Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
B. Malinowski, the Sociology of 'Modern Problems' in Africa and the 'Colonial Situation'
(Anthropologie et pouvoir colonial: Malinowski et l'École de Manchester)
Author(s): Carlo Rossetti
Source: Cahiers d'Études Africaines, Vol. 25, Cahier 100 (1985), pp. 477-503
Published by: EHESS
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4392004
Accessed: 26-02-2015 18:58 UTC
Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content
in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship.
For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org.
EHESS is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Cahiers d'Études Africaines.
http://www.jstor.org
This content downloaded from 200.3.154.208 on Thu, 26 Feb 2015 18:58:31 UTC
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
ETUDES ET ESSAIS
Carlo Rossett
This content downloaded from 200.3.154.208 on Thu, 26 Feb 2015 18:58:31 UTC
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
478 CARLO ROSSETTI
II
The scramble for Africa had already begun when Malinowski and his
students turned their interests to the continent. European penetration
and occupation were accomplished facts. The establishment of private
enterprises, the process of conquest and settlement, the introduction of
a money economy, the role played by foreign commercial agents and
labour recruiters, by White-owned and -managed plantations, by the
institution of monopolies, by piracy and land expropriation, had already
brought very far the systematic dislocation and destruction of the
symbolic integration of local African societies, of their economy, of the
safeguards of their individual and collective liberties and rights from
encroachments by foreign groups and nations.
European interests demanded a maximum of land, labour, and of
natural resources. Rights of conquest, historical 'prerogatives',stipulat-
ed by 'treaties' with 'native chiefs', were claimed by these interests which
demanded a carte blanche,'free hand' in Africa (MalinowskiI930). The
process of destruction of local societies, robbing and ensnaring popu-
lations, had gone so far and on so massive a scale that there was no
question of safeguarding autonomous national identities. It was thus
urgent to protect African peoples from the vexations, extermination
and other effects of colonial domination (MalinowskiI929: 35-38).
The historically specific trajectory of capitalist penetration led to
the subjugation of Africa within a dominant world system and a world
empire, based on modern public law, and on an economic and financial
organization of social and political relations which were unknown to
African traditions.
The centre of interaction between Africans and Europeanshad shifted
from the port of trade, at which representatives of the separate societies
met, to the administrative offices, in which governors and governed met.
This is what Balandier (1966) meant by 'colonial situation'. Conquest
This content downloaded from 200.3.154.208 on Thu, 26 Feb 2015 18:58:31 UTC
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
B. MALINOWSKI AND THE COLONIAL SITUATION 479
This content downloaded from 200.3.154.208 on Thu, 26 Feb 2015 18:58:31 UTC
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
480 CARLO ROSSETTI
This content downloaded from 200.3.154.208 on Thu, 26 Feb 2015 18:58:31 UTC
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
B. MALINOWSKI AND THE COLONIAL SITUATION 48I
This content downloaded from 200.3.154.208 on Thu, 26 Feb 2015 18:58:31 UTC
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
482 CARLO ROSSETTI
This content downloaded from 200.3.154.208 on Thu, 26 Feb 2015 18:58:31 UTC
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
B. MALINOWSKI AND THE COLONIAL SITUATION 483
III
i. A. I. Richards wrote: 'When we got out in the field we all identified ourselves
very much with the people among whom we lived, and felt that the colonial
authorities were making mistakes and that we were the ones to stop them doing
so' (private letter to the Author, 1977).
This content downloaded from 200.3.154.208 on Thu, 26 Feb 2015 18:58:31 UTC
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
484 CARLO ROSSETTI
This content downloaded from 200.3.154.208 on Thu, 26 Feb 2015 18:58:31 UTC
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
B. MALINOWSKI AND THE COLONIAL SITUATION 485
'The contact anthropologist has to study the methods of recruitment and the wage
system, the effects of the colour-bar administration, and of the anomalous contract
of African labour [. . .] a system which produces inevitable impoverishment in a
2. As Lucy Mair remarked (in a private letter to the Author, I983), the essence of
his message was that 'we must see "native society" from their own point of
view'. This was part of an effort to make his pupils and 'public opinion in
general see [. . .] that non-European institutions had a meaning for the peoples
who had evolved them and could be rationally defended by those peoples
against the arguments of Europeans'. I believe that Lucy MAIR (I957: 232)
is right when she writes that Malinowski's own experience-as a Pole under
Austrian rule-of the situation of ethnic minorities in Europe was never far
from his mind when he was considering the problems of the imposition of change
by external authority.
This content downloaded from 200.3.154.208 on Thu, 26 Feb 2015 18:58:31 UTC
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
486 CARLO ROSSETTI
This content downloaded from 200.3.154.208 on Thu, 26 Feb 2015 18:58:31 UTC
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
B. MALINOWSKI AND THE COLONIAL SITUATION 487
evolved them, and that they could be rationally defended against the
arguments of the Europeans. He saw primitive societies as living civi-
lizations, with their own languages and arts, their own creative autonomy,
founded upon a specific and coherent universe of meanings and on
various traditions of technical, moral, religious, scientific and political
knowledge, founded on reason (Leach I954), which had not exhausted
their potential transformation from tribes into nations. He never
regarded rural societies as mere primitive and remote provinces of a vast
and superior empire, nor as fossils of past ages of the evolution of
mankind.
This view of anthropology, and the anthropological practice that it
entailed, called into question the classification which gave moral and
legal legitimation to a system of rule resting upon the segregation and
exploitation of inferior races and 'savage cultures'. In this respect,
Malinowski's anthropology called into question the very premises of
Western civilization.
IV
This content downloaded from 200.3.154.208 on Thu, 26 Feb 2015 18:58:31 UTC
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
488 CARLO ROSSETTI
3. J. Boissevain (in a letter to the Author, I984) writes that 'colonial authorities
had no interest in the research [I was doing], except to see that it was not
politically provocative [. . .] This was made clear to me from the moment
I thought of a Colonial Social Science Research Council Grant, that the research
design should appear inoffensive'. J. C. Mitchell remembers that 'he had very
acrimonious confrontation with a senior government officer precisely on the
point of academic freedom' (personal communication, I977).
This content downloaded from 200.3.154.208 on Thu, 26 Feb 2015 18:58:31 UTC
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
B. MALINOWSKI AND THE COLONIAL SITUATION 489
This content downloaded from 200.3.154.208 on Thu, 26 Feb 2015 18:58:31 UTC
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
490 CARLO ROSSETTI
they represent as their exploiters. They may not be complete communists, but
they are uncommonly near being so. [. .] We do not ask sociologists to be
Tories. They can be communists if they like, but they should [. . .] not sow the seed
of social and political discord'.
5. [The Editor], Central African Post, Apr. 17, I953 (quoted in Mitchell I977: 3I8).
6. A. L. Epstein's letter to the Author, 1983.
7. Central African Post, Apr. Io, I953 (quoted in Mitchell 1977: 3I5).
This content downloaded from 200.3.154.208 on Thu, 26 Feb 2015 18:58:31 UTC
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
B. MALINOWSKI AND THE COLONIAL SITUATION 49I
This content downloaded from 200.3.154.208 on Thu, 26 Feb 2015 18:58:31 UTC
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
492 CARLO ROSSETTI
This content downloaded from 200.3.154.208 on Thu, 26 Feb 2015 18:58:31 UTC
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
B. MALINOWSKI AND THE COLONIAL SITUATION 493
This content downloaded from 200.3.154.208 on Thu, 26 Feb 2015 18:58:31 UTC
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
494 CARLO ROSSETTI
and 'all the rest to read'.'0 Gluckman was insistent that the main focus
of attention should be society as anthropologists saw it before them, the
exploitation of colonialism and the indignities that Blacks suffered under
it, as well as what the Bisa called their mother's brother's second wife.
The social anthropological problems created by hundreds of thousand of
Africans could no more be overlooked by scholars than could the political
and economic problems of their employment, their subsistence, their
subjection, their change and development. The way people made their
living, how and with whom they struggled and collaborated, how they
thought about their past and present, in both urban and rural areas, were
problems for anthropologists, not only as scholars but also as citizens.
Gluckman's Marxism or Marxist influences set him apart from Mali-
nowski, who, perhaps, never fully understood that a radical transforma-
tion of power relations was indispensable to change the structure of the
Africans' existence. Nevertheless, Malinowski's interpretation of the
field of anthropological theory and research in terms of modern problems,
of the role played by the extension of a new type of industrial and agri-
cultural problems and activities to rural preliterate societies, provided, at
least in part, a framework for the articulation of the anthropological
Fragestellung of the Manchester School in the study of industrialization
in Africa,"1 in the interpretation of colonialism as an historical constel-
lation, in the analysis of social, political, economic changes (Gluckman
1943, I96I; Mitchell I959, I96I, I969). Schapera and Hoernle were the
first to set out to investigate fully how Africans had been brought into
that complex society, how they lived within it as members of a single
socio-economic system and how their indigenous cultures were affected
by that situation (Schapera I943). But Schapera's thesis that the
missionary, administrator, trader and labour-recruiter must be regarded
as factors in the tribal life in the same ways as the chief and the magician
was presented in a book of essays collected by Lucy Mair with an intro-
duction by Malinowski (Methods. .. 1938). He, therefore, saw Africans
and Whites as members of a same social field, but stressed that Africans
had, and should preserve, their own natural independent right vis-h-vis
the dominant groups. In the setting of African land policies, this was
an outspoken criticism of the Glen Grey Acts as well as of White rule.
True enough, Malinowski never grasped fully the theoretical foundation
of the field of social, juridical and political relationship linking African
peoples to Whites. Nevertheless, he was acutely aware of the contra-
This content downloaded from 200.3.154.208 on Thu, 26 Feb 2015 18:58:31 UTC
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
B. MALINOWSKI AND THE COLONIAL SITUATION 495
The notion of a single field was too restricted to allow a full represen-
tation of the complexity of the lines of oppositions, of cleavages of
interests and rights, of the dynamics involved in it.
As Gluckmansuggested, perhaps MalinowskimisunderstoodSchapera
and changed 'integrated' to 'well-integrated', misrepresentinghis views.
But Malinowski did not miss the fundamental opposition between
'Whitesand Africans, which he saw clearly. In fact, he criticized Fortes
and Schapera for failing to give adequate consideration to the realities
of subjugation and domination. Indeed, Gluckman's reply (I947)
defends Schapera showing that his own theoretical orientation as applied
to social change in modem Zululand can provide an explanation of the
fundamental radical cleavages of South African society.
Interestingly enough, many years after this discussion, Schapera
referred to the Malinowskian conception of the anthropologist in the
modern setting as the 'champion of native rights'.12 He thus admits
Malinowski's anti-colonialist stance. In fact, as we have seen, the
critical topics of conquest and domination, land, labour, emigration,
colour bar, industrialization and incorporation, the repatterning of
traditions and collective identities are clearly delineated by Malinowski's
anthropology of modern problems. The historically specific form of
the social, economic, political cohesion of colonial societies has become
a central theme in British anthropology since Malinowski, and it has led
to an ethnography of industrialization, change and domination. Mali-
nowski's work marked the beginning of an original tradition of learning,
which departed from the Durkheimian 'paradigm' and remains one of
the greatest achievement of contemporary social science.
This content downloaded from 200.3.154.208 on Thu, 26 Feb 2015 18:58:31 UTC
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
496 CARLO ROSSETTI
This content downloaded from 200.3.154.208 on Thu, 26 Feb 2015 18:58:31 UTC
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
B. MALINOWSKI AND THE COLONIAL SITUATION 497
This content downloaded from 200.3.154.208 on Thu, 26 Feb 2015 18:58:31 UTC
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
498 CARLO ROSSETTI
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BALANDIER,G.
I966 'The Colonial Situation: A Theoretical Approach', in I. WALLERSTEIN, ed.,
Social Change: The Colonial Situation (London-Sydney: J. Wiley): 34-61.
BANTON, M.
I957 West African City. A Study of Tribal Life in Freetown (London: Oxford
University Press), XVIII-228 p.
BLOCH,M.
I983 Marxism and Anthropology: The History of a Relationship (Oxford: Claren-
don Press), vii-i8o p. ("Marxist Introductions").
BROWN,R.
I973 'Anthropology and Colonial Rule: The Case of Godfrey Wilson and the
Rhodes-Livingstone Institute, Northern Rhodesia', in T. ASAD, ed.,
Anthropology and the Colonial Encounter (London: Ithaca): 173-197.
1979 'Passages in the Life of a White Anthropologist. Max Gluckman in
Northern Rhodesia', Journal of African History XX (4): 525-54I.
CERULLI, E.
I933 Etiopia occidentale (dallo Scioa alla frontiera del Sudan): note del
viaggio I927-I928 (Roma: Sindicato italiano arti grafiche), vol. II ("Colle-
zione di opere e monografie a cura del Ministero delle colonie" I6).
CHAZAN, N. H.
1978 'The Africanization of Political Change: Some Aspects of the Dynamics of
Political Cultures in Ghana and Nigeria', African Studies Review XXI (2):
15-38.
CLENDINNEN, I.
I982 'Disciplining the Indians. Franciscan Ideology and MlissionaryViclence in
Sixteenth-Century Yucat6n', Past and Present 94: 27-48.
COLSON,E.
i969 'African Society at the Time of the Scramble', in L. H. GANN & P. Dui-
GNAN, eds., Colonialism in Africa, I870-I960. I. The History and Politics
of Colonialism, I870-I9I4 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press): 27-65.
1977 'From Livingstone to Lusaka, 1948-5i', African Social Research 24: 297-307.
DIAMOND, L.
I983 'Class, Ethnicity, and the Democratic State: Nigeria 1950-1966', Compar-
ative Studies in Society and History XXV (3): 457-489.
DOUGLAS, M.
I967 'If the Dogon . .', Cahiers d'Etudes africaines VII (4), 28: 659-672.
EISENSTADT, S. N.
I964 'Political Modernisation. Some Comparative Notes', International Journal
of Comparative Sociology V (I): 3-24.
This content downloaded from 200.3.154.208 on Thu, 26 Feb 2015 18:58:31 UTC
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
B. MALINOWSKI AND THE COLONIAL SITUATION 499
FRANKENBERG, R.
1978 'Economic Anthropology or Political Economy? The Barotse Social
Formation. A Case Study', in J. CLAMMER, ed., The New Economic
Anthropology (London: Macmillan): 3I-60.
GALBRAITH, J. K.
1977 'The Colonial Idea', The Listener, Feb. 3: 139-144.
GEERTZ, C.
1977 'The Judging of Nations. Some Comments on the Assessment of Regimes
in the New States', Archives europdennes de Sociologie/European Journal
of Sociology/Europdisches Archiv fur Soziologie XVIII (2): 245-26I.
GHAI, Y. P. & McAUSLAN, J. P. W. B.
1970 Public Law and Political Change in Kenya: A Study of the Legal Framework
of Government from Colonial Times to the Present (Nairobi-London: OUP),
XXVIII-536 p.
GLUCKMAN, M.
1940 'Analysis of a Social Situation in Modern Zululand', Bantu Studies XIV (i):
I -30.
1942 'Some Processes of Social Change Illustrated from Zululand', African
Studies I: 243-260.
1943 Essays on Lozi Land and Royal Property (Livingstone: Rhodes-Livingstone
Institute), 99 p. ("The Rhodes-Livingstone Papers" io).
I947 'Malinowski's "Functional" Analysis of Social Change', Africa XVII (2):
103-12I.
This content downloaded from 200.3.154.208 on Thu, 26 Feb 2015 18:58:31 UTC
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
500 CARLO ROSSETTI
1948 'Director's Report to the Trustees on the Work of the Years 1944-5-6',
Human Problems in British Central Africa. The Rhodes-LivingstoneJournal
VI: 64-79.
1958 Analysis of a Social Situation in Modern Zululand (Manchester: Manchester
University Press), X-77 p. ("The Rhodes-Livingstone Papers" 28).
196I 'Anthropological Problems Arising from the African Industrial Revolution',
in A. W. SOUTHALL, ed., Social Change in Modern Africa (London: OUP):
67-82.
I963 'Malinowski's Contribution to Social Anthropology', in M. G., Order and
Rebellion in Tribal Africa. Collected Essays with an Autobiographical
Introduction (London: Cohen & West): 235-243.
I968 'The Utility of the Equilibrium Model in the Study of Social Change',
American Anthropologist LXX (2): 219-237.
I97I 'Tribalism, Ruralism and Urbanism in South and Central Africa', in
L. H. GANN & P. DUIGNAN, eds., Colonialism in Africa, I870-I960. III.
Profiles of Change: African Society and Colonial Rule (Cambridge: CUP):
I27-I66.
JONES,G. I.
1974 'Social Anthropology in Nigeria during the Colonial Period', Africa XLIV
(3): 280-289.
JORION, P.
198I De quoi parlent les anthropologues? Sur l'explication et les thdories spon-
tandes de l'agent en anthropologie (Paris), unpub. ms. 31 p.
KENYATTA, J.
1959 Facing Mount Kenya. The Tribal Life of the Gikuyu (London: Secker &
Warburg), XXVI-339P. (ist ed. 1938).
KUPER, A.
1973 Anthropologists and Anthropology. The British School, I922-I972 (London:
Allen Lane), 256 p.
I984 'Function, History, Biography: Reflections on Fifty Years in the British
Anthropological Tradition', in G. W. STOCKING Jr., ed., Functionalism
Historicized. Essays on British Social Anthropology (Madison: University
of Wisconsin Press): I92-2I3 ("History of Anthropology" 2).
LEACH, E. R.
I954 'A Trobriand Medusa?', Man LIV: I03-105.
LITTLE, K. L.
1948 'Social Change and Social Class in the Sierra Leone Protectorate', American
Journal of Sociology LIV (I): 10-2I.
MAIR, L. P.
I934 An African People in the Twentieth Century (London: G. Routledge), xvi-
300 P.
I936 Native Policies in Africa (London: G. Routledge), XI-303 P.
1957 'Malinowski and the Study of Social Change', in R. FIRTH, ed., Man and
Culture. An Evaluation of the Work of Bronislaw Malinowski (London:
Routledge & Kegan Paul): 229-244.
This content downloaded from 200.3.154.208 on Thu, 26 Feb 2015 18:58:31 UTC
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
B. MALINOWSKI AND THE COLONIAL SITUATION 50I
MALINOWSKI,B.
I9I8 'Evidence ... .] on Pacific Labour Conditions', in AUSTRALIA. Inter-State
Commission, British and Australian Trade in the South Pacific. Report
(Melbourne: A. J. Mullett): 107-Io8.
I922 Argonauts of the Western Pacific. An Account of Native Entreprise and
Adventure in the Archipelagoes of Melanesian New Guinea (London: G. Rout-
ledge/New York: E. P. Dutton), XXI-527 P.
1929 'Practical Anthropology', Africa II (I): 22-38.
I930 'The Rationalization of Anthropology and Administration', Africa III (4):
405-430.
I938 'Introductory Essay: The Anthropology of Changing African Cultures',
in Methods ...: vII-xxxvIIi.
1939 'Present State of Studies in Culture Contact. Some Comments on an
American Approach', Africa XII (X): 27-48.
I945 The Dynamics of Culture Change: An Inquiry into Race Relations in Africa
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press/London: H. Milford-OUP), xiv-
17I P.
I954 Magic, Science and Religion, and Other Essays (Garden City-New York:
Doubleday), 274 P. ("Doubleday Anchor Books" A 23) (Ist ed. 1948).
MAUSS, M.
I968 'L'ecole anthropologique anglaise et la theorie de la religion selon Jevons',
in M. M., UEuvres. I. Les fonctions sociales du sacre (Paris: R3d.de Minuit):
109-115.
I969 'La religion et les origines du droit p6nal d'apr6s un livre r6cent', in M. M.,
GEuvres. II. Representations collectives et diversit6s des civilisations
(Paris: Rd. de Minuit): 651-698.
MEEBELO, H. S.
197I Reaction to Colonialism. A Prelude to the Politics of Independence in
Northern Zambia, I893-1939 (Manchester: Manchester University Press),
XVIII-304 P.
Methods...
1938 Methods of Study of Culture Contact in Africa (London: OUP), xxxviii-
I05 P. ("International Institute of African Languages and Cultures.
Memorandum" I5).
MIDDLETON,
J.
1971 'Some Effects of Colonial Rule among the Lugbara', in L. H. GANN &
P. DUIGNAN, eds., Colonialism in Africa, I870-1960. III. Profiles of
Change: African Society and Colonial Rule (Cambridge: CUP): 6-48.
MITCHELL, J. C.
1956 The Kalela Dance. Aspects of Social Relationships among Urban Africans
in Northern Rhodesia (Manchester: Manchester University Press), 52 p.
("The Rliodes-Livingstone Papers" 27).
1959 'The Causes of Labour Migration', Bulletin of the Inter-African Labour
Institute VI (i): 12-46.
1960 Tribalism and the Plural Society: An Inaugural Lecture given in the Univer-
sity College of Rhodesia and Nyasaland on 2 Oct. I959 (London: OUP), 36 p.
This content downloaded from 200.3.154.208 on Thu, 26 Feb 2015 18:58:31 UTC
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
502 CARLO ROSSETTI
SHALOFIE,S.
I974 'The Africanization Controversy in the Gold Coast, 1926-I946', African
Studies Review XVII (3): 493-504.
This content downloaded from 200.3.154.208 on Thu, 26 Feb 2015 18:58:31 UTC
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
B. MALINOWSKI AND THE COLONIAL SITUATION 503
SMITH, T.
I978 'A Comparative Study of French and British Decolonization', Comparative
Studies in Society and History XX (I): 70-IO2.
STRACHEY, E. J. Saint Loe
1936 The Theory and Practice of Socialism (London: Gollancz), 488 p.
STRENSKI, I.
I982 'MAalinowski:Second Positivism, Second Romanticism', Man XVII (4):
766-77I.
SURDICH, F.
I980 'II diavolo nella letteratura di viaggio del Cinque e Seicento', Miscellanea di
Storia delle Esplorazioni V: 59-76.
i982 'II nuovo mondo nella trattatistica storico-geografica italiana tra Cinque e
Seicento', Miscellanea di Storia delle Esplorazioni VII: IOI-136.
VACCARO, M.
I898 Les bases sociologiques du droit et de l'EStat (Paris: V. Giart & E. Bri6re),
LXII-48o p. ("Bib1ioth6que sociologique internationale" II).
VOLTAIRE, F. M. A. de
I864 'Commentario al libro " Dei delitti e delle pene" ', in C. BECCARIA, Dei
delitti e delle pene, aggiuntovi il cornmentario del Sig. M. F. de Voltaire
(Milano: L. Cioffi): 133-I9I.
WATSON, W.
I959 Tribal Cohesion in a Money Economy. A Study of the Mambwe People of
Northern Rhodesia (Manchester: Manchester University Press), XXIII-246 p.
WILSON, G.
194Ia Director's Report to the Trustees of the Rhodes-Livingstone Institute on the
Work of the First Three Years (I938-9-40) (Livingstone: Livingstone Mail),
13 p.
194lb An Essay on the Economics of Detribalization in Northern Rhodesia. Part I
(Livingstone: Rhodes-Livingstone Institute), 71 P. ("The Rhodes-
Livingstone Papers" 5).
1942 An Essay on the Economics of Detribalization in Northern Rhodesia. Part 2
(Livingstone: Rlhodes-Livingstone Institute), 82 P. ("The Rhodes-Living-
stone Papers" 6).
WILSON, G. & WILSON, M.
I945 The Analysis of Social Change Based on Observations in Central Africa
(Cambridge: CU P), I 77 P.
ZOLBEERG, A. R.
I968 'The Structure of Political Conflict in the New States of Tropical Africa',
American Political Science Review LXII (I): 70-87.
This content downloaded from 200.3.154.208 on Thu, 26 Feb 2015 18:58:31 UTC
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions