MATH 201 – Spring 2019

Lecture 1: Basic Integration Rules

Assoc. Prof. W. S. Emam

Outline

o Introduction
o Antiderivatives
o Definite Integrals
o The Area between curves
o Substitution Rule
Introduction

An example from finance and economics

• The figure shows the

supply and demand curves.

• The area under the demand function, from 0 to the quantity sold, measures
the consumers’ willingness to spend. The area under the supply function,
from 0 to the quantity sold, measures the producers’ need for revenue.

• By looking at the supply and demand curves, we see an equilibrium point

where the amount being offered for sale was equal to the amount people
wanted to buy.
Antiderivative

o A function F is called an Function Antiderivative

antiderivative of f on an interval I if
𝐹 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) for all 𝑥 in I.

Example:
Let 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2
1 3
𝐹 𝑥 = 𝑥
is an antiderivative of
3
𝑓 𝑥 because 𝐹 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑥 2
Examples
1
o If F is an antiderivative of f on an 1. 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 5 𝐹 𝑥 = 3 𝑥6
interval I, then the most general 2. 𝑓 𝑥 = 5𝑒 𝑥 𝐹 𝑥 = 5𝑒 𝑥
1
antiderivative of f on I is 𝐹 𝑥 + 𝐶 3. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥
𝐹 𝑥 =2 𝑥
where C is an arbitrary constant. 4. 𝑓 𝑥 = 2 𝐹 𝑥 = 2𝑥
1
5. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 2 𝐹 𝑥 = 2 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥
Definite Integral

𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎

• The symbol is called an integral sign, 𝑓(𝑥) is called the

integrand and a and b are called the limits of integration; a is
the lower limit and b is the upper limit. For now, 𝑑𝑥 the symbol
has no meaning by itself. The procedure of calculating an integral
is called integration.

𝑏
• The integral 𝑎 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 is the area
under the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) from a to b.
Definite Integral

Evaluating Integrals
If f is continuous on 𝑎, 𝑏 , then
𝑏 Examples
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 𝑏 − 𝐹(𝑎) 3 𝑥 3
1. 1
𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑒
𝑎
where F is any antiderivative of f. 6 𝑑𝑥
2. 1 𝑥
= ln 2
1 2 1
Properties of Definite Integrals 3. 0
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
3
𝑎

𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑎
𝑏 𝑎

𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑏
𝑏 𝑏 𝑏

[𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑔 𝑥 ]𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
𝑏 𝑏

𝑐𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑐 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎
The Area between curves

• The area A of the region bounded by the curves

𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥) and the lines 𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑥 = 𝑏,
where f and g are continuous and 𝑓(𝑥) ≥ 𝑔(𝑥)
for all 𝑥 in 𝑎, 𝑏 is
𝑏

𝐴= [𝑓 𝑥 − 𝑔 𝑥 ]𝑑𝑥
𝑎

Example:
Find the area of the region bounded above by 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 , bounded below by
𝑦 = 𝑥, and bounded on the sides by 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 1.

1
𝑥
1 2𝑥 1
𝐴= [𝑒 −𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑒 − 𝑥 0 = 𝑒 − 1.5
2
0
Substitution Rule

𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 𝑔′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 , 𝑢 = 𝑔(𝑥)

• It’s important to be able to find antiderivatives. But our antidifferentiation

formulas don’t tell us how to evaluate integrals such as 2𝑥 1 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥.
• To find this integral we use the substitution rule,
• Let 𝑢 = 1 + 𝑥 2 ,
2 2
2𝑥 1 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢3/2 + 𝐶 = (1 + 𝑥 2 )3/2 +𝐶
3 3

Examples
1 1 1
1. 𝑒 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑢 = 5𝑥 → 𝑒 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑢 + 𝐶 = 𝑒 5𝑥 + 𝐶
5 5 5
ln 𝑥 ln 𝑥 1 1
2. 𝑑𝑥 𝑢 = ln 𝑥 → 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢2 + 𝐶 = (ln 𝑥)2 + 𝐶
𝑥 𝑥 2 2