input
node of the voltage regulator of excitation system are called ‘Supplementary
Signals and the network used to generate these signals are known as ‘Power
system stabilizing units’. Thus the slip stabilizing unit is used for the
suppression of rotor oscillations of the alternator thro’ the additional
influence on excitation.
The stabilizing unit signals can be derived from the speed or
any other signal related to speed such as frequency or active power . Any
one combination of these signals should be processed in suitable networks to
obtain proper phase relationship before it is fed into the AVR.
Though rotor speed would be ideal for deriving stabilizing
signals, the same is generally avoided due to the difficulty in measuring
speed. Frequency as stabilizing signal is not popular owing to various
sources of error. The simple and direct methods involved in using active
power as stabilizing signal make it advantageous and preferable over any
other method. In our system active power is used as stabilizing signal.
The stabilizing equipment consists of three electronic modules namely,
1. V-I converter (UN0014)
2. Power converter (UN0030)
3. Summing & Monitoring unit (UN0072)
The V-I converter forms the standard signals for generator voltage and
current.

19
The power converter consists of three multipliers and forms the three phase
powers. A signal proportional to the three phase active power is obtained
from these multipliers after summing, amplification & filtering. The various
parameters are adjusted such that a voltage of 3v is obtained corresponding
to 1P.U. real power. The active power signal so obtained is led thro’ one
fixed lead circuit. (To compensate for lags provided by AVR circuit and
field winding ) then thro a wash out circuit which provides a fixed time
delay of 1.5secs.And then the active power signal is processed in two
separate channels known as proportional and Integral channels. There is a
provision in this module to block slip-stabilization unit signal to AVR when
the generator active power falls below a specified value. The gains of the
proportional channel and integral channel of the power converter are made
adjustable in the summing and monitoring unit by the provision of two
potentiometers. The output of the slip-stabilizer reaches the AVR with an
adjustable starting delay of 0.2 to 10secs.

Special Features available in these modules are:

1. The module can be easily adapted when speed or frequency is used as

input signal for slip-stabilization by proper selection of links provided in this

module.

2. When the output signal exceeds the preset value for a safe duration of

time (adjustable from 1 to 20secs) then the output is permanently blocked

until the module is reset manually. This may happen in the event of

sustained internal module fault.

3. The output is blocked when the module supply voltage drops below a

specified value. This module picks up after the voltage recovers.

20
4. If the generator terminal voltage exceeds or drops below the preset

tolerance limits, the unit is switched off until the voltage recovers.

5. The module is monitored for the above points 2,3&4 and if they are found

okay, then the output will reach the AVR with an adjustable starting delay

of 0.2 to 10secs.

6. If the slip-stabilizing unit is under operation then its action or interruption

can be announced using suitable relays.

7. In our sets, whenever the load Pressure Regulator is taken on remote from

auto to vary the load intentionally, the action of slip-stabilizer unit is

blocked thro’ a separate relay provided for this purpose in servomotor starter

panel.

Before the output of the monitoring unit is applied to, AVR.The output
signal in limited such that the influence of the stabilizer is restricted as per
requirement. This limitation is because during large disturbances, the
AVR, governer and protection relays play a predominant role.

TIER FANS:

All the above said units right from AVR slip-stabilization are mounted
inside the Regulation cubicle. This regulation cubicle is provided with 3
nos. of tier fans housed in a separate frame forming a rack in the swing
frame of the regulation cubicle. The tier fan is located between the Auto
and Manual grid control and pulse intermediate stage. Tier fans have been
provided to facilitate a better circulation of air especially when all the tiers

21
are full with control modules and they are enhancing the life of electronic
modules. Tier fans operate from 220v, 1 50 Hz supply.

SEE TRIP FAULTS

1) Regulation supply fuse failed. ====================K207

2) Thyrister fan supply fuse failed. ==================K208

3) Regulator under test. ==========================S12 switch

4) Excitation transformer over temperature stage –II======K218.

5) Excitation transformer over current stage –II=========K224.

6) Excitation transformer over current instantaneous======K219.

7) Rotor over voltage protection====================K225.

8) 3.3KV breaker tripped=========================K206

9) Both bridges failed==========================K45& K46.

10) “M” supply failed while manual in service========K79 & K237.

11) Manual Reference failed while manual in service====K79& K94.

Whenever any one of the above protections act, the unit will trip with
“Excitation System trouble” LED no (5) at Numerical Generation panel
REG. In addition, the following alarms will appear

a) “Trip fault Acted” at DDC MIS monitor SEE page.

b) “Trip Fault Acted’ Flag indication at RET panel.

c) “Trip Fault Acted” LED indication at Regulation cubicle.

22
SEE NON-TRIP FAULTS

1) Tier fan (Module cooling fan) supply failed)=============K201

2) Excitation Transformer over Temperature-Stage-I (120 0C). ==K217

3) A.C Over Voltage Protection Acted ===================K227.

4) Thyrister Bridge –I Failed==========================K45.1.

5) Thyrister Bridge—II Failed=========================K46.1.

6) Thyrister Bridge –III Failed=========================K47.1

7) Supply “M” Failed===============================K237.

Whenever any one of the above protection acts, the unit will not trip,
but immediate actions to be taken, to rectify the same. In addition, the
following alarms will appear.

a) SEE NON-Trip Fault Flag indication at RET panel.

b) SEE Non-Trip Fault LED indication at Regulation cubicle.

PROTECTION CHANGED OVER TO

MANUAL

1) “A” Supply
Failed==================================K235.

2) “AI” Supply
Failed=================================K236.

3) P.T Supply
Failed==================================K233.

23
4) Auto Pulse
Failed==================================K209.

5) Auto Reference Failed

==============================K84.

6) Excitation Transformer over current Delayed stage-

I=========K220

7) Over fluxing stage –I acted===========================K

Whenever any one of the above protections acts, the unit will change
over from auto channel to manual channel. After noting down, the
alarms can Re-set. After informing SEE Maintenance staff, once again
Auto channel can be selected after balancing the auto / manual balance
meter.

24
 AUTO PULSE
SUPERVISION
LIMITERS UN0053

ACTUAL (FROM
PULSE PULSE
GEN PT&CT) ACTUAL AMPLIFIE FINAL
AUTO PULSE
LIMITER
R SCR
AMPLIFIE
REFERENCE GENERATOR (UN2004) R
AVR UN0074
(UN2001)
UN2010 UN1001 BRIDGE

UN G
0080 DC TO RO
DIGITAL AUTO REF
~
FOLLOWUP MATCHING & PULSE
CONTROL FEEDBACK COMPARATOR
UN0510 UN1011 UN0040

DIGITAL MANUAL REF

FROM UCB UN PULSE PULSE
MANUAL
AMPLIFIE
0080 LIMITER GENERA R
UN0074
(UN2004)
TOR

PRINCIPLE DIAGRAM OF SEE

25
 STATIC EXCITATION SYSTEM
(OPERATION GUIDE LINES)
1) SHUT DOWN OPERATIONS
A) PROGRAMMED SHUT DOWN
1) Switch off the SLIP STAB at a load of 25 MW in 50 MW
units, and at a load of 60 MW in 100 MW units.
2) After the tripping of the unit is initiated wait for 30-40 sec for
the field breaker to trip, if the Field breaker fails to trip give tripping
impulse from the monitor.
3) Confirm AUTO, MANUAL Reference values reached
minimum.
4) Change over SEE from AUTO channel to MANUAL channel.
5) Ensure the following annunciations only persisting in the
monitor SEE page.
a) MANUAL CHANNEL IN SERVICE.
b) AUTO REF MIN / MAX.
c) MANUAL REF MIN / MAX.
B) EMERGENCY SHUT DOWN / TRIPPING
1) Ensure field breaker has been tripped.
2) Ensure AUTO, MANUAL Reference values reached
minimum.
3) Change over SEE from AUTO channel to MANUAL
channel.
4) Switch off SLIP STAB.
11) POST SHUT DOWN OPERATIONS.
A) IF THE SHUT DOWN IS FOR A SHORT PERIOD (LESS
THAN ONE SHIFT).
5) No isolation is required. The ROOM AIR-CONDITIONERS,
AIR BLOWERS may be allowed to function as such.

26
6) Q-ISOLATORS at Thyrister cubicles need not be removed.
C) IF THE SHUT DOWN IS FOR A LONG PERIOD (MORE
THAN ONE SHIFT).
1) Switch off the 3.3 Kv breaker of SEE TRANSFORMER and
kept remove its control fuses.
2) Remove Q-ISOLATORS in Thyrister cubicles.
3) Switch off the ROOM AIR BLOWERS.
4) Switch off the AIR-CONDITIONERS.
5) Switch off the D.C supply at field breaker cubicle.
II1) PREPARATORY WORKS BEFORE SYNCHRONISING
A) AFTER SHORT SHUT DOWN / AND EMERGENCY
TRIPPING.
INITIAL CONDITIONS.
a) SEE Transformer is in charged condition
b) Q-isolators in inserted condition.
c) Thyrister cooling fans running.
d) Air-Conditioners running.
e) Air-Blowers are running.
f) D.C supply is available.
PRE SYNCHRONISATION OPERATIONS.
1) Ensure no line clears are pending on SEE or on its related
Equipments.
2) Immediately after the BOILER was lighted up, Select
PERMISSIVES PAGE and ensure Field breaker closing permissive.
3) In SEE room ensure 1) Thyrister cooling fans are running,2)
Air blowers are running,3) Air conditioner is running.
4) Ensure that in Regulation Cubicle 1) MANUAL CHANNEL
ON.2) FIELD BREAKER OFF, 3) FIELD BREAKER TRIP COIL
HEALTHY LED indications are glowing.

27
5) Ensure that, in the LED annunciation panel “A.C ON” led
alone glowing.
6) IN DDC Monitor Select SEE PAGE and ensure 1) SEE IN
MANUAL CHANNEL,2) AUTO POT MIN/MAX AND 3) MANUAL POT
MIN / MAX Annunciations only persisting.
B) AFTER LONG SHUT DOWN/ MAJOR OVERHAUL.
INITIAL CONDITIONES.
a) SEE transformer is not in charged condition.
b) Q-isolators in removed condition.
c) Air-Conditioners not running.
d) Air-Blowers not running.
e) D.C supply at Field breaker cubicle in switched off condition.
PRE SYNCHRONISATION OPERATIONS.
1) Ensure no line clears are pending on SEE or on its related
Equipments.
2) As soon as the BOILER was lighted up, provide SEE transformer
3.3 KV control fuses in RTE panel.
3) Ensure the 3.3 KV breaker is in “Racked in” condition.
4) IN SEE room insert all the Q-isolators, and switch on one by one.
(Care to be taken to insert the isolators according to the NUMBERS marked
both on the isolators and on the inserts).
5) Switch on the D.C supply. (By switching the on / off tumbler
switch at the Field breaker cubicle.).
6) Switch on the Air-Conditioner.
7) In the Regulation cubicle ensure “MANUAL CHANNEL ON”,
“FIELD BREAKER OFF” and “TRIP COIL HEALTHY” LEDs are
glowing, also ensure “A.C breaker off” LED in the LED annunciation panel
is glowing.
8) In the DDC monitor PERMISSIVES PAGE, ensure ALL
permissives for SEE TRANSFORMER are available.

28
9) Charge the SEE transformer.
10) Note SEE transformer voltage and current in the monitor are
reading.
11) Select PERMISSIVES PAGE and ensure Field breaker closing
permissive.
12) Select SEE PAGE and ensure 1) SEE IN MANUAL CHANNEL,2)
AUTO POT MIN/MAX AND 3) MANUAL POT MIN / MAX
Annunciations only persisting.
13) At local, ensure that, in the LED annunciation panel “A.C ON”
LED alone glowing.
IV) SYNCHRONISATION OPERATIONS.
A) NORMAL OPERATION.
1. Provide synchronization fuses in RTE panel at around 1500
RPM.
2. Select SYNCHRONISATION PAGE.
3. Close the Field breaker, only when the TURBINE SPEED is
not less than 2850 RPM.
4. Select COARSE in COARSE / FINE SWITCH.
5. Raise the manual channel voltage gradually by giving one
impulse at a time. (Only after completion of the first impulse, the next
impulse will be executed).
6. Also, ensure that the manual reference is rising gradually.
7. Raise the Generator Terminal Voltage up to 10.0 to 10.1 Kv.
8. At this point MANUAL REFERENCE POSITION will be
around 2.1 and AUTO / MANUAL Balance meter will be above + 7.5 V.
9. Now raise AUTO REFERENCE in COARSE MODE by
giving one impulse at a time.
10. Ensure Auto reference is rising gradually. Auto / manual
balance meter reading is reducing towards zero.

29
11. If the balance meter reading is not reducing, give one or two
lower impulses to MANUAL REFERENCE.
12. At this position, Auto reference will be around 4.5.
13. As soon as Auto / manual balance meter reading reaches with
in +300 mV or –300 mV, Select AUTO channel.
14. With auto channel in service select FINE in Coarse / fine
switch.
15. Now slowly raise the Generator terminal voltage.
16. Switch on the Synchroscope switch.
17. Select the APPROXIMATE position in the
APPROXIMATE / EXACT SWITCH.
18. Match the MACHINE and GRID frequencies.
19. Match the MACHINE and the GRID voltages (machine
voltage slightly greater than the Grid voltage).
20. Select EXACT position in APPROXIMATE / EXACT
SWITCH.
21. With the synchronscope pointer rotating slowly in Clockwise
direction, closing impulse to the SF6 breaker to be initiated as soon as the
synchronoscope pointer is just before the red mark and at the moment the
synchronization LED flashes.
22. SF6 breaker will not close if the closing impulse is initiated
before the synchronization LED flashes.
B) IF VOLTAGE IS NOT BUILDING UP IN MANUAL CHANNEL
1) Fault in Manual channel can be ascertained, while raising voltage
in manual channel. (With the manual Reference around 1.0 to 1.2 and the
Generator terminal Voltage is less than 3.0KV).
2) Inform SEE Maintenance staff, with their concurrence,Lower the
Manual Reference to minimum (until the “MANUAL MIN/MAX”
ANNUNCIATION APPEARS).
3) Trip the field breaker.

30
4) Select AUTO channel.
5) Close the Field Breaker.
6) The Generator Terminal Voltage will rise up to 9.5 to 10.0 KV on
its own.
7) Now adjust the Generator Terminal voltage as per the requirement
using Auto Raise/ Lower Buttons.
8) Carry out Synchronization operations by proceeding from step no
IV, 14.
C) IF VOLTAGE IS NOT BUILDING UP IN AUTO CHANNEL.
1) After the voltage building up in Manual (with Generator Terminal
Voltage around 10.1to 10.2 KV and the Auto / Manual Balance meter
reading more than 8.5 V).
2) Raise the Auto channel Reference using Auto Raise / Lower
Button.
3) Ensure Auto Reference is rising, and Auto / Manual Balance
meter reading starts reducing.
4) If the balance meter reading is not reducing even after the Auto
Reference reached 1.0, reduce Generator Terminal Voltage slightly, by
lowering the MANUAL reference..
5) With this also if the balance meter reading is not reducing, fault in
AUTO CHANNEL can be confirmed.
6) Inform SEE maintenance staff. With their concurrence, adjust the
Generator terminal Voltage in manual channel itself as per the requirement.
7) Carry out synchronization operations by proceeding from step no
IV, 15. of synchronization operation.
8) Also step no V, 8 of [post synchronization operation is to be
followed scrupulously.
V) POST SYNCHRONISATION OPERATIONS
1) Immediately after synchronization of the unit raise the AUTO
REFERENCE until the MVAR reaches around 10MVAR

31
2) Ensure all the Bridges are conducting. (By current sharing)
3) Auto / Manual balance meter is reading in between +300 Mv
to –200Mv.
4) “AUTO CHANNEL IS IN SERVICE” annunciation only
persisting in the monitor window of SEEpage.
5) At local “AUTO CHANNEL ON”, “FIELD BREAKER ON”,
“TRIP CIRCUIT HEALTHY” LEDs glowing, and also “A.C BREAKER
ON” LED at LED annunciation panel.
6) At around 30 to 35 MW in 50MW, units and around 70 to 75
MW in 100 MW units “SLIP STAB READY” will appear in SEE monitor
page.
7) After ensuring that the SLIP STAB balance meter voltage is
with in around +200 Mv to –100 Mv, switch on the slip stab.
8) If the unit is synchronized in MANUAL CHANNEL
Generator reactive power has to be maintained not less than 12 MVAR,
and the Generator board operator has to watch the reactive power
continuously.
V1 ROUTINE INSPECTION & OPERATIONS.
1) At UCB MONITOR
a) “AUTO CHANNEL” window annunciation only persisting.
b) Current sharing by all the bridges.
c) Auto / Manual meter is reading with in +300mV to –100mV.
d) “SLIP- STAB” ready indication, for normal load.
e) Slip-Stab in switched on condition.
f) Slip stab Balance meter reading with in +200 mV to –
200mV,with out frequent variations.
g) Auto Reference reading is around 5.5 to 8.0.
h) Manual Reference reading is around 4.5 to 6.0.
i) SEE Room temperature reading not more than 29 . C.
j) With out frequent Manual follow up indication.

32
2) AT LOCAL SEE ROOM
a) In Thyrister cubicles room ensure both the blowers are
running.
b) Readings in Bridge Ammeters for proper current sharing,
c) Total Bridge current,
d) D.C Volt meter reading.
e) Ensure in Regulation cubicle room Air-Conditioner is
working.
f) Room Temperature is with in 29. C.
g) 1) “AUTO CHANNEL ON”, 2) “FIELD BREAKER ON”
3) “TRIP COIL HEALTHY” LEDs are glowing.
h) “A.C ON” LED alone is glowing in the LED Annunciator
rack.
i) Ensure all the cubicle doors are in closed condition.
j) The Regulation Cubicle SWING FRAME should not be
opened.
k) Cleanliness of the room is to be ensured, if the room is not
clean inform SEE MAINTENANCE (Phone 5339,5473,320).
l) While coming out close the Regulation cubicle room door
properly for maintaining Room temperature.
m) Switch off the SEE ROOM Lights for energy conservation.
n) In Units 7,8 ensure the working of the outside Exhaust fans
blower for the evacuation of the hot air.
o) Ensure the proper functioning of the 0.4KV room
ventilation blowers,
V11) SEE ROOM AIR-CONDITIONERS.
For the proper functioning of the highly sophisticated electronic
modules inside the Regulation cubicle, the room temperature has to be
maintained with in 20-27 ‘C. Two number Air-Conditioners are
provided inside each unit Regulation cubicle room. These two Air-

33
Conditioners are interlocked in the following way for trouble free
operation and to conserve energy.
1) Unit –1 will be in service in the 1ST hour.
2) Unit-2 will come in to service automatically in the 11 ND, hour thus
each unit will function for any one hour, and the other will be as reserve.
3) While unit-1 is working and the room temperature is rising above
29 ‘ C, the reserve A.c (unit-2) will come in to service automatically, and
will stop only when the room temperature reduces to 25 ‘ C.
4) Similarly, when unit-2 is working and the room temperature
raising above 29’ C. the reserve A.c (unit-1) will come in to service
‘
automatically, and will stop only when the room temperature reduces to 24
C.
5) During local inspection any deviations noticed in the functioning
of the Air-Conditioners, the same may be informed to AIR-CONDITIONER
maintenance division (Phone 5309,312), for immediate rectification.

34
ANNUNCIATIONS AVAILABLE ON SEE PAGE OF
DDCMIS

A B C D
LOCAL / REMOTE-(OR)- /
FAULT IN SEE TRIP FAULT SEE NON-TRIP FAUL
1 SERVICE/TEST
GTR/3.3KV ACTED ACTED
SWITCH NOT OK
REGULATION THYRISTER FAN
ROTOR OVER VOLTAGE MANUAL REFERENC
2 SUPPLY FUSE SUPPLY FUSE
PROTECTION ACTED FAILED
FAILED FAILED
EXCITATION
EXCITATION EXCITATION
TRANSFORMER
TRANSFORMER TRANSFORMER OVER
3 OVER “M” –SUPPLY FAILE
OVER CURRENT – CURRENT –
TEMPERATURE
STAGE-II INSTANTANOUS
–STAGE-II
FAULT IN
4 FOLLOW UP BRIDGE-I FAILED BRIDGE-II FAILED BRIDGE-III FAILED
CIRCUIT
FIELD THYRISTER
THYRISTER PULSE
5 BREAKER TRIP COOLING FAN THYRISTER FUSE FAILED
FINAL STAGE FAILE
COIL FAILED FAILED
AUTO AUTO
LOAD ANGLE LIMITER IN ROATER CURRENT
6 CHANNEL IN REFERENCE MIN /
ACTION LIMITER IN ACTIO
SERVICE MAX

RELAY
INDICATION THROUGH
ALARM REASON
AT LOCAL INDICATION
COMES
Indicates some
FAULT IN Abnormalities in other
A1
GTR/3.3KV equipments pertaining to
-======= ====
Generator or 3.3 kV
REGULATION F15 –switch fuse / Mcb, for
A2 SUPPLY FUSE LED K207 Regulation transformer
FAILED (T4) trips

35
 EXCITATION
TRANSFORMER Excitation Transformer
A3 OVER LED K218 temperature reached
TEMPERATURE 160o C
–STAGE-II
Auto / Manual balance
FAULT IN meter reading deviates (+1V
A4 FOLLOW UP ====== ====== or –1V), when the unit is in
CIRCUIT Auto channel with dead
band of 0.5V

1) ANNUNCIATIONS, PROBABLE
CAUSES, ACTIONS TO BE TAKEN

36
 RELAY THROUGH
INDICATION
ALARM INDICATION REASON
AT LOCAL
COMES
FIELD BREAKER
Field Breaker trip coil
A5 TRIP COIL LED indicator K123
burnt out
FAILED
Built in LED
AUTO CHANNEL
A6 push button K79 Unit in Auto Channel
IN SERVICE
indicator

SEE TRIP FAULT Any one of the Trip

B1 LED K5.2
ACTED faults acted

THYRISTER FAN F11 –switch fuse / Mcb,

B2 SUPPLY FUSE LED K208 for Cooling fan supply
FAILED transformer (T8) trips
EX.
Excitation Transformer
TRANSFORMER
B3 LED K224 current reached the
OVER CURRENT
settings.
STAGE-II

RELAY
INDICATION THROUGH
ALARM REASON
AT LOCAL INDICATION
COMES
Bridge may failed due to
1) Thyrister cooling failed
BRIDGE-I
B4 LED K45.1 2) Thyrister Fuse failed
FAILED
3) Air flow monitor Failed
4) Pulse final stage failed

This alarm will appear when an

THYRISTER
the Thyrister cooling fan failed
B5 COOLING FAN LED K242, K245,K248
any of the air flow monitor sen
FAILED
loss of airflow.

37
 AUTO This alarm will appear when th
B6 REFERENCE LED K83,K82 Reference reached minimum
MIN / MAX maximum position

LOCAL /
The local / remote switch shoul
REMOTE (OR)
Remote position
C1 SERVICE / TEST LED S11 / K228
The Test / service switch shoul
SWITCH NOT
Service position.
OK

RELAY
ACTION
INDICATION THROUGH
ALARM REASON EFFECT TO BE
AT LOCAL INDICATION
TAKEN
COMES
Note down
Rotor over the
ROTOR OVER
voltage Unit will indications
VOLTAGE
C2 LED K225 protection Trip on and inform
PROTECTION
module SEE cause SEE
ACTED
acted maintenance
staff
Unit will Note down
EXCITATION Excitation trip upon the
TRANSFORMER Transformer SEE fault indications
C3 OVER LED K219 current with Trip and inform
CURRENT reached the Fault SEE
INSTANTANOUS settings. acted (B1) maintenance
indication. staff
C4 BRIDGE -II LED K46.1 Bridge may SEE Non- Note down
FAILED failed due to Trip fault the
1) Thyrister alarm indications.
cooling (D1) and Press reset
failed any of the button at
2) Thyrister four regulation
Fuse failed reasons cubicle once

38
 If normal
3) Air flow
will leave as
monitor
appear such and
Failed
(B5, C5, inform
4) Pulse final
D5) maintenance
stage
staff.

RELAY
INDICATION THROUGH
ALARM REASON
AT LOCAL INDICATION
COMES
S
THYRISTE This alarm will appear when
alar
C5 R FUSE LED K244, K247,K250 any one of the Thyrister fuses
of th
FAILED failed.
(B4
LOAD
This alarm will appear when
ANGLE
ever load angle limiter comes Pa
C6 LIMITER ====== ======
in to service, during grid
IN
disturbances.
ACTION
SEE NON-
TRIP Indicates some
D1
FAULT Abnormalities in SEE
LED K176
ACTED

RELAY
INDICAT
THROUGH
ALARM ION AT REASON EFF
INDICATION
LOCAL
COMES

39
 1) Non-trip fa
1) Due to tripping of appear when
MANUAL
Manual Reference MCB chan
REFEREN
D2 LED K94 2) Due to failure of 2) Unit will trip
CE
Reference generator, Power with Trip Fa
FAILED
supply module. indication wh
“Manual
) Non-trip fa
appear when
“M” chan
Supply failed for manual
D3 SUPPLY LED K234 2) Unit will trip
channel
FAILED with Trip Fa
indication whe
“Manua

RELAY
INDICATION THROUGH
ALARM REASON
AT LOCAL INDICATION
COMES
Bridge may faild due to
1) Thyrister cooling failed SEE No
BRIDGE III
D4 LED K47.1 2) Thyrister Fuse failed any of
FAILED
3) Air flow monitor Failed
4) Pulse final stage failed
THYRISTER
1) Due to tripping of Pulse
PULSE
final Module supply MCB
D5 FINAL LED K243,K246,K249 1) Non-
2) Due to failure, of Pulse
STAGE
final stage Amplifier Module.
FAILED

INDICATION AT RELAY
ALARM REASON
LOCAL THROUGH

40
 INDICATION
COMES
ROTOR This alarm will appear when
CURRENT ever rotor current limiter
D6 LED =====
LIMITER IN comes in to service, during gr
ACTION disturbances.
This alarm will appear upon
1) “A” Supply failure
2) “A1” Supply failure
PROTECTION
3) P.T supply failure
CHANGED
E1 LED K177 4) Auto pulse failure
OVER TO
5) Auto Reference failure
MANUAL
6) excitation Transformer ove
current stage-I
7) Over Fluxing stage –1

RELAY
INDICATION THROUGH
ALARM REASON
AT LOCAL INDICATION
COMES

1) Due to tripping of
AUTO auto Reference MCB S
E2 REFERENCE LED K84 2) Due to failure of fr
FAILED Reference generator,
Power supply module.

EXCITATION
TRANSFORMER Excitation Transformer
1)
E3 OVER LED K217 temperature reached
TEMPERATURE 140o C.
STAGE-1

41
 EX.
TRANSFORMER Excitation Transformer S
E4 OVER LED K220 current reached the fr
CURRENT settings.
STAGE-I

RELAY
INDICATION AT THROUGH
ALARM REASON
LOCAL INDICATION
COMES

AUTO Pulse supervision module

E5 CHANNEL LED K209 senses the pulse failure in
PULSE FAILED Auto channel

MANUAL This alarm will appear when

E6 CHANNEL IN LED K79 ever SEE is in MANUAL
SERVICE channel

42
 RELAY
INDICATION THROUGH
ALARM REASON
AT LOCAL INDICATION
COMES
This alarm will appear when
1) Trip circuit DC failed (UT)
SEE DC F71, F72, K62, F73, SEE D
F1 LED 2) Control DC failed (UC)
FAIL K6
3) Signal DC failed (US)
4) F.Breaker D.C failed (UB)
1) Due to tripping of “A” supply
“A” SEE wi
MCB
F2 SUPPLY LED K235 Auto c
2) Due to failure of “A Supply”
FAILED
supervision module.
1) Due to tripping of “AI”
“AI” SEE wi
supply MCB
F3 SUPPLY LED K236 Auto c
2) Due to failure of, AI Power
FAILED
supply module.

RELAY
INDICATION THROUGH
ALARM REASON EFFECT
AT LOCAL INDICATION
COMES
1) Due to failure of
AVR P.T SEE will change o
Corrector P.T supply
F4 SUPPLY LED K233 Auto channel to
2) Due to failure of, P.T
FAILED channel
supply supervision module.
F5 OVER LED K215 This alarm will appear Confirm whe
FLUX when OVER FLUXING protective chan
STAGE-I RELAY stage-1 at RGTI occurred
ACTED panel acts.

43
 MANUAL This alarm will appear
If this alarm appe
REFERE when the MANUAL
unit in service, it
F6 NCE LED K93/K93 Reference reached
some abnormal
MIN / minimum or maximum
reference cir
MAX position

44