-Human Digestion System

Organs in the digestive tract of the mouth, esophagus (esophagus), stomach, small intestine, colon, and
end in the anus:

> Mouth

The digestive process starts in the mouth, where chemical and mechanical digestion occurs. In the
mouth there are organs that can help digestion, namely the tongue, teeth, and air saliva glands.

The mouth to chew food becomes smoother and healthier so it is easier to swallow and digest. The
teeth produce food into small pieces, which are moistened with saliva air before the tongue and other
muscles push into the pharynx (Pharynx) and pass it into the esophagus.

The outer part of the tongue contains many coarse papillae to grip food because it is moved by the
tongue muscles. Meanwhile, air produced by the air gland (placed under the tongue and near the lower
jaw) is released into the mouth.

Saliva begins to break down food, moisturizing it and picking is easier to swallow. Saliva begins to break
down with the enzyme it produces, the amylase enzyme.

Movement by the tongue and mouth pushes towards the throat rib to swallow it. The valve (epiglottis)
closes in the trachea to ensure that food enters the esophagus and not the airways. This is to prevent
choking when swallowing food.

> Esophagus

The esophagus (esophagus) is the connecting channel between the mouth and The esophagus as a way
for food that has been chewed from the mouth to the stomach. The esophageal muscles can contrast so
that it pushes food into the stomach. This movement is called peristalsis.

At the end of the esophagus is the sphincter (muscle ring), which allows food to enter the stomach and
then close it to prevent food and fluid from rising back into the esophagus.

> Hull

The stomach is an organ shaped like the letter "J", which is about two fist sizes. The stomach is located
between the esophagus and the small intestine in the upper abdomen.

The stomach has three main functions in the digestive system, namely to store food and liquids that are
swallowed; to mix the food and digestive fluid they produce, and slowly empty the contents into the
small intestine.

Only a few substances, such as water and alcohol, can be absorbed directly from the stomach. Other
food substances must undergo gastric digestion.
A strong abdominal muscle wall mixes and shakes food with acids and enzymes, breaking it into smaller
parts.

Food is processed into a semi-solid form called chyme. After eating, the chyme is slowly released bit by
bit through the pyloric sphincter, a muscle ring between the stomach and the first part of the small
intestine called the duodenum (intestinal 12 fingers). Most food leaves the stomach for up to four hours
after eating.

> Small intestine

The small intestine is a thin tube about one inch long, about 10 meters long. The small intestine is
located only lower than the stomach and takes up most of the space in the abdominal cavity.

The whole small intestine is rolled like a hose and the inner surface is full of lots of bulges and folds.

This fold is used to maximize food digestion and nutrient absorption. When food leaves the small
intestine, about 90 percent of all nutrients have been extracted from the food that enters it.

The small intestine consists of three parts, namely the duodenum (intestine 12 fingers), jejunum (middle
part of the circle), and ileum (the last part).

The small intestine has two important functions, namely:

• The digestive process is completed here by enzymes and other substances made by intestinal,
pancreatic, and liver cells. Glands in the intestinal wall secrete enzymes that break down starch and
sugar. The pancreas secretes enzymes into the small intestine which help break down carbohydrates,
fats and proteins. The liver produces bile, which is stored in the gallbladder. Bile helps make fat
molecules dissolve, so they can be absorbed by the body.

• The small intestine absorbs nutrients from the digestive process. The inner wall of the small intestine is
covered by millions of villi and microvilli. The combination of both increases the surface area of the small
intestine on a large scale, allowing absorption of nutrients to occur.

> Colon

The large intestine forms an inverted "U" letter over the rolled small intestine. It starts on the lower
right side of the body and ends on the lower left side. The large intestine is about 5-6 meters long, which
has three parts, namely caecum (cecum), colon and rectum (rectum).

The cecum is the sac at the beginning of the large intestine. This area allows food to pass from the small
intestine to the large intestine. The colon is where fluid and salt are absorbed and extends from the
cecum to the rectum. The last part of the large intestine is the rectum, where dirt (waste material) is
stored before leaving the body through the anus.

The main function of the large intestine is to remove water and salt (electrolytes) from undigested
material and form solid waste that can be removed. Bacteria in the large intestine help break down
undigested material. The rest of the large intestine is moved towards the rectum, where the stool is
stored until it leaves the body through the anus.

Human Respiratory System

Why can breathing air help humans stay alive? Why if we hold the chest breath feels tight? Questions
like this are often raised by elementary school children or toddlers who start learning many things. Often
trivial things make them wonder and curious, how everything can happen. Even though they have never
seen lung forms or bronchitis directly.

Most parents may have difficulty explaining how the human respiratory system is explicit. Even adults
may not understand the respiratory system in their bodies. They only know that there are lungs in
charge of ensuring that humans stay alive with oxygen flow. The rest they consider it part of the secret
of life, even though in fact this is a science that must be known.

A. Definition of Respiratory

Respiration or respiration is the exchange of gas between living things (organisms) and their
environment. In general, breathing can be interpreted as the process of breathing oxygen from the air
and removing carbon dioxide and water vapor. In the process of breathing, oxygen is the main necessity.
Oxygen for breathing is obtained from the air in the surrounding environment. Human breathing
includes two processes, namely:

1. External Breathing

It is breathing where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs between the air in the lung
bubbles and blood in the capillaries.

2. Internal breathing

It is breathing where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood in the capillaries
and the cells of the body tissues.

In the process of breathing, oxygen is needed for oxidation (burning) of food substances. The oxidized
food substance is sugar (glucose). Glucose is a food substance that contains energy. The oxidation
process of food substances, namely glucose, aims to produce energy. So, breathing or respiration by an
organism aims to take the energy contained in food.

Human Respiratory System

Humans breathe indirectly. That is, air for breathing does not diffuse directly through the surface of the
skin. Diffusion of air for breathing in humans occurs on the inside of the body, namely lung bubbles
(alveoli). In indirect breathing, air enters the human body with an intermediary for respiratory
equipment.
Simply put, breathing is the process of breathing oxygen and removing carbon dioxide. The respiratory
system means organs and channels that function in the process of breathing or respiration itself. Human
Respiratory Equipment consists of the nasal cavity, pharynx (pharynx), larynx (larynx), trachea
(windpipe), bronchus (throat) and pulmo (lungs). Here are the parts of human breathing:

1. Nasal Cavity

This part of the body is most easily explained to children, because it is visible to the eye. The nose itself
consists of the holes, cavities and ends of the nasal cavity. Inside this nose there are fine hairs that
function to filter the air before entering the body. That's why breathing using your nose is much
healthier than using your mouth. Because fine hairs will filter dirt or dust that enters.

Dirt or dust will be left in the nasal cavity, like upil. In this part the temperature or temperature and
humidity are regulated before being processed in the lungs. As we know, air humidity does not always
match the condition of the body. So the body needs to balance it before passing through the throat or
other respiratory tract.

The nasal cavity is the entrance of oxygen for breathing, and the way out of carbon dioxide and
respiratory residual water vapor. Inside the nasal cavity there is air filtering from the dust entering the
air. The air that enters the nasal cavity also experiences a heating process to suit our body temperature.
Likewise, air humidity is regulated to suit the humidity of our body.

2. Throat

The throat has 2 parts with different functions, namely as a way of breathing and digestion. For
breathing alone, the throat has a length of about 12-14 cm at the base. In biology we know it as a larynx,
with a conical shape about 3-4 cm. The larynx itself consists of 9 kinds of cartilage and muscle fibers to
work optimally.

• Faring (pharynx)

Pharynx is shaped like a funnel tube located behind the nasal cavity and mouth. Pharynx serves as a way
for air and food. In addition, the pharynx also functions as a vibrate space to produce sound.

• Larynx (larynx)

The larynx is between the pharynx and trachea. The laryngeal wall is composed of nine cartilage. One
cartilage is composed of two hyaline cartilage plates that fuse and form a triangle. This section is called
the Adam's apple.

Inside the larynx are epiglottis and vocal cords. Epiglottis is an elastic cartilage that is shaped like a leaf.
Epiglottis can open and close. When swallowing food, the epiglottis closes so that the food does not
enter the throat but into the esophagus. Vocal cords are mucous membranes that form two pairs of
folds and can vibrate to produce sound.
3. Trachea (windpipe

The shape of the trachea resembles a ring consisting of cartilage. The location itself is in the esophagus
which serves as a feeding channel. In the trachea wall there is cilia and mucus layers. The mucus layer
itself serves to filter out impurities that are not captured by the larynx before entering the lungs. Usually
the body will respond by coughing or sneezing to remove dirt entering the respiratory tract.

The trachea is shaped like a pipe that extends at the neck and chest cavity. The trachea is composed of a
ring of cartilage and smooth muscle. The inner wall of the trachea is layered with epithelial cells with
vibrating hair (cilia) and mucous membranes. The trachea has two branches, one goes to the left lung
and the other goes to the right lung. The trachea branch is called the bronchus.

4. Pulmo (Lungs)

The lungs are located inside the upper chest cavity. The chest cavity and abdominal cavity are separated
by a bulkhead, the diaphragm. The lungs are divided into two parts, namely the right lung and the left
lung. The right lung consists of three wounds and the left lung consists of two wounds. The lungs are
wrapped in a thin lung membrane called the pleura.

Inside the lungs, each bronchus branches to form bronchioles. Furthermore, bronchioles branch into
smooth vessels that end in lung bubbles called alveoli (plural = alveoli). Alveoli resembles foam or wasp
nest. The number of alveoli is approximately 300 million. The alveolar wall is very thin and elastic. It is in
the alveolus that diffusion or exchange of respiratory gas occurs, namely oxygen and carbon dioxide.

• Bronchus

Bronchus is a branch of the trachea and has a similar shape, namely the ring and is composed of
cartilage. There are 2 bronchi found in the respiratory system, namely the right bronchus and left
bronchus. Right bronchus is directly related to the right lung, and vice versa. The function of the
bronchus itself is to deliver air, both oxygen and carbon dioxide from and to the lungs.

• Bronchioles

It turns out that the bronchi have children called bronchioles, thin and small channels with very smooth
walls. Unlike the trachea and bronchi, broncholes do not have cilia or are composed of cartilage. The
number of bronchioles itself is in accordance with the number of wounds in the lungs, namely 3 wounds
on the right and 2 on the left. Medically, bronchioles are referred to as bronchial branches, because they
are located right at the tip of the bronchi.

• Alveolus

At the end of the bronchioles there are bubbles known as alveoli. In the human body, especially the
lungs there are about 300 million very thin-walled alveoli. Alveolus serves as a place to enter the air,
oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs. The part is covered by a net formed from a moist blood
membrane and close to capillaries or blood vessels.
• Pleura

The most important organ in the respiratory system has a vital function for human survival. You can find
it in the area of the chest cavity or above the diaphragm. The diaphragm itself is a bulkhead that limits
the area of the chest cavity and abdominal cavity. Normally humans have 2 pairs of lungs, namely the
right and left lungs. The lungs are also protected by a membrane or layer known as pleura.

The pleura consists of two layers, one of which is fluid. It is this fluid from the pleura that minimizes the
occurrence of friction when the lungs expand and deflate. The human body, especially the lungs can
only accommodate about 3.5 liters of air. The air that is inhaled in the form of oxygen will flow
throughout the body to help the metabolic process. One of them is channeled through the circulatory
system, especially red blood cells.

The presence of oxygen in the body is certainly very important for human survival. If within a certain
period of time the body lacks the intake, then it will certainly interfere with cell development. Brain cells
for example, this part needs the most oxygen, because it will suffer permanent damage. That is a little
explanation of the respiratory system in humans. Hopefully this article is useful for all of us.

Human Circulatory System

The circulatory system or the medical world better known as the cardiovascular system is a system that
is useful for distributing various important substances, such as nutrients and oxygen, from the heart to
the rest of the body.

In addition to acting as a channeling agent, the circulatory system in humans also has another important
function, namely removing carbon dioxide from the rest of the body's metabolic processes through the
lungs, channeling hormones to all parts of the body, channeling body temperature evenly, maintaining
the performance of the organ systems in the body , and helps the body to recover from disease. Organs
in the Human Circulatory System

The human blood circulation system is composed of organs that play a role in transporting blood in the
body. The constituent organs of the circulatory system in humans include:

• Heart

The heart is a vital organ in the human body that acts as a pumping blood throughout the body. This
organ is located between the lungs, in the middle of the chest, precisely on the back of the left side of
the bone chest. The heart has a size slightly larger than the fist.

Inside the heart there are four rooms which are divided into two chambers (ventricles) and two foyers
(atria). The porch and the left ventricle of the heart contain oxygen-rich clean blood, while the cubicle
and right porch contain dirty blood. Besides having four rooms, the heart also has four valves which are
useful for keeping the blood flowing in the right direction. Normal heart rate ranges from 60-100 times
per minute. But there are exceptions, for example in fit athletes, the heart rate can be below 60 times
per minute.

• Blood vessel

Blood vessels are elastic muscle tubular circulatory systems or pipes that function to carry blood from
the heart to other parts of the body, or vice versa. Blood vessels can be divided into two, namely
arteries (arteries) and veins (veins).

o Arteries. Is a blood vessel that functions to bring blood out of the heart, both throughout the body and
to the lungs. The blood flowed by the arteries contains a lot of oxygen, except in the pulmonary arteries,
which specifically carry dirty blood to flow to the lungs. Clean blood is pumped out of the heart through
the main blood vessel (aorta) from the left ventricle of the heart. The aorta is then branched into smaller
blood vessels (arteries), which spread to all parts of the body.

o Veins. Is a blood vessel that functions to bring blood back to the heart, from the whole body or from
the lungs. Vena cava carries cotonic blood containing carbon dioxide from the whole body, which is then
channeled into the lungs to be exchanged for oxygen through the respiratory process. While the
pulmonary vein (pulmonary vein) carries oxygen-rich clean blood from the lungs to the heart.

• Blood

Blood is the most important component of the circulatory system. Blood has the function as a carrier of
nutrients, oxygen, hormones, antibodies, and various other substances, from and to the whole body.
Human blood consists of several parts, which include blood plasma and blood cells.

o Blood plasma, is a yellowish fluid in the blood which is responsible for carrying important substances,
such as hormones, proteins, and blood clotting factors.

o Red blood cells (erythocytes), as carriers of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

o White blood cells (leukocytes), help maintain the body from viral, germ, fungal and parasitic infections.

o Blood platelets (platelets), the body needs to help the blood clotting process.

Mechanism of the Human Circulatory System

The human circulatory system can be divided into three, namely the systemic circulation, pulmonary
circulation, and coronary circulation. These three circulation work together to ensure human survival.

• Systemic circulation

Systemic circulation is a blood source that covers the entire body. This circulation takes place when
oxygen-containing blood fills the left porch of the heart through the pulmonary vein, after releasing
carbon dioxide in the lungs. Then, the blood that is already in the left foyer is passed on to the left
ventricle, then it is channeled throughout the body through the main blood vessel (aorta). Blood
pumped through the aorta will continue to flow to the very edges in all areas of the body. After
channeling various substances that are brought to the body's cells, the blood will flow back to the right
heart of the heart to experience the process of cleansing the blood.

• Pulmonary circulation

Pulmonary circulation (pulmonary), this is the circulation of blood from the heart to the lungs, and vice
versa. This circulation takes place when blood containing carbon dioxide from the rest of the body's
metabolism returns to the heart through large veins (vena cava). Then, enter the right foyer and forward
it to the right ventricle of the heart. Furthermore, the blood that is already in the right chamber will flow
to the lungs through the pulmonary artery, to exchange carbon dioxide gas with oxygen. After that,
oxygen-rich clean blood will enter the left porch of the heart through the pulmonary vein.

• Coronary circulation

Just like other body organs, the heart also needs oxygen and nutrition to function properly. Blood that
nourishes the heart will flow through the coronary arteries to the heart muscles. Therefore, blockages in
the coronary arteries can reduce the flow of oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle, thus increasing
the risk of a heart attack.

= Disorders of the Circulatory System

If blood flow is disrupted, the body's organs will be damaged and cause a variety of other more serious
diseases. Circulatory system disorders can be caused by several factors, both in the form of congenital
abnormalities and diseases obtained after birth. The following is a list of diseases that can disrupt the
circulatory system, including:

• High blood pressure (hypertension).

Atherosclerosis.

• Coronary heart disease.

• Heart failure.

• Aortic aneurysm.

• Heart rhythm disturbances (arrhythmias).

• Abnormalities of heart muscle (cardiomyopathy).

• Congenital heart disease.