Early Modern Japanese Literature

AN ANTHOLOGY, 1 6 0 0 - 1 9 0 0

Edited with Introductions and Commentary by Haruo Shirane

TRANSLATORS

James Brandon, Michael Brownstein, Patrick Caddeau, Caryl Ann Callahan,

Steven Carter, Anthony Chambers, Cheryl Crowley, Chris Drake, Peter Flueckiger,

Charles Fox, C. Andrew Gerstle, Thomas Harper, Robert Huey, Donald Keene,

Richard Lane, Lawrence Marceau, Andrew Markus, Herschel Miller,

Maryellen Toman Mori, Jamie Newhard, Mark Oshima, Edward Putzar,

Peipei Qiu, Satoru Saito, Tomoko Sakomura, G. W. Sargent, Thomas Satchell,

Paul Schalow, Haruo Shirane, Jack Stoneman, Makoto Ueda, Burton Watson

COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS

NEW YORK

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 CONTENTS

Preface xvii
Historical Periods, Measurements, and Other Matters xxi

1. Early Modem Japan 1

The Shogunate and the Domains 2

The Social Hierarchy 4

The Economy and the Three Cities 6

The Licensed Quarters 8

The Courtesans and Female Entertainers 9

Literacy, Scholarship, and Printing 10

Women, Readership, and Literature 12

Warrior and Urban Commoner Attitudes 14

Popular and Elite Literatures 16

Periodization 18
vi CONTENTS

2. Kana Booklets and the Emergence of a Print Culture 21

Parodies 22
The Dog Pillow Book (Inu makura) 23

Fake Tales (Nise monogatari) 24

Edict Against Christianity 25

Humorous Stories 26
Today's Tales of Yesterday (Kino wa kyo no monogatari) 26
Dangerous Things in the World 27

The Woman Who Cut Off Her Nose 27

Asai Ryoi 28
Tales of the Floating World (Ukiyo monogatari) 29
Preface 29

Regarding Advice Against Wenching 30

Hand Puppets (Otogi boko) 33

The Peony Lantern 33

Military Stories 39
O-An's Stories (Oan monogatari) 39

3. lhara Saikaku and the Books of the Floating World 42

Ihara Saikaku 43
Life of a Sensuous Man (Koshoku ichidai otoko) 45
Putting Out the Light, Love Begins 47

Afterward "Honored" Is Added to Their Names 50

Aids to Lovemaking: Sailing to the Island of Women 55

Saikaku's Tales from Various Provinces (Saikaku shokokubanashi) 57

The Umbrella Oracle 58

Five Sensuous Women (Koshoku gonin onna) 60

The Calendar Maker's Wife 62

Life of a Sensuous Woman (Koshoku ichidai onna) 82

An Old Woman's Hermitage 83

Mistress of a Domain Lord 87

A Monk's Wife in a Worldly Temple 92

 CONTENTS vii

A Teacher of Calligraphy and Manners 97

A Stylish Woman Who Brought Disaster 100

Ink Painting in a Sensual Robe 105

Luxurious Dream of a Man 110

Streetwalker with a False Voice 114

Five Hundred Disciples of the Buddha —I'd Known Them All 116

Great Mirror of Male Love (Nanshoku okagami) 120

Though Bearing an Umbrella 122

Tales of Samurai Duty (Bukegiri monogatari) 127

In Death They Share the Same Wave Pillow 129

japan's Eternal Storehouse (Nippon eitaigura) 131

In the Past, on Credit, Now Cash Down 133

The Foremost Lodger in the Land 136

A Feather in Daikoku's Cap 141

All the Goodness Gone from Tea 147

Worldly Mental Calculations (Seken munezan'yo) 150

In Our Impermanent World, Even Doorposts Are Borrowed 151

His Dream Form Is Gold Coins 154

Holy Man Heitaro 158

Ejima Kiseki and the Hachimonjiya 163

Characters of Old Men in the Floating World (Ukiyo oyaji katagi) 164

A Money-Loving, Loan-Sharking Old Man 164

4. Early Haikai Poetry and Poetics 170

Matsunaga Teitoku and the Teimon School 172

Kitamura Kigin 173

The Mountain Well (Yama no i) 173

Fireflies 173

Nishiyama Soin and Danrin Haikai 174

Okanishi Ichu 176

Haikai Primer (Haikai mogyu) 176

via CONTENTS

5. The Poetry and Prose of Matsuo Basho 178

Basho and the Art of Haikai 180

Hokku 181

Composing Haiku 187

Combining 187

Intermediaries 190

Single-Object Poetry 191

Greetings 193

Overtones 194

The Art of Linked Verse 194

Reverberation Link 195

Status Link 196

Withering Gusts (Kogarashi) 196

Plum Blossom Scent (Ume ga ka) 201

The Poetics of Haiku 202

Awakening to the High, Returning to the Low 202

Following the Creative 203

Object and Self as One 204

Unchanging and Ever-Changing 204

Haibun 206
The Hut of the Phantom Dwelling (Genjuan no ki) 206

Narrow Road to the Deep North (Oku no hosomichi) 209

6. Chikamatsu Monzaemon and the Puppet Theater 233

Early Joruri and Kabuki 233

Chikamatsu Monzaemon 237

The Love Suicides at Sonezaki (Sonezaki shinju) 242

The Drum of the Waves ofHorikawa (Horikawa nami no tsutsumi) 259

The Battles of Coxinga (Kokusenya kassen) 283

The Heike and the Island of Women (Heike nyogo no shima) 301

The Love Suicides at Amijima (Shinju ten no Amijima) 313

 CONTENTS ix

Hozumi Ikan 347

Souvenirs ofNaniwa (Naniwa miyage) 347

7. Confucian Studies and Literary Perspectives 352

Song Confucianism 353

Nakae Toju 354

Dialogue with the Elder (Okina mondo) 355

On the Virtue of Filial Piety 355

Confucian Views of Literature 358

Yamazaki Ansai 359

Japanese Lesser Learning (Yamato shogaku) 359

Andd Tameakira 360

Seven Essays on Murasaki Shikibu (Shika shichiron) 360

The Intentions of the Author 360

Chinese Studies and Literary Perspectives 362

Ito Jinsai 362

The Meaning of Words in the Analects and the Mencius (Gomo jigi) 363

Postscript to The Collected Works of Bo Juyi (Hakushimonju) 364

Questions from Children (Ddjimon) 364

Ito Togai 365

Essentials for Reading the Book of Songs (Dokushi yoryo) 365

Og)'u Sorai 366

Master Sorai's Teachings (Sorai sensei tomonsho) 368

On the Study of Poetry and Prose 368

8. Confucianism in Action: An Autobiography of

a Bakufu Official 371

The Kyoho Era (1716-1736) 371

Arai Hakuseki 373

Record of Breaking and Burning Brushwood (Oritaku shiba no ki) 374

Early Education 374

Confucian Precedent and Justice for a Woman 377

 CONTENTS

9. Chinese Poetry and the Literatus Ideal 382

Hattori Nankaku 383

'Traveling Down the Sumida River at Night" (Yoru Bokusui o kudaru)

Jottings of Master Nankaku Under the Lamplight

(Nankaku sensei toka no sho) 384

"Responding to the Lord of Goose Lake" (Gakoko ni kotau) 385

Gion Nankai 385

"The Fisherman" (Gyofu) 386

Encountering the Origins of Poetry (Shigaku hogen) 388

On Elegance and Vulgarity 588

10. The Golden Age of Puppet Theater 389

Takeda Izumo, Namiki Sosuke, and Miyoshi Shoraku 392

Chushingura: The Storehouse of Loyal Retainers (Kanadehon
Chushingura) 392
Act 6, Kanpei's Suicide 395

Namiki Sosuke 410

Chronicle of the Battle of Ichinotani (Ichinotani futaba gunki) 410
Act 3, Kumagai's Battle Camp 412

Suga Sensuke 435

Gappo at the Crossroads (Sesshu Gappo ga tsuji) 435
Act 2, Climactic Scene 438

u. Dangibon and the Birth of Edo Popular Literature 4^

Jokanbo Koa 451

Modern-Style Lousy Sermons (Imayo heta dangi) 452
The Spirit of Kudo Suketsune Criticizes the Theater 453

Hiraga Gennai 461

Rootless Weeds (Nenashigusa) 462
In Hell 463

Ryogoku Bridge 473

The Lover Reveals His True Form 479

 CONTENTS xi

The Modern Life of Shidoken (Furyu Shidoken den) 486

Asanoshin Meets the Sage 486

Land of the Giants 496

Land of the Chest Holes 499

Island of Women 502

"A Theory of Farting" (Hohi-ron) 512

12. Comic and Satiric Poetry 520

Senryu 520

Karai Senryu 521

Kydka 528
Yomono Akara 529

Akera Kanko 530

Hezutsu Tosaku 531

Yadoya no Meshimori 531

Ki no Sadamaru 532

Kyoshi 532
Domyaku Sensei, Master Artery 533

13. Literati Meditations 538

Yosa Buson 539

Hokku 540

Buson's Poetics 546

Preface to Shoha's Haiku Collection (Shundei kushu) 546

Japanese-Chinese Poetry 547

"Mourning the Old Sage Hokuju" (Hokuju rosen o itamu) 548

"Spring Breeze on the Kema Embankment" (Shunpu batei kyoku) 549

Haibun 553

New Flower Gathering (Shinhanatsumi) 553

The Badger 553

xii CONTENTS

Takebe Ayatari 555

Tales from This Time and That (Oriorigusa) 555

Walking the Neighborhoods of Negishi in Search of a Woman 556

14. Early Yomihon: History, Romance, and the

Supernatural 563

Ueda Akinari 564

Tales of Moonlight and Rain (Ugetsu monogatari) 566
The Chrysanthemum Vow 567

The Reed-Choked House 575

A Serpent's Lust 583

15. Eighteenth-Century Waka and Nativist Study 599

Debate on the Eight Points of Japanese Poetry 601

Kada no Arimaro 602

Eight Points of Japanese Poetry (Kokka hachiron) 602

On Poetry as Amusement 602

Tayasu Munetake 604

My Views on the Eight Points of Japanese Poetry (Kokka hachiron

yogen) 604

Kamo no Mabuchi 605

Another Reply to Tayasu Munetake (Futatabi kingo no kimi ni kotaematsuru

no sho) 605

Kamo no Mabuchi 605

Thoughts on Poetry (Ka'i ko) 607

Motoori Norinaga 611

"A Small Boat Punting Through the Reeds" (Ashiwake obune) 613

My Personal View of Poetry (Isonokami no sasamegoto) 616

The Essence of The Tale of Genji (Shibun yoryo) 618

The Tale of Genji, a Small Jeweled Comb (Genji monogatari tama no

ogushi) 622

The Intentions of the Monogatari 622

The Spirit of the Gods (Naobi no mitama) 625

First Steps in the Mountains (Uiyamabumi) 629

 CONTENTS xiii

16. Sharebon: Books of Wit and Fashion 631

The Playboy Dialect (Yushi hogert) 632

Preface 633

Live for Pleasure Alone! 634

Santo Kyoden 655

Forty-Eight Techniques for Success with Courtesans (Keiseikai shiju
hatte) 656
The Tender-Loving Technique 657

The True-Feeling Technique 665

17. Kibyoshi: Satiric and Didactic Picture Books 672

Koikawa Harumachi 673

Mr Glitter 'n' Gold's Dream of Splendor (Kinkin sensei eiga no yume) 673

Santo Kyoden 687

Grilled and Basted Edo-Born Playboy (Edo umare uwaki no kabayaki) 687

Fast-Dyeing Mind Study (Shingaku hayasomegusa) 711

18. Kokkeibon: Comic Fiction for Commoners 730

Jippensha Ikku 731

Travels on the Eastern Seaboard (Tokaidochu hizakurige) 732
Journey's Start 733

Changed into a Fox 734

The False Ikku 740

Shikitei Sanba 747

Floating-World Bathhouse (Ukiyoburo) 748
The Larger Meaning 749

Women's Bath 752

19. Ninjobon: Sentimental Fiction 760

Tamenaga Shunsui 762

Spring-Color Plum Calendar (Shunshoku umegoyomi) 762
Book 1 765

Book 2 786
xiv CONTENTS

20. Gokan: Extended Picture Books 800

Ryutei Tanehiko 801

A Country Genji by a Commoner Murasaki (Nise Murasaki inaka
Genji) 801
Book 4 (concluding part) 805

Book 5 816

21. Ghosts and Nineteenth-Century Kabuki 843

Tsuruya Nanboku 844

Ghost Stories at Yotsuya (Yotsuya kaidan) 844
Act 2, Tamiya lemon's House 847

Act 3, Deadman's Ditch 872

22. Late Yomihon: History and the Supernatural Revisited 885

Kyokutei Bakin 886

The Eight Dog Chronicles (Nanso Satomi hakkenden) 887
Fusehime at Toyama Cave 889

Fusehime's Decision 896

Shino in Otsuka Village 901

Hamaji and Shino 904

23. Nativizing Poetry and Prose in Chinese 910

Yamamoto Hokuzan 910

Thoughts on Composing Poetry (Sakushi shiko) 911
On Spirit and Freshness 911

The Conclusion 913

Kan Chazan 913

Kanshi 913

Rai Sanyo 914

The Unofficial History of Japan (Nihon gaishi) 914
Kusunoki 915

Uesugi Kenshi and Takeda Shingen 917

Kanshi 919
 CONTENTS XV

Ryokan 920
Kanshi 921

24. The Miscellany 925

Matsudaira Sadanobu 925

Blossoms and the Moon (Kagetsu soshi) 926
On Blossoms 926

Leaving It to Heaven 927

Study 927

On Skies Clearing and Rain Falling 927

Rain 928

Comments Made by Bystanders 930

On the Ainu 930

Fox Stupidity 930

Bugs in a Hawk 930

25. Early-Nineteenth-Century Haiku 932

Kobayashi Issa 932

]oumal of My Fathers Last Days (Chichi no shuen nikki) 934
Fourth Month, Twenty-third Day 934

Fourth Month, Twenty-ninth Day 934

Fifth Month, Second Day 935

Fifth Month, Sixth Day 936

Fifth Month, Thirteenth Day 937

Fifth Month, Twentieth Day 938

Hokku 939

My Spring (Ora ga haru) 941

Orphan 942

Giving the Breast 942

A World of Dew 944

Come What May 945

26. Waka in the Late Edo Period 947

Ozawa Roan 947

Waka 948
xvi CONTENTS

The Ancient Middle Road Through Furu (Furu no nakamichi) 949

Dust and Dirt 949

Reed Sprouts 950

Responses to Questions 951

Ryokan 951
Waka 951

Kagawa Kageki 953

Waka 953

Objections to New Learning (Niimanabi iken) 954

Tachibana Akemi 956

Waka 956

Okuma Kotomichi 958

Waka 958

Words to Myself (Hitorigochi) 959

27. Rakugo 961

Sanyutei Encho 962

Peony Lantern Ghost Story (Kaidan botan dord) 962

Volume 5, part 12 963

English-Language Bibliography 969

Index 983